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Tschaikowsky Symphonie Nr Dmitrij Kitajenko Tschaikowsky Symphonie Nr. 6 Pathétique Gürzenich-Orchester Köln v Pjotr Iljitsch Tschaikowsky Symphonie Nr. 6 h-Moll op. 74 [ 01] Adagio – Allegro non troppo – Andante – Moderato mosso – Andante – Moderato assai – Allegro vivo – Andante come prima – Andante mosso (20:05) [ 02] Allegro con grazia (09:21) [ 03] Allegro molto vivace (09:31) [ 04] Finale. Adagio lamentoso – Andante (12:09) total 51:09 Dmitrij Kitajenko Gürzenich-Orchester Köln Peter Tschaikowsky Symphonie Nr. 6 h-Moll op. 74 »Pathétique« Die Begründung: Der Komponist, dessen Homosexualität ein offenes Es beginnt mit heftigen Krämpfen. Er- Geheimnis ist, habe eine Liebesbezie- brechen und Durchfall stellen sich ein. hung zu seinem Neffen Wladimir Das Fieber steigt, während die Glied- Dawidow, genannt »Bobik«. Tatsäch- maßen erkalten. Ein Bad, das die Nie- lich ist Bobik – neben dem Bruder rentätigkeit des Kranken anregen soll, Modest – Tschaikowskys wichtigste lässt ihn ins Koma fallen. In den Mor- Bezugsperson in seinen letzten Jahren. genstunden des 6. November 1893 Als sein »Engel«, sein »Augenstern« stirbt Peter Tschaikowsky in St. Peters- erscheint er in den Tagebüchern; da- burg an der Cholera. neben finden sich auch unverhohlene Die Umstände seines Todes sind bis Geständnisse: »Er macht mich noch heute Objekt wilder Spekulationen. wahnsinnig, so unsagbar schön wie er Ein Glas Wasser aus der verseuchten ist«. Tschaikowsky verkennt durchaus Newa soll die Krankheit ausgelöst ha- nicht das »seelenlose, wenn auch zärt- ben. War es Unachtsamkeit oder Ab- liche« Wesen des Neffen, den er zum sicht? In den sechziger Jahren taucht Universalerben ernennt und dem er in den USA eine neue, verwegene The- sein letztes Werk widmet, die Sympho- orie auf. Danach war die Cholera-Er- nie pathétique. krankung nur fingiert; Tschaikowsky Seit längerem schon hat sich habe sich mit Arsen vergiftet und Tschai kowsky mit dem Gedanken ge- auf diese Weise das Todesurteil voll- tragen, der fünften Symphonie aus streckt, das ein Ehrengericht aus Mit- dem Jahre 1888 eine sechste folgen zu gliedern der gehobenen St. Peters- lassen. Nach mehreren Anläufen ent- burger Gesellschaft über ihn gespro- steht im Herbst und Winter 1892 eine chen hatte. Symphonie in Es-Dur, die den Kompo- 4 Pyotr Tchaikovsky It begins with convulsions. Vomiting Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Op. 74, and diarrhea follow. The fever intensi- Pathétique fies, while the limbs grow cold. A bath, intended to stimulate the patient’s kid- is an open secret, is alleged to have ney function, makes him fall into a had a romantic affair with his nephew, coma. In the early morning of 6 No- Vladimir Davidov, known as “Bobik”. vember 1893, Pyotr Tchaikovsky dies Bobik, along with the composer’s of cholera in Saint Petersburg. brother Modest, was indeed one of The circumstances of his death Tchaikovsky’s closest confidants in his remain the topic of wild speculation final years. In his diaries, Tchaikovsky to this day. A glass of contaminated calls Davidov his “angel”, the “apple water from the river Neva is thought of my eye”; furthermore he openly to have led to the composer’s infec- states: “His unspeakable beauty will tion. But was this an act of careless- drive me to madness in the end.” ness or an intentional deed? In the Tchaikovsky was well able to recog- 1960s a new, daring theory emerged nize the, “soulless if endearing” nature in the United States. According to the of his nephew’s character, whom he theory, the cholera infection was a made his sole heir and to whom he fabrication; instead, Tchaikovsky dedicated his last work, the Symphonie allegedly poisoned himself with ar- Pathétique. senic and thereby enforced the sen- Tchaikovsky had long pondered tence that was imposed on him by a whether to follow up the Fifth Sympho- court of honour comprising of mem- ny, completed in 1888, with a sixth. bers of St. Petersburg’s high society. After several attempts over the au- The grounds for such a sentence: tumn and winter of 1892, a symphony The composer, whose homosexuality in E-flat major took shape, but it failed 5 nisten allerdings nicht befriedigt und trieben von diesem geheimen Pro- die er vor Fertigstellung der Partitur gramm arbeitet Tschaikowsky in ei- wieder verwirft. Er teilt Bobik mit, nem wahren Schaffensrausch: Bereits dass er das Material vernichten wolle, im März ist die Symphonie vollständig was er aber nicht tut. Stattdessen skizziert; die Orchestrierung folgt im formt er daraus den Kopfsatz des Juli und August. Seinem Verleger Jur- gleichfalls unvollendeten dritten Kla- genson bekennt Tschaikowsky nach vierkonzertes, das erst nach seinem Voll endung der Partitur: »Mein Ehren- Tod uraufgeführt wird. Keine Frage: wort, dass ich niemals in meinem Tschaikowsky ist sich der Qualität Leben so zufrieden mit mir war, so seines Werkes durchaus bewusst. stolz, so glücklich in dem Bewusstsein, Aber ganz offensicht lich ist es nicht dass ich tatsächlich etwas Gutes ge- die Symphonie, die den »Schlussstein schaffen habe.« meines gesamten Schaffens bilden Es ist müßig, über das Programm sollte« – so der Komponist in einem der Pathétique zu spekulieren, zumal Brief an den befreundeten Großfürs- der musikalische Befund schon ge- ten Konstantin Romanow. nügend verrät. Tschaikowsky trennt Dass Tschaikowsky im folgenden sich auch in seiner letzten Symphonie Jahr noch einmal ein groß angelegtes nicht vom Modell der klassischen sinfonisches Projekt in Angriff nimmt, Viersätzigkeit. Er braucht es, um mit ist einer Idee zu verdanken, die er Bo- ihm zu ringen, um dem strengen bik am 11. Februar 1893 in einem Brief Regelkanon die Individualität seiner mitteilt. Er wolle eine »Programm- persönlichen Botschaft abzutrotzen. Symphonie« komponieren, »aber mit Die Chance, unter dem Schutz und einem Programm von der Art, dass es Schirm einer objektiven, abstrakten für alle ein Rätsel bleiben wird«. Ge- Form ein Höchstmaß an Erlebtem, 6 to satisfy the composer and he dis- guessing.” Driven by his secret agenda, carded it before even finishing the Tchaikovsky worked with frenzied in- score. Tchaikovsky informed Bobik spiration. By March he had completed that he intended to destroy the mate- an outline of the symphony and the rial, although he never really did it. orchestration followed in July and Instead, he used this material as the August. On finishing the score, Tchai- basis for the first movement of the kovsky confessed to his publisher similarly incomplete Piano Concerto Jurgenson, “On my word of honour, I No. 3, which was first performed after have never been so content with my- the composer’s death. Tchaikovsky self in my life, never so proud or hap- was without a doubt aware of the qual- py in the knowledge that I have objec- ity of his piece. But what becomes tively achieved something of value.” obvious is that the composer did not It is futile to speculate on the agen- wish the symphony, “to constitute da behind the Pathétique, especially the keystone of my entire work”, as since analysis of the music alone re- he wrote to his friend Grand Duke veals enough. Tchaikovsky remains Konstantin Romanov. loyal to the classical four-movement It is down to an idea, which the model in his final symphony. He had a composer communicated to Bobik in need to grapple with the strict, formal a letter dated 11 February 1893, that canon; that is to say he loved wresting Tchaikovsky once again attempted a his own, personal message from it. large-scale symphonic work in the Under the cover and shield of an ob- following year. He wanted to compose jective, abstract form, Tchaikovsky a “programmatic symphony”, which saw the opportunity to reveal his per- was, however, “to have a program of sonal, even intimate, experiences in a the kind that will keep everybody way he had never previously dared. 7 Innerem, ja Intimem preisgeben zu Tschaikowsky gestaltet dieses Thema können, lässt ihn weiter voranschrei- zu einer in sich geschlossenen lyri- ten, als er es je zuvor gewagt hat. Der schen Episode, die ihre Unverletzlich- Hörer wird so zum Zeugen eines inne- keit auch gegen die tosenden Stürme ren Auflösungsprozesses, der sich der Durchführung verteidigt. hinter der Fassade einer weitgehend In allen vorangegangenen Sympho- intakten äußeren Form vollzieht. nien (mit Ausnahme der »Manfred«- Tschaikowsky leitet das gesamte Symphonie) lässt Tschaikowsky an thematische Material des Kopfsatzes zweiter Stelle einen langsamen Satz aus einer einzigen Keimzelle ab, die folgen. In der Pathétique schließt sich aufgrund ihrer charakteristischen Vor- mit dem Allegro con grazia stattdessen halts-Wirkung gern als »Seufzermotiv« ein federnd bewegter Walzer im irre- bezeichnet wird. In der langsamen gulären Fünfvierteltakt an. Auf die Einleitung wird dieses Motiv zu einer bohrende Psychologie des Kopfsatzes elegischen Linie ausgesponnen; im folgt eine geschmeidige Ballszene, ein Allegro non troppo treibt es der Kompo- Stück urbaner, aristokratischer Gesell- nist mit ebensoviel wildem Furor wie schaftsmusik. Der Mittelteil, auf einem kontrapunktischer Kunst durch das pochenden Ostinato der tiefen Instru- Orchester. Erst das seidig schimmern- mente aufgebaut, kehrt indes alsbald de Seitenthema bringt diese atemlose zur Seufzermotivik des Kopfsatzes Progression zum Stillstand. Es ist eine zurück: Das Fenster zur Welt bleibt jener Eingebungen, wie sie für den nicht dauerhaft geöffnet. Komponisten typisch sind: Eine Melo- Der dritte und vierte Satz der Pathé- die von vollkommener Schönheit, un- tique stehen in unmittelbarem Zusam- antastbar in ihren Proportionen, zwin- menhang; Tschaikowsky komponiert gend in ihrer emotionalen Wirkung. hier buchstäblich das Gefälle von Le- 8 Thus the listener witnesses an interior a slower second motion. In the Pathé- disintegration taking place behind the tique Symphony he instead continues facade of a largely unchanging form. with a Allegro con grazia constituting Tchaikovsky derives the entirety of a buoyantly mobile waltz in irregular the first movement’s material from a 5 /4 time. The piercing psychology of single element, often referred to as the the first movement is followed by a “sigh motif” on account of its charac- sleek ball scene, a piece of society teristic suspension effects.
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