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The Evolution of Brazil Compared with That of Spanish and Anglo-Saxon

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The Evolution of Brazil Compared with That of Spanish and Anglo-Saxon TO PRESIDENT JOHN CASPER BRANNER DISTINGUISHED SCIENTIST, EMINENT SCHOLAR AND TRUE FRIEND OF BRAZIL 'IC TOKE" OF ADMIRATION AND AFFECTION LELAND STANFORD, JUNIOR UN1VERSITY PUBLICATIONS UNIVERSITY SERIES The Evolution of Brazil cOlnpared. with that of Spanish and An,gIo-Saxon' Alnerica BY l\\ANOEL DE OLIVEIRA LIMA '! Edited with Introduction and Notes BY PERCY ALVIN MARTIN Assistant Professor 01 History Leland Stanford Junior University (Issued June, I914) , Stanford University, California Published by the University 1914 STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 9 '. LECTURE I. The conquest of America.-Religious defence of the native element.--Indians and negroes.-The color problem and the discrimination against the col­ onists.-The institution of slavery and the conditions of political inde­ pendence in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, affecting diversely the abolition of slavery.-The first Spanish American civil war and the verdict of history in regard to it.-The social organization in the pos­ sessions of the New World.-The Indians and the c1ergy.--Th'e part taken by the Jesuits.-The fusion of the races and the neo-European product.-Causes of the separation: disregard of nationality and eco­ nomic exploitation.-Monopolies and prohibitions.-Spirituat tutelage and emancipation.-Historical reasons for the Catholic intolerance.­ Intellectual revival of the Iberian Peninsula during the Spanish reign of Charles III, and under the Portuguese dictatorship of the Marquis de Pombal.-Influence of this revival in the colonies. 16 LECTURE II. European ideas brought over the sea by contraband books and native travel­ ers.-Intercourse between mother-country and colony.-The intellec­ tual progress of the New W orId of Latin America before 1tS political emancipation.-Comparison with the progress of the British posses­ sions.-The race, environment, and period.-The race problem in America.-Traditional sympathy felt in Latin America for the ir:fe:-ior races.-State of the colonial culture in the Iberian and Anglo-Saxon sections.-Territorial conquests of Portuguese and Spaniards.-Thc po­ litical unit: the municipal chambers and cabildos.-Their conception and realization in the. colonies and their significance in the mother-cotintries of Europe.-The Cabildo of Montevideo and the part it tooK in the Revolution.-The municipal chambers of Brazil and Indep~ndence.­ Th~ political and social reconstruction of the new countries.-Educa­ tion and charity.-Characteristics of colonial education.-The lack of political education in Latin America.-The general characteristics of particularism and the American conception of federalism. 36 LECTURE III. Origin of the federative principle.-Local government and administrative cen­ tralization in Portuguese and Spanish America: Their differ~nt aspects.-Lack of uniformity in colonial legislation.-Viceroys and Audiencias.-Union through confederation in the three Americas.­ 6 CONTENTS PAGE Schemes of American royalties: Aranda, Pitt and Chateaubriand.­ The monarchical idea in Latin America and its moral effect.-The first Monroe Doctrine.-Franco-British rivalries in the course of the eigh­ teenth and nineteenth centuries.-Napoleon and the British interests in the Ncw§orld._MonarChi.cal possibilities in Buenos Aires, Mexico, and Coloml ia.-Pitiable role of Ferdinand VII.-Iturbide, Bolivar, and San Marth: European or creole dynasties.-Historical function of the Brazilian 1 pire.-The moderate minds in the colonies and liberal ideas in Sp in.-Precedents for the idea of separation.-The traditional discontent, : he genesis of the patriotic instinct, and the personal tie between the sovereign and his possessions. in America. 55 LECTURE IV. Representative types in the struggle for the independence of the New World.­ ~he Mexican curate Hidalgo and the Latin American clergy, partisans of national independence.~The Brazilian priests in .the revolution, in the Copstituent Assembly and in the government. L:remporary union of the aristocratic, religious and popular elements:$ The creole royalty of Iturbide and' the imperialistic jacobinism of Bolivar. V:The conserv­ ative and the revolutionary elements in the new political societies .....:.. 'I' Jose Bonifacio, Dom Pedro and Brazilian emancipation. \;:'~olivar's political psychology and its historical parallel with that of San Mar­ tin.4-Their double sketch in the light of sociology, by F. Garcia Calde­ ron;/":rheir antagonistic temperaments and different education ..LFed­ eraHon applied, and the international ideal of Bolivar: Solidarity, medi­ ation, arbitration and territorial integrity.u;The pact of Panama and the . abstention of the United. States.~Bolivar's nationalism, his generos­ . ity!~Nativisrn o~ th~ subsequent libertadores; more in harmony with the cnvitonment...... Melancholy destiny; of the superior men of the Inde­ pendence 'and of their patriotic work:(Advent of the anarchic element, premature political decadence, and dawn of regeneration. 74 LECTURE V. The; work of neo- ~atin emancipation and the Iberian-American element.­ Andres Belld and Mariano Moreno, types of superior colonial intel­ lects:-The books which San Martin and Bolivar read.-Critical sense of Bolivar.-Th~ poem Junin, by Olmedo.-Constituent assemblies and constitutions.rThe "Middle Ages" of the new Spanish-Portuguese world.-Its first intellectual currents.-The liberal ideas of the genera­ tion of the Il1?ependence and the part taken by the colonial representa­ th'cs in the Ivortes of Cadiz and Lisbon.-Character of the literature of the new countries.-Heroic poetry and the Indianist school.-The tradition of the mother-tongue among the neo-Spanish peoples.-The cult of the Past.-French influence in literature and politics.-The eclec­ ticism iof Cousin and the Positivist training.-:-Effect of English and Germ'lll philosophies.-European Idealism in America.-Science and ment~) speculation.-Traditionalism and Modernism. 94 CONTENTS i LECTURE VI. PAGE Moral integration produced by the fusion of the races, the condifion of social equilibrium.-The historic episode of Bolivar and Petion.l-Disadvan- . tages of intermarriage, which gives rise to a great differenc(~ in ideals.­ Political unrest of Latin America, formerly the hope of t~le European democracy.-Causes of the revolutionary disturbances.-Tlle anarchical and conservative elements in the Iberian societies of the N I~~ World.­ ~oliv~f's con~ePti?n and ~ts realization i~ ~razil.-Stren~rh of tradi­ tIonahsm.-HlstoflC function of the Brazlhan MonarchY.i--Federation and the rule of dictators.-Private initiative and the work l)f education and moralization.-Liberty and tyra~ny.-Troubles in theJ.!volutionary march of the peoples across the sea.-Lack of harmony between the theory and practice, between the regime and the people.-The Brazilian oligarchy during the empire and its mission.-Political l~egeneration through social education and economic development.-Marh.no Moreno and Dom John VI.-Industrialism and the emancipation of Cle people.­ Violence and culture.-Qualities, services and glories of 1 atin Amer­ ica.-The American conscience and Pan-Americanism.-America for humanity. 112 NOTES ON LECTURE I. 130 NOTES ON LECTURE II. .. 136 NOTES ON LECTURE III. 140 NOTES ON LECTURE IV. 144 NOTES ON LECTURE V. 151 NOTES ON LEcTURE VI. 156 INTRODUCTION HE six lectures. included in the present volume were delivered at Leland Stanford Junior University in the autumn of 1912 by Dr. T OLIVEIRA LIMA under the auspices of the Department of History. To those familiar with the recent contributions of Latin America and, more especially, Brazil, in the field of historical scholarship the distinguished author of these lectures needs no introduction; as historian, essayist and diplomat, he has won a commanding place in the intellectual activities of contemporary Brazil; as a tireless investigator and productive scholar, he has done much to raise the study of South American History to a dig­ nity and importance it had never previously enjoyed. Manoel de Oliveira Lima was born in Pernambuco, Brazil, Decem­ ber 25, 1865. At the age of twenty he received the degree ~f Doctor of Philosophy and Letters at the University of Lisbon; two years later he embarked upon a diplomatic career of unusual fruitfulness. From 1892 to 1900 he was attache to the Brazilian embassies at Berlin, Wash­ ington and London. In 1901 he was appointed minister to Japan; from 1902 to 1913 he represented Brazil in a similar capacity in Peru, Vene­ zuela, Sweden and Belgium, and on various occasions he was intrusted with important foreign missions. In 1913 he withdrew from the diplo­ matic service to devote his entire time to the prosecution of his historical studies. While acting as the representative of Brazil, Dr. Lima always in­ terpreted his obligations with much latitude; his conception of the duties of a minister plenipotentiary differed widely from that of a conventional diplomatist. He refused to confine his talents and energies to the usual routine in which fixed conventions, meaningless etiquette and hampering restrictions play such a large part. He conceived it his mission to repre­ sent BrazH at her best or not at all. Whether in Tokyo or Brussels, in Caracas or Stockholm, he strove unceasingly to extend a wider and truer knowledge of Brazil; not only the Brazil of the present, with her astou~d­ ing economic development, but also the Brazil of the past with her rich spiritual heritages, her fine traditions, her inspiring history and litera­ ture. In pursuance of this ambitious program
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