DOCSLIB.ORG

EFEITO DE VARIÁVEIS AMBIENTAIS E PERTURBAÇÕES ANTRÓPICAS SOBRE O COMPORTAMENTO ANIMAL Calebe Pereira Mendes Dezembro

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EFEITO DE VARIÁVEIS AMBIENTAIS E PERTURBAÇÕES ANTRÓPICAS SOBRE O COMPORTAMENTO ANIMAL Calebe Pereira Mendes Dezembro UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” unesp INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO CLARO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (ZOOLOGIA) EFEITO DE VARIÁVEIS AMBIENTAIS E PERTURBAÇÕES ANTRÓPICAS SOBRE O COMPORTAMENTO ANIMAL Calebe Pereira Mendes Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Câmpus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia). Dezembro - 2018 CALEBE PEREIRA MENDES EFEITO DE VARIÁVEIS AMBIENTAIS E PERTURBAÇÕES ANTRÓPICAS SOBRE O COMPORTAMENTO ANIMAL Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia). Orientador: Prof. Dr. Mauro Galetti Rio Claro, SP 2018 Mendes, Calebe Pereira M538e Efeito de variáveis ambientais e perturbações antrópicas sobre o comportamento animal / Calebe Pereira Mendes. -- Rio Claro, 2018 96 p. : tabs., fotos, mapas Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro Orientador: Mauro Galetti 1. Zoologia. 2. Comportamento animal. 3. Ecologia. 4. Conservação. 5. Mamíferos. I. Título. Sistema de geração automática de fichas catalográficas da Unesp. Biblioteca do Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro. Dados fornecidos pelo autor(a). Essa ficha não pode ser modificada. Scanned by CamScanner Dedico este trabalho a Deus e à minha família. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, o único, pelo dom da vida, pela saúde e pela oportunidade de ver e testemunhar Sua glória. A Jesus, o Cristo, pela salvação e reconciliação através de Seu santo sangue. E ao Santo Espirito de Deus, por me guiar nas incontáveis noites em que minha mente debatia entre os métodos científicos e teológicos, e por me ensinar como ambos os métodos podem ser conciliados de forma lógica e racional, através de métodos filosóficos aceitos pela comunidade acadêmica. E de fato, como é bela e completa a cosmovisão resultante! Agradeço a meus pais, Marcos e Rute, e a minha preciosa irmã Débora pelo constante incentivo em buscar o conhecimento. Mesmo estando longe, sempre pude contar com eles. Agradeço a minha família, em Cascavel-PR, Fortaleza-CE, e várias outras localidades do Brasil e do mundo. É uma família geograficamente dispersa, mas muito próxima em união. Agradeço também a Ashwin Naidu, Abhipsha Chatterjee, Alex Ochoa e Betzy por me receberem e tratarem tão bem durante o ano em que morei no Arizona, E.U.A., vocês se tornaram parte de minha família. Agradeço aos muitos amigos que fazem ou fizeram parte do LABIC e do LEEC, e a muitos outros espalhados por toda a UNESP. Aos amigos e professores Mauro Galetti, Miltinho e John Koprowski que foram particularmente importantes em minha formação. E ao Sérgio, o Super Técnico de Campo, capaz de trabalhar, cozinhar, organizar e ainda fazer piada, tudo ao mesmo tempo! Agradeço aos membros da República Sedex 10, sem dúvida a república mais pacata e tranquila que já conheci. Se não fosse pelo café preparado de manhã por vocês, talvez esta tese não tivesse sido concluída. Agradeço a comunidade da Igreja Batista do Calvário que me ensinaram muito e me arrastaram em diversas aventuras pelo estado de São Paulo. Sou testemunha do mover de Deus sobre a vida de vocês, e de sua boa conduta como cristãos. Agradeço também ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CAPES (processo 168080/2014-1), e a FAPESP (processos 2014/01986-0, 2014/09300-0, 2014/23095-0, 2015/22844-1 e 2015/18381-6). O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001. “Quanto mais eu estudo a natureza, mais ainda eu fico maravilhado com a obra do Criador... Ciência aproxima o homem de Deus” Louis Pasteur RESUMO O comportamento de uma determinada espécies define a forma e intensidade das interações desta para com o ambiente, com muitas espécies ajustando suas estratégias comportamentais de acordo com o contexto físico e biológico ao seu redor. No entanto, o processo de tomada de decisões, intrínseco a qualquer sistema comportamental, requer que o organismo possua a capacidade de obter, interpretar e processar informações úteis. Devido à grande magnitude e novidade evolutiva dos distúrbios antrópicos, estes são capazes de interferir no processo cognitivo das espécies, interferindo na percepção e avaliação das informações necessárias para a tomada de decisões eficientes, e dessa forma, gerando comportamentos não adaptativos, aumento de mortalidade e interferências nas interações ecológicas das espécies. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a ocorrência de plasticidade comportamental, em diversas espécies modelo, em resposta a fatores ambientais e atividades antrópicas. Foram realizados dois capítulos experimentais e um capitulo de revisão. O primeiro capitulo foi desenvolvido no Arizona, E.U.A., e avaliou o volume de alimentos estocados pelo esquilo-vermelho-de- Graham Tamiasciurus fremonti grahamensis em resposta a variáveis climáticas, de relevo e vegetação. Foi observado que apenas as fêmeas responderam a variações no relevo e vegetação, mas não a variáveis climáticas, enquanto os machos não responderam a nenhuma variável testada. O segundo capítulo, desenvolvido em São Paulo, Brasil, avaliou o efeito de perturbações antrópicas variadas sobre a atividade circadiana de 17 espécies de mamíferos florestais. Foi observado que 7 espécies responderam a perturbação antrópica, se tornando em média 20% mais noturnas em áreas perturbadas. Tanto espécies diurnas quanto noturnas se tornaram mais noturnas em resposta a perturbações, sendo que espécies caçadas e perseguidas se tornaram mais noturnas do que espécies não caçadas. O terceiro capitulo foi planejado como uma comparação entre o esquilo-vermelho-de-Graham e um esquilo brasileiro, o Guerlinguetus brasiliensis, no entanto, devido à escassez de informações da história natural da segunda espécie, decidiu-se por mapear o atual estado da informação disponível sobre a ecologia de esquilos neotropicais. Assim, foram encontradas 155 publicações, de 15 países, com dados de ecologia para 20 espécies de esquilos que interagiram com 351 outras espécies. Foi observado que esquilos neotropicais tendem a apresentar maiores densidades populacionais em florestas fragmentadas. Também identificamos diversas partes da história natural do táxon que são virtualmente desconhecidas, como por exemplo, a composição da dieta de esquilos dos gêneros Sciurillus e Microsciurus. Palavras chave: Zoologia, Comportamento animal, Ecologia, Conservação, Mamíferos. ABSTRACT The behavior of a given species defines the style and intensity of its interactions with the environment, with several species adjusting their behavioral strategies in response to the physical and biological circumstances. However, the decision-making process, intrinsic of any behavioral system, requires the organism to is able of obtain, interpret and process useful information. Due to the large scale and evolutive novelty of the anthropic disturbances, they are able to interfere in the cognitive processes of the species, disrupting the perception and evaluation of the information needed to efficient decision-making, and therefore, cause non- adaptative behaviors, increase in mortality and effects on species ecological interactions. This way, the objective of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of behavioral plasticity, in several model species, in response to environmental factors and anthropic activities. Two experimental chapters and one literature revision was performed. The first chapter was developed in Arizona, U.S.A., and evaluate the amount of food cached by the Mt. Graham red squirrel Tamiasciurus fremonti grahamensis in response to variables of climate, relief and vegetation. It was found that only the females did respond to relief and variations in relief and vegetation, but not climate, while males did not respond to any examined variable. The second chapter, developed in São Paulo, Brazil, evaluate the effect of general anthropic disturbances on dial activity of 17 forest dwelling mammal species. We detected 7 species becoming more nocturnal in response to anthropic disturbance, with a mean nocturnality increase of 20% in disturbed areas. Both diurnal and nocturnal species become more nocturnal, whereas the poached and persecuted species become more nocturnal than non- poached species. The third chapter was designed as a comparison between the Mt. Graham red squirrel and a Brazilian squirrel, the Guerlinguetus brasiliensis, however, due to the scarcity of natural history information, we decided to map the actual state of knowledge availability about neotropical squirrels. This way, we found 155 publications, from 15 countries, with ecological data for 20 squirrel species, which interacted with 352 other species. We recorded an increase of squirrel population densities in fragmented forests. We also identified several areas of the taxa natural history which are virtually unknown, such the composition of diet of the Sciurillus and Microsciurus genera. Key words: Zoology, Animal behavior, Ecology, Conservation, Mammals SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ..................................................................................................10 2. DOES CACHING STRATEGY VARY WITH MICROCLIMATE IN ENDANGERED MT. GRAHAM RED SQUIRRELS? ………………….……………19 2.1 Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………...…..19
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forest Fragment Size and Microhabitat Effects on Palm Seed Predation
    BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 131 (2006) 1– 13 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Forest fragment size and microhabitat effects on palm seed predation Marina Fleurya,b,c,*, Mauro Galettib,c aLaborato´rio de Ecologia e Restaurac¸a˜ o Florestal (LERF), Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘‘Luiz de Queiroz’’, Universidade de Sa˜ o Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Brazil bLaborato´rio de Biologia da Conservac¸a˜ o, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersa˜ o de Sementes, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), C.P. 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sa˜ o Paulo, Brazil cInstituto de Biologia da Conservac¸a˜ o (IBC), Av.P-13, 293, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The establishment of plant species depends crucially on where the seeds are deposited. How- Received 11 January 2005 ever, since most studies have been conducted in continuous forests, not much is known about Received in revised form the effects of forest fragmentation on the maintenance of abiotic and biotic characteristics in 19 October 2005 microhabitats and their effects on seed survival. In this study, we evaluated the effects of for- Accepted 24 October 2005 est fragmentation on the predation upon the seeds of the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana in three Available online 3 April 2006 microhabitats (interior forest, forest edge and gaps) in eight fragments of semi-deciduous Atlantic forest ranging in size from 9.5 ha to 33,845 ha in southeastern Brazil. Specifically, Keywords: we examined the influence of the microhabitat structure, fauna and fragment size on the pat- Arecaceae tern of seed predation.
    [Show full text]
  • Limitations of Selective Deltamethrin Application for Triatomine Control In
    Grijalva et al. Parasites & Vectors 2011, 4:20 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/4/1/20 RESEARCH Open Access Limitations of selective deltamethrin application for triatomine control in central coastal Ecuador Mario J Grijalva1,2*, Anita G Villacís2, Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga2, César A Yumiseva2, Esteban G Baus2 Abstract Background: This year-long study evaluated the effectiveness of a strategy involving selective deltamethrin spraying and community education for control of Chagas disease vectors in domestic units located in rural communities of coastal Ecuador. Results: Surveys for triatomines revealed peridomestic infestation with Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Panstrongylus howardi, with infestation indices remaining high during the study (13%, 17%, and 10%, at initial, 6-month, and 12-month visits, respectively), which indicates a limitation of this strategy for triatomine population control. Infestation was found 6 and 12 months after spraying with deltamethrin. In addition, a large number of previously vector-free domestic units also were found infested at the 6- and 12-month surveys, which indicates new infestations by sylvatic triatomines. The predominance of young nymphs and adults suggests new infestation events, likely from sylvatic foci. In addition, infection with Trypanosoma cruzi was found in 65%, 21% and 29% at initial, 6-month and 12-month visits, respectively. All parasites isolated (n = 20) were identified as TcI. Conclusion: New vector control strategies need to be devised and evaluated for reduction of T. cruzi transmission in this region. Background colonization by this species in the domestic and perido- Chagas disease in Ecuador affects approximately 230,000 mestic habitats. However, R. ecuadoriensis also is fre- people, and 6.2 million people are at risk of infection by quently found in domestic and peridomestic habitats in El Trypanosoma cruzi, its causative agent [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Relational Database Systems 1
    Relational Database Systems 1 Wolf-Tilo Balke Jan-Christoph Kalo Institut für Informationssysteme Technische Universität Braunschweig www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de Summary last week • Data models define the structural constrains and possible manipulations of data – Examples of Data Models: • Relational Model, Network Model, Object Model, etc. – Instances of data models are called schemas • Careful: Often, sloppy language is used where people call a schema also a model • We have three types of schemas: – Conceptual Schemas – Logical Schemas – Physical Schemas • We can use ER modeling for conceptual and logical schemas Relational Database Systems 1 – Wolf-Tilo Balke – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig 2 Summary last week • Entity Type Name • Weak Entity Type Name • Attribute name • Key Attribute name • name Multi-valued Attribute name name • Composite Attribute name • Derived Attribute name • Relationship Type name • Identifying Relationship Type name EN 3.5 Relational Database Systems 1 – Wolf-Tilo Balke – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig 3 Summary last week • Total participation of E2 in R E1 r E2 • Cardinality – an instance of E1 may relate to multiple instances of E2 (0,*) (1,1) E1 r E2 • Specific cardinality with min and max – an instance of E1 may relate to multiple instances of E2 (0,*) (0,1) E1 r E2 EN 3.5 Relational Database Systems 1 – Wolf-Tilo Balke – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig 4 3 Extended Data Modeling • Alternative ER Notations • Extended ER – Inheritance – Complex Relationships
    [Show full text]
  • Calebe Pereira Mendes Patch Size, Shape and Edge
    CALEBE PEREIRA MENDES PATCH SIZE, SHAPE AND EDGE DISTANCE INFLUENCES SEED PREDATION IN A KEYSTONE PALM IN TROPICAL RAINFORESTS Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia). Orientador: Mauro Galetti Co-orientador: Milton Ribeiro Rio Claro 2014 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico este trabalho primeiramente a meu Deus, O Altíssimo, a quem amo e que tem me ajudado e ensinado de forma inacreditavelmente ativa e pessoal. A seu filho Jesus, O Cristo, a quem espero e por quem tenho livre acesso ao Pai. Dedico também a meus pais, Marcos e Rute que desde pequeno me incentivaram a buscar a justiça, a disciplina e o conhecimento. E a minha irmã Débora a quem amo muito. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus e a seu filho pelo dom da vida. Vida que nos dá a oportunidade de conhece-Lo, a possibilidade de segui-Lo, e nos permite contemplar a criação. Agradeço pela oportunidade de não apenas contemplar, mas explorar, estudar e buscar entender a criação através da ciência. Agradeço também a meus pais, Marcos e Rute, a quem amo muito, e que durante toda minha infância me incentivaram a estudar. Lembro-me com carinho dos muitos documentários que gravaram para que eu pudesse assistir quantas vezes quisesse. Eles também me ensinaram a seguir e respeitar os caminhos do Senhor, o que deu início ao meu gosto pela teologia e a minha atual visão sobre a interação entre fé e ciência. Agradeço a minha irmã Débora, a quem realmente amo.
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Brazil: Atlantic Rainforest and Savanna, Oct-Nov 2016
    Tropical Birding Trip Report Southeast Brazil: Atlantic Rainforest and Savanna, Oct-Nov 2016 SOUTHEAST BRAZIL: Atlantic Rainforest and Savanna October 20th – November 8th, 2016 TOUR LEADER: Nick Athanas Report and photos by Nick Athanas Helmeted Woodpecker - one of our most memorable sightings of the tour It had been a couple of years since I last guided this tour, and I had forgotten how much fun it could be. We covered a lot of ground and visited a great series of parks, lodges, and reserves, racking up a respectable group list of 459 bird species seen as well as some nice mammals. There was a lot of rain in the area, but we had to consider ourselves fortunate that the rainiest days seemed to coincide with our long travel days, so it really didn’t cost us too much in the way of birds. My personal trip favorite sighting was our amazing and prolonged encounter with a rare Helmeted Woodpecker! Others of note included extreme close-ups of Spot-winged Wood-Quail, a surprise Sungrebe, multiple White-necked Hawks, Long-trained Nightjar, 31 species of antbirds, scope views of Variegated Antpitta, a point-blank Spotted Bamboowren, tons of colorful hummers and tanagers, TWO Maned Wolves at the same time, and Giant Anteater. This report is a bit light on text and a bit heavy of photos, mainly due to my insane schedule lately where I have hardly had any time at home, but all photos are from the tour. www.tropicalbirding.com +1-409-515-9110 [email protected] Tropical Birding Trip Report Southeast Brazil: Atlantic Rainforest and Savanna, Oct-Nov 2016 The trip started in the city of Curitiba.
    [Show full text]
  • Simulating Araucaria Angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze Timber Stocks with Liocourt’S Law in a Natural Forest in Southern Brazil
    Article Simulating Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze Timber Stocks With Liocourt’s Law in a Natural Forest in Southern Brazil Emanuel Arnoni Costa 1,2,*, Veraldo Liesenberg 1 , André Felipe Hess 1, César Augusto Guimarães Finger 3,4, Paulo Renato Schneider 3,Régis Villanova Longhi 5, Cristine Tagliapietra Schons 3 and Geedre Adriano Borsoi 1 1 Graduate Program in Forest Engineering, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil; [email protected] (V.L.); [email protected] (A.F.H.); [email protected] (G.A.B.) 2 Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais 38500-000, Brazil 3 Graduate Program in Forest Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil; cesarfi[email protected] (C.A.G.F.); [email protected] (P.R.S.); [email protected] (C.T.S.) 4 Graduate Program in Agroecosystems, Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, Paraná 85660-000, Brazil 5 Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Alagoas 57072-900, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-34-99232-3787 Received: 28 January 2020; Accepted: 15 March 2020; Published: 18 March 2020 Abstract: This paper presents a simulation of the regulation of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze timber stocks using Liocourt’s law. Although this species is currently protected by law, recent government initiatives are being considered to propose sustainable forest management practices by selecting small rural properties in Southern Brazil. Here, we simulate the applicability of Liocourt’s law in a typical rural property, the size of which is approximately 85 ha.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson Plan: Squirrel Study - Nests
    LESSON PLAN: SQUIRREL STUDY - NESTS Date: Class: Unit: LESSON TOPIC: Squirrel Study with Smack Dab in the Middle of Maybe AIM: In Smack Dab in the Middle of Maybe, the main character Cricket discovers squirrels in a nest above the treehouse. Students can use the novel as a starting point for learning more about squirrels. OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to: 1. Identify grey squirrels. 2. Provide information about a squirrel’s nesting behavior. 3. Recognize the behavior of grey squirrels in Smack Dab in the Middle of Maybe. GET STARTED/ DO-NOW: In the novel, Cricket notices a squirrel nest above her treehouse. The nest was made by eastern grey squirrels. Have the students read the article by National Geographic about grey squirrels. Instruct them to write down five facts. https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/eastern-gray- squirrel/#eastern-gray-squirrel-tree.jpg If personal computers are not available, read the article aloud. After you have finished, instruct the students to write down facts they remember. Have the students share the facts with the class. MINI-LESSON: 1. There are several species of squirrels found in North America. Eastern grey squirrels are one of them. Other species include American red squirrels and fox squirrels. Introduce these other two species by showing the class images like the ones found on these webpages: Fox Squirrel: https://www.arkive.org/eastern-fox-squirrel/sciurus-niger/ American Red Squirrel: http://www.arkive.org/american-red- squirrel/tamiasciurus-hudsonicus/ 2. Provide each student with a blank map of the United States. Together as a class, color in the areas where grey squirrels are commonly found.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammal Watching in the Pacific Northwest, Summer 2019 with Notes on Birding, Locations, Sounds, and Chasing Chipmunks
    Mammal watching in the Pacific Northwest, summer 2019 With notes on birding, locations, sounds, and chasing chipmunks Keywords: Sciuridae, trip report, mammals, birds, summer, July Daan Drukker 1 How to use this report For this report I’ve chosen not to do the classic chronological order, but instead, I’ve treated every mammal species I’ve seen in individual headers and added some charismatic species that I’ve missed. Further down I’ve made a list of hotspot birding areas that I’ve visited where the most interesting bird species that I’ve seen are treated. If you are visiting the Pacific Northwest, you’ll find information on where to look for mammals in this report and some additional info on taxonomy and identification. I’ve written it with a European perspective, but that shouldn’t be an issue. Birds are treated in detail for Mount Rainier and the Monterey area, including the California Condors of Big Sur. For other areas, I’ve mentioned the birds, but there must be other reports for more details. I did a non-hardcore type of birding, just looking at everything I came across and learning the North American species a bit, but not twitching everything that was remotely possible. That will be for another time. Every observation I made can be found on Observation.org, where the exact date, location and in some cases evidence photos and sound recordings are combined. These observations are revised by local admins, and if you see an alleged mistake, you can let the observer and admin know by clicking on one of the “Contact” options in the upper right panel.
    [Show full text]
  • Comportamentos E Atividade Diária De Sciurus Ingrami (Thomas) Em Cativeiro (Rodentia, Sciuridae) 1
    COMPORTAMENTOS E ATIVIDADE DIÁRIA DE SCIURUS INGRAMI (THOMAS) EM CATIVEIRO (RODENTIA, SCIURIDAE) 1 Marcelo Bordignon 2 Emygdio L.A. Monteiro Filho 2 ABSTRACT. BEHAV IOUR ANO OIARV ACTlVITV 01' SCIUIIUS ISGRAAI/ (THOMAS) lN CAPTIVITV (ROOENTIA, SCIURIDAE). Frorn October 1994 to Novcmber 1995 the beha­ viour, postures and diurnal activity of tive captive squilTels Scillrlls illgromi were observed and registered. Four basics postures, tive grooming behaviours, displace­ ments and face wiping behaviour were identified. Based on behavioural observations, the diurnal activity was divided into four categories: resting, disp!acement, feed ing and maintenance. The time spent in each category varied seasonaJ\y and the sq uirrels spent more time resting during winter and spring. However, more time was spent feeding during autum and summer and was reduced the displacement in autum. Two types of breeding behaviour were identilied: sex ual trailing and mating chase of females by males. However copulatori behaviollr was not recorded during the studied period. We also verified that S. illgromi prescnts thennorregulation behaviour during winter, remaining resting in the nest to conserve energy in heath maintenance. During the hottest seasons, the squirrels remain resting out of the nest. placed on the branchs to decrease their body heat to normal tcmpcrature. The behaviours observed in thi s study were similar to those dcscribed in the literatllre. as well as the mating behaviour, which was vely similar to S. carolinellsis. KEY WORDS. SCilll'lIS illgrami. sciurids, behaviour. serelepe De acordo com GURNELL (1987), o número de espécies de esquilos nas florestas tropicais é maior do que os existentes no Hemisfério Norte.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Predation of Attalea Dubia (Arecaceae) in an Island in The
    PALMS Steffler et al.: Seed Predation Vol. 52(3) 2008 Seed CARLA ELISABETE STEFFLER1 Predation of CAMILA IOTTE DONATTI2 AND MAURO GALETTI1 Attalea dubia 1Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Grupo de (Arecaceae) Fenologia e Dispersão de Sementes, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade in an Island Estadual Paulista (UNESP), C.P. 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brasil, in the [email protected] 2Department of Biological Atlantic Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Rainforest USA of Brazil The palm indaiá (Attalea dubia) is endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil, and is important as a food source for the local fauna. This paper investigates aspects of seed predation and seed dispersal on a 15,100 ha island in southeastern Brazil. The post-dispersal seed predation of arboreal and on the combined effects of density and tropical species is very high, varying from 75 distance from the mother plant (Janzen 1970, to 90 percent (Howe et al. 1985, Schupp 1988a, Burkey 1994, von Allmen et al. 2004). These b) and it is even higher close to mother trees are the main factors that determine the (Janzen 1971, 1972). Seed predation depends recruitment of new individuals (Janzen 1971) on seed size, seed nutritional compounds and contribute to the maintenance of plant (Osunkoya 1994, Fox & Mousseau 1995, diversity (Janzen 1970, Connell 1971, Campbell 2002, Scherer & Romanowski 2005) Augspurger 1983). PALMS 52(3): 133–140 133 PALMS Steffler et al.: Seed Predation Vol. 52(3) 2008 Rodents and insects that specialize in seed Henderson 1989). Bruchid beetles depend on predation usually forage closer to mother palm seeds because they thrive on the plants (Janzen 1970, 1972, Howe et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Dispersal Seed Predation by Atlantic Forest Squirrels Monitoring Lowland Tapir Latrines
    Tropical Ecology 58(3): 673–678, 2017 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Post-dispersal seed predation by Atlantic Forest squirrels monitoring lowland tapir latrines * ANA CAROLINA SRBEK-ARAUJO1,2 ,CRISTINA JAQUES DA CUNHA1 & JAMES JOSEPH ROPER3 1Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Biodiversidade (LECBio), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Universidade Vila Velha – UVV, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, nº 21, Bairro Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.102-920, Brazil 2Instituto SerraDiCal de Pesquisa e Conservação, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil 3Laboratório de Dinâmicas Populacionais e Conservação de Vertebrados (DPeC), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Universidade Vila Velha – UVV, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, nº 21, Bairro Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.102-920, Brazil Abstract: Here we describe novel post-dispersal seed predation by Atlantic Forest squirrels (Guerlinguetus ingrami). We show that the squirrel preys on seeds defecated by lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in the Atlantic Forest, southeastern Brazil. The squirrel consumed seeds in tapir feces at a latrine, including Spondias macrocarpa, S. venulosa and Elaeis guineensis. In videos and photographs taken by a camera trap, squirrels are clearly seen removing and eating seeds from tapir fecal pellets. Squirrels are known to be both seed dispersers (primary and secondary) and predators, and seed dispersal and predation are important for plant community structure. We demonstrate that as seed predators, squirrels seems to monitor and opportunistically take advantage of seeds dispersed by other mammals, thereby reducing primary dispersal effectiveness and compromising the ecosystem service provided by other dispersers.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling the Population Dynamics of the Mt. Graham Red Squirrel: Can We Predict Its Future in a Changing Environment with Multiple Threats?
    BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 131 (2006) 121– 131 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Modelling the population dynamics of the Mt. Graham red squirrel: Can we predict its future in a changing environment with multiple threats? S.P. Rushtona, D.J.A. Woodb, P.W.W. Lurza,*, J.L. Koprowskib aIRES, School of Biology, Devonshire Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK bWildlife Conservation and Management, School of Natural Resources, 325 Biological Sciences East, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The Mt. Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis; MGRS) is among the Received 25 April 2005 most critically endangered mammals in the United States and is isolated on the periphery Received in revised form of the species’ range, potentially increasing its conservation priority. To investigate poten- 31 January 2006 tial threats to the population and provide a tool for land managers, we developed a spatially Accepted 24 February 2006 explicit population dynamics model. We tested model predictions using available range- Available online 17 April 2006 wide data from the literature and field work specific to the MGRS. A general model input data set using mean life history values overpredicted MGRS abundance. However, we found Keywords: significant correlation with known squirrel abundance using a general data set with cur- Conservation tailed fecundity and survival. A model with MGRS-specific data provided the best fit to SEPM observed population size. We investigated potential impacts of two major threats to the Endangered species MGRS: competition from introduced Abert’s squirrels (Sciurus aberti) and increased levels Introduced species of predation.
    [Show full text]