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A Generic Environmental Management Plan for Coal-Fired Power Stations

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A Generic Environmental Management Plan for Coal-Fired Power Stations A GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR COAL-FIRED POWER STATIONS By ADRIANA BOTHMA SCRIPTION Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree MASTER IN SCIENCE In ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT In the FACULTY OF SCIENCE At the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY Study leader: Dr. J.M. Meeuwis May 1998 OPSOMMING Eskom wek 91 % van Suid-Afrika se elektriese krag op, deur middel van 10 steenkool aangedrewe kragstasies. Ses van hierdie kragstasies is in die Oostelike Haveld van Mpumalanga geled. As gevolg van die konsentrasie van kragstasies in hierdie area, het Eskom reeds etlike jare gelede besluit om die impak wat kragopwekking op die omgewing het, te ondersoek en metodes te vind om impakte te minimaliseer. Na die identifisering van impakte is Omgewings Bestuursplanne saamgestel om die impakte te bestuur en sodoende te minimaliseer. Huidiglik het al die Eskom kragstasies Omgewings Bestuursplanne in plek. Die formaat en inhoud van die planne verskil egter van stasie tot stasie. Die Kragontwikkeling Omgewings Bestuur Groep het daarom besluit dat 'n Generiese Omgewingsplan opgestel moet word, wat as basis gebruik sal word om al die Omgewings Bestuurs Planne op dieselfde standaard te bring. Hierdie skripsie dokument het dit dus ten doel om so 'n Generiese Omgewings Bestuurs Plan saam te stel. Literatuur studies het weinig omtrent die inhoud van so 'n bestuurs plan opgelewer en bestaande Omgewings Bestuurs Planne is bestudeer, om `n algemene formaat saam te stel. Die formaat wat algemeen gebruik word is as volg: Agtergrond inligting omtrent die projek (kragstasie) Wetgewing van toepassing op die projek (kragstasie) omgewing Geidentifiseerde impakte Bestuursplanne vir impakte Monitering van impakte en bestuursplanne Noodplanne Verantwoordelike persone Ouditering Meeste van die dokumente sluit ook planne vir kommunikasie, opleiding en bewusmakings programme in, terwyl ander ook die sosiale impakte van 'n projek aanspreek. Hierdie generiese dokument konsentreer egter slegs op die natuurlike impakte van kragontwikkeling, aangesien die skripsie 'n beperking op volume het. Uit die bestaande Omgewings Bestuursplanne wat bestudeer is, het dit duidelik geword dat die ontwikkeling van elektrisiteit in 4 areas van die natuurlike omgewing, `n invloed het, naamlik:. Lugbesoedeling Waterbesoedeling Afvalprodusering Grondverval. Daar is besluit om op hierdie 4 areas te konsentreer in die skripsie. Die Generiese Omgewings Bestuurs Plan wat ontwikkel is, is dus verdeel in 4 afdelings: Lug Kwaliteit Bestuur Water Kwaliteit Bestuur Afval Bestuur Grond Bestuur. Vir elk van hierdie afdelings, is 'n lys van generiese impakte saamgestel, met die inligting wat benodig sal word in 'n Omgewings Bestuurs Plan. Die inligting benodig sal insluit: relevante wette en Eskom beleidstukke, wat met die beheer van byvoorbeeld lug kwaliteit te make het. Detail van prosesse, instrumentasie, monitering, noodplanne, verantwoordelike en kontak persone wat beheer moet uitoefen moet in 'n bestuursplan ingesluit word. Omgewings Bestuurs Planne is huidiglik 'n uitvloeisel van Omgewings Impak Studies wat tydens die beplannings fase van 'n projek uitgevoer word. Die Bestuurs Plan word saamgestel om te verseker dat die impakte wat geidentifiseer is en nie vermy kan word nie, beheer en bestuur word, tydens die konstruksie, operasionele en sluitings fases van die projek. Geen van die Eskom kragstasies huidiglik operasioneel, het egter Omgewings Impak Studies ondergaan nie. Die Omgewings Bestuurs Planne is dus saamgestel op grond van kennis wat deur die jare opgebou is omtrent die impakte. Daar is bewys dat Omgewings Bestuurs Planne met groot sukses in die later fases van projekte saamgestel kan word. `n Generiese dokument soos hier saamgestel, maak hierdie taak makliker deur 'n standaard te stel en leiding omtrent die tipe impakte wat spesifiek by steenkool bestuur moet word, te gee. ii SUMMARY In South Africa, Eskom generates 91 % of all electricity produced. Most of this electricity is generated by 10 coal-fired power stations, 6 of which is situated in the Eastern Highveld region of Mpumalanga. Owing to the concentration of power stations in this region, Eskom decided years ago to investigate the environmental impacts of its generation actions and develop programmes to minimise these impacts. After the identification of the various impacts Environmental Management Plans were developed to manage and minimise the impacts. Although all the Eskom Power Stations have Environmental Management Plans in place at present, the documents differ in format and content. The Generation Environmental Management Group thus decided that a Generic Environmental Management Plan (EMP) should be developed, to ensure that station plans are developed to the same standard. The purpose of this scription document is thus to develop such a Generic Environmental Management Plan. Literature studies revealed very little about the content of EMPs, therefore existing management plans were studied to enable the development of a general format. The format generally used is as follows: Background on the project (power station) Legislation applicable to the project (power station) Identified impacts Impact Management Plans Monitoring of impacts and management plans Contingency Plans Accountable personnel Auditing. Most management plans include communication, training and awareness programmes, while others also address the social impacts of a project. This generic document will only concentrate on the impacts on the natural environment. Studies of the existing documentation on management plans, revealed that power generation have impacts in 4 main areas of the environment, namely: Air Pollution Water Pollution Waste Production Land Degradation. It was decided to concentrate on these 4 areas in this scription. iii The Generic Environmental Plan developed was thus divided into 4 section: Air Quality Management Water Quality Management Waste management Land Management Generic impacts, with a list of information needed were listed for each of these impact areas. Information required would include: relevant legislation, Eskom policies and standards that would influence air quality, for instance. Detail of processes, instrumentation, monitoring, contingency plans, accountable personnel and contact people must be included. Environmental Management Plans are presently developed from impacts identified during the Environmental Impact Studies, which are conducted during the planning phases of projects. The management plan is developed to ensure that all unavoidable impacts will be managed during the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the project. None of the present Eskom power stations had the benefit of Environmental Impact Studies, and the management Plans were thus compiled from experience gained through the years. Existing Management Plans proved that Environmental Management Plans could be developed in the later phases of a project. A generic management plan as developed here, makes this task easier, as it sets a standard and provides a guide to the general types of impacts that must be managed at coal-fired power stations. iv CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES POWER GENERATION IN THE EASTERN HIGHVELD OF MPUMALANGA AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental Problems 3 1.2.1 Air Pollution 3 1.2.2 Water Pollution 6 1.2.3 Waste Production 10 1.2.4 Land Degradation 13 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 14 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS 3.1 Background 16 3.2 Components of an Environmental Management Plan 17 3.3 Generic Environmental Management Plans 19 4 THE STUDY AREA 4.1 Geographic Location 21 4.2 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 21 4.2.1 Climate 21 4.2.2 Water Supply and Hydrology 25 4.2.3 Geomorphology 27 4.2.4 Geology 28 4.2.5 Soil 28 4.2.6 Flora 29 4.2.7 Fauna 30 4.2.8 Birds 30 4.2.9 Reptiles and Amphibians 31 4.2.10 Spiders and Scorpions 31 4.2.11 Insects 31 4.2.12 Butterflies 31 4.2.13 Fish 31 4.2.14 Alien and Translocated Indigenous Aquatic Animals 32 4.2.15 Archaeology 32 v THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 33 5.1 Background Information 34 5.2 Air Quality Management 34 5.2.1 Legal Requirements 35 5.2.2 Eskom Requirements 36 5.2.3 Identified Impacts and Mitigation Measures 37 5.2.4 Accountabilities 40 5.2.5 List of Contact Numbers 40 5.2.6 Summary 41 5.3 Water Quality Management 43 5.3.1 Legal Requirements 43 5.3.2 Eskom Requirements 44 5.3.3 Identified Impacts and Mitigation Measures 44 5.3.4 Accountabilities 47 5.3.5 List of Contact Numbers 47 5.3.6 Summary 48 5.4 Waste Management 49 5.4.1 Legal Requirements 49 5.4.2 Eskom Requirements 50 5.4.3 Identified Impacts and Mitigation Measures 50 5.4.4 Accountabilities 54 5.4.5 List of Contact Numbers 54 5.4.6 Summary 54 5.5 Land Management 56 5.5.1 Legal Requirements 56 5.5.2 Eskom Requirements 56 5.5.3 Identified Impacts and Mitigation Measures 57 5.5.4 Accountabilities 60 5.5.5 List of Contact Numbers 60 5.5.6 Summary 60 CONCLUSIONS 62 REFERENCES 65 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location of Coal-Fired Power Stations in the Mpumalanga 2 Highveld and Associated Coal-fields Figure 2 Particulate Emissions between 1982 to 1996 from Eskom 5 Coal-fired Power Stations Figure 3 Transportation patterns of air parcels from the Eastern 25 Highveld Region, to the Ben MacDhui monitoring station in the Eastern Cape. LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Emission Data for Coal-fired Power Generating Power 4 Stations Table 2 Water Utilisation by Coal-fired Power Generating Power 7 Stations Table 3 Waste Products Produced at Coal-fired Power Generation 11 Power Stations during 1996 Table 4 Land areas utilised by Coal-fired Power Generating Power 11 Stations as in 1996 Table 5 Comparison of Air Pollution Exposure Limits. 35 Table 6 Extract from the Accountability Matrix of Lethabo Power 42 Station. vii 1. POWER GENERATION IN THE EASTERN HIGHVELD OF MPUMALANGA AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS `Throughout the world it is accepted that no industry can provide the goods and services that society wants without having some impact on the physical environment.
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