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Politics in Rio De Janeiro Province Under the Empire

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Politics in Rio De Janeiro Province Under the Empire POLITICS IN RIO DE JANEIRO PROVINCE UNDER THE EMPIRE Maria de F&tima Silva GouvSa Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of London Department of History University College London December 1989 ABSTRACT This dissertation adds a new dimension to the understanding of Brazilian politics under the Empire (1822- 1889), a highly centralized political and administrative system, by offering one of the first detailed analyses of provincial politics. In contrast, a large number of regional studies are already available for the period of the Old Republic (1889-1930). The province of Rio de Janeiro is taken as the research's case study. Its geographic proximity to the country's national capital placed the province at the heart of national politics. The period in question witnessed the rise, apogee and decline of Rio de Janeiro province's national political and economic preeminence. Internally, the province is unusually interesting because of its economy based on coffee, sugar and foodstuffs, supplying export and domestic markets. The main contribution of this research to the debate on the nature of Brazilian politics under the Empire is its analysis of the vital role played by Rio de Janeiro provincial (fluminense) politicians in linking the various provincial economic and social interests behind a program for the defence of export agriculture based upon slave labour. After 1870, it was a matter of maintaining and defending the province's dominant economic and social structures during a period of decline. At the same time, they attempted to sustain the province's leading position on ■the national political scene. The study is organized in three main parts. Part One considers the general background to fluminense politics. First, a general survey is presented of the economy and society of Rio de Janeiro province under the Empire. Secondly, the operation of the fluminense provincial administrative system (Camaras Municipals, Provincial Legislative Assembly, Provincial Presidency and various provincial administrative offices) is described. Part Two analyses the debates that took place in the fluminense Legislative Assembly, the principal provincial political forum. This focuses on the way in which local sectors were represented and how they related to each other. The data on which this section is primarily based was obtained from the Anais (published proceedings) of the Provincial Assembly. Part Three examines local participation at various levels in the provincial political and administrative machinery. A database was created using data supplied by the Almanack Laemmert - a annual publication of the period, which \ recorded the names of all politicians and administrative personnel nationally, including the province of Rio de Janeiro. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation has been made possible by the financial support granted by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnolbgico - CNPq (Brasil). I also received a ORS Award (Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the Universities of the United Kingdom) and a Central Research Fund (Senate House/ University of London) grant for a trip research to Brazil. I would also like to acknowledge a M.A. grant I received from the Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil, which enabled me to come to Britain in the first place. I am very grateful to all these institutions. I owe special thanks to the staff of the Sala Mattoso Maia (Niter6i), Arquivo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Biblioteca Nacional (Rio de Janeiro), The British Library (Official Publications Library), the Senate House Library (University of London) and, in a very particular way, the Institute of Latin American Studies (London). So many friends have provided endless moral support and intellectual assistance that I cannot list them all. I would like to mention in particular S6nia Mendonpa, Andrfe Luis Campos and Ana Maria dos Santos, among the many who discussed my research proposal in Brasil. Boanerges 4 Ferreira Filho and Arlete Tedesco helped me to fill in gaps in my research. Valerie King and David Edwards correct my English. Val also translated the nineteenth century quotes. Prof. J. Lynch, my M.A. tutor, provided invaluable support during a very crucial period in my stay in Britain. I would like to especially thank Jacyr and Lili Gouv§a, who not only supported me enthusiastically, but who also provided me with the vital ideals for pursuing the study of Brazilian history. I owe them all a great deal. Prof. L. Bethell, my supervisor, made this dissertation possible. His critical advice was vital, as it was his moral support. I am very grateful to him. Marco Tedesco, my companheiro in this long British sojourn, not only supported me but also provided invaluable assistance in the organization of the database analysis. I would not have come this far without his help. 5 CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF FIGURES 11 LIST OF MAPS 12 PREFACE 13 CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION: HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY 16 1.1 - Historical Background 17 1.2 - Historiography 44 1.3 - The proposed case study 52 1.3.1 - Why Rio de Janeiro province ? 52 1.3.2 - The research proposal 54 PART I 60 CHAPTER II - RIO DE JANEIRO PROVINCE IN THE 61 NINETEENTH CENTURY CHAPTER III - POLITICS AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN 114 RIO DE JANEIRO PROVINCE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 3.1 - Introduction 120 3.2 - Rio de Janeiro provincial administration: the 128 Executive 3.2.1 - From 1835 to the 1850s 131 3.2.2 - From 1860s to the 1880s 142 3.3 - The Legislature 152 3.3.1 - The electoral system 155 3.3.2 - The Fluminense Provincial Assembly 164 3.3.3 - Camaras Municipals 177 6 PAGE 3.4 - The provincial Magistrature 186 PART II 189 CHAPTER IV - THE ORGANIZATION OF A PROVINCIAL 190 POLITICAL FORUM IN RIO DE JANEIRO PROVINCE (1834 - 1849) 4.1 - Introduction 190 4.2 - The initial issues and political alliances 202 CHAPTER V - THE DEFINITION OF A POLITICAL PROGRAMME 237 (1850 TO 1869) 5.1 - Introduction 237 5.2 - The establishment of a programme of priorities 241 5.3 - Changes in transportation policies 262 5.4 - The Liberal interregnum 271 5.5 - The Conservative ‘revival’ 310 CHAPTER VI - POLITICAL REORIENTATION: 1870 TO 1889 329 6.1 - Introduction 329 6.2 - New investment in roads and the abandoning 332 of the European colonization programme 6.3 - Changes in relations with the central 357 government PART U 1 386 CHAPTER VII - POLITICS AND CHANGES IN THE MEMBERSHIP 387 OF FLUMINENSE PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY 7.1 - Introduction 387 7.2 - The institutional formation of the provincial 425 political system in Rio de Janeiro PAGE 7.3 - The construction of a political strategy for 430 development in Rio de Janeiro province 7.4 - Changing policies and programmes for economic 459 survival AFTERWORD 476 APPENDIX I: DATABASE ORGANIZATION 492 APPENDIX II: FLUMINENSE LEGISLATURES 507 APPENDIX III: FLUMINENSE PROVINCIAL PRESIDENTS 509 BIBLIOGRAPHY 513 LIST OF TABLES PAGE TABLE I - I: Value of major Brazilian exports 30 relation to total exports (1821-1850) TABLE I - II: Major exports of Brazil (by decade): 35 1841 - 1880 TABLE II - I: Total provincial tax revenue and 78 revenue derived from coffee exports (1839 - 1888) - in mil r£is TABLE II - II: The income of Camaras Municipais in 80 Rio de Janeiro province: selected years (1838 - 1884) - in mil rfeis TABLE II - III: The Population of Rio de Janeiro 85 province (1840, 1851 and 1878) TABLE II - IV: Public expenditure in Rio de Janeiro 90 province: selected years (1848 - 1882) - in mil r6is TABLE VI - I: Number of farms and slaves mortgaged 355 in the province of Rio de Janeiro in 1874 (by municipio) TABLE VII - I: Number of individuals from Rio de 392 Janeiro province holding national, provincial, municipal political and administrastive posts (1822 - 1889) TABLE VII - II: Number of fluminense vereadores to 394 hold political and administtrative posts (1822 - 1889) TABLE VII - III: Fluminense vereadores holding 400 political and administrative posts (by municipio): 1822 - 1889 TABLE VII - IV: Fluminense deputados provinciais 402 holding political and administrative posts (1836 - 1889) TABLE VII - V: Fluminense deputados provinciais 404 holding provincial administrative posts (1836 - 1889) TABLE VII - VI: Fluminense deputados provinciais 411 known to have had municipal links (1836 - 1889) 9 PAGE TABLE VII - VII: Provincial Assembly political 417 party alignment and the reelection of deputados provinciais (1836 - 1889) TABLE VII - VIII:The reelection of deputados 420 provinciais (1842, 1851, 1858, 1866, 1872-6 and 1884) TABLE VII - Villa: Number of individuals holding provincial administrative posts and seats in the fluminense Provincial Assembly at the same period of time 424a TABLE VII - IX: Fluminense deputados provinciais 427 holding political and administrative posts (1836 - 1849) TABLE VII - X: Fluminense deputados provinciais 431 holding political and administrative posts (1850 - 1869) TABLE VII - XI: Fluminense deputados provinciais known 437 to have had municipal links (1850-1869) TABLE VII - XII: Fluminense deputados provinciais known 444 to have had municipal links (1854-1855) TABLE VII - XIII:Fluminense deputados provinciais known 453 to have had municipal links (1858-1859) TABLE VII - XIV: Fluminense deputados provinciais 462 holding political and administrative posts (1870 - 1889) TABLE VII - XV: Fluminense deputados provinciais known 465 to have had municipal links (1870-1880) TABLE VII - XVI: Fluminense deputados provinciais known 470 to have had municipal links (1874-1875)
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