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November 17, 1972

— Chiao Kuan-hua's speech at U.N. General Assembly and "Renmin Ribao" Commentator's article

More Works by Marx, Engels, Lenin And Stalin Published in China

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PEKING Vol. 15, No. 46 November 17, 1972

REVIEW Published in English, French, Spanish, Japanese and German editions

CONTENTS

THE WEEK 3 More Works by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin Published Albanian Friendship Military Delegation in Peking Kingdom of Cambodia's National Day Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Birthday Marked China-Algeria

ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS Soviet Disarmament Proposal Is a Fraud — Chiao Kuan-hua's speech at U.N. General Assembly opposing Soviet proposal 5 An Inglorious Performance — Renmin Ribao Commentator 6 At the U.N.: Disarmament — Point at Issue 7 Achievements Reviewed: The Cambodian People March On 9 "Ceasefire in Cambodia" Denounced 10 Victory of Chairman Mao's Concept of Strategy — Notes on studying "The Con­ cept of Operations for the Liaohsi-Shenyang Campaign" — Shen Chun 12 Cadres Studying Marxism-Leninism: Revolutionary Theory of Reflection 16

ROUND THE WORLD 18 South Viet Nam: Victories in October Pakistan: Withdrawal From SEATO Representative of PAC of Azania: Condemning Colonial Rule Japan: Demand for Return of Four Islands Latin America: To Form Union of Banana Exporting Countries U.S.A.: American Indians Protest Britain: Wage and Price Freeze Soviet Union: Mass Emigration of Jews to Israel New Underground Nuclear Test

FRIENDSHIP LOG 21

ON THE HOME FRONT 22 Yinchuan: New Industrial City Szechuan's Small Hydroelectric Stations National Sports Competitions Hospital Doctors Go to Factories

Published every Friday by PEKING REVIEW, Peking (37), China Post Office Registration No. 2-922 Printed in the People's Republic of China

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] THE WEEK

More Works by Marx, tion and the Renegade Kautsky, won admiration and praise from the Engels, Lenin and Stalin "Left-Wing" Communism, an Infan­ people of various countries." Published tile Disorder, Problems of Leninism, Referring to the present interna­ On Opposition, Marxism and Prob­ tional situation, Comrade Li Teh- The Bureau for the Translation lems of Linguistics and Economic sheng said: "The world is now in an of Marx-Engels-Lenin-Stalin's Works Problems of Socialism in the U.S.S.R. era of great upheaval and the inter­ Under the Central Committee of the The Chinese translation of some of national situation is developing in a Communist Party of China has com­ these works has been revised and direction more and more in favour piled, translated into Chinese and, rechecked and some have been of the people of the world. The with the co-operation of publishing translated into Mongolian. Tibetan, people of the three Indochinese departments, published many of the Uighur, Korean, Kazakh and braille. countries are advancing courageously works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and The Foreign Languages Press has on the road to victory in their war Stalin to meet the needs of Party- printed 2.3 million copies of 19 against U.S. aggression and for na­ tional salvation. The Korean people members, cadres, workers, peasants, works by Marx, Engels. Lenin and are scoring continuous new successes soldiers and revolutionary intellec­ Stalin in English, French, German, in their struggle for the independent tuals throughout the country in their Persian, Russian and Spanish. study of Marxism-Leninism. Forty- peaceful reunification of their father­ land. The struggles waged by the nine titles (including complete works, people of Asian, African and Latin selected works and pamphlets) total­ Albanian Friendship Military American countries for winning and ling 190 million copies were published Delegation in Peking safeguarding national independence over the last two years. and state sovereignty are rising. Chinese leaders Chou En-lai, This year, seven more volumes More and more small and medium- (Vol. 23. part I of Vol. 26, Vols. 27, Yeh Chien-ying and other com­ sized countries have united to oppose 29. 31, 34 and 38) of the Complete rades on November 7 met the superpower politics and hegemony. Works of Marx and Engels were pub­ Albanian Friendship Military Dele­ Gone for ever are the days when lished to bring the total to 31. A gation headed by Beqir Balluku, imperialism could act like an over­ four-volume edition of Selected Member of the Political Bureau of lord in the world and do whatever Works of Marx and Engels was also the Central Committee of the Al­ it wished. brought out. banian Party of Labour. Vice- Chairman of the Council of Ministers But the nature of imperial­ The four-volume edition of Selected and Minister of People's Defence. ism and social-imperialism as ex­ Works of Lenin, first printed in 1960, The delegation has been visiting pansionists and contenders for has been revised and put on sale various places of interest in Peking world hegemony has not changed. throughout China since November 7. since its arrival. Flaunting the banner of socialism, This edition contains the important Soviet revisionist social-imperialism works written between 1894 and 1923 A grand rally was held on Novem­ is actually controlling other coun­ by the great revolutionary teacher. ber 11 by over 2.000 commanders and tries in the name of giving aid, These works show how Lenin in­ fighters of the Chinese People's pushing expansionism in the name of herited, defended and developed Liberation Army units stationed in supporting revolution, contending Marxism in the struggle against im­ Peking to warmly welcome the for spheres of influence in the name perialism, opportunism of every hue Albanian delegation. of collective security, and engaging and revisionism and pushed Marxism In his speech at the rally, Li Teh- in arms expansion in the name of forward to a new historical stage — sheng, Director of the P.L.A. General disarmament. It is arrogantly bran­ the stage of Leninism. Political Department, first of all ex­ dishing its claws and showing its In addition, more than 20 Marxist- tended the sincerest and warmest wel­ teeth, and is more deceptive and Leninist classics have been reprint­ come to the delegation. He said: "In dangerous than old-line imperialism. ed—Manifesto of the Communist international struggles, the People's The superpowers both contend and Party, The Civil War in France, Cri­ Republic of Albania upholds justice, collude with each other. They con­ tique of the Gotha Programme, defies brute force, firmly opposes tend unceasingly; their temporary Anii-Duhring, Dialectics of Nature, the policies of aggression, expansion compromise is only a prelude to even bigger contention. Their contention Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of and war pursued by imperialism and extends from the land to the seas Classical German Philosophy, What Is social-imperialism, and firmly sup­ and from the earth to outer space. to Be Done?, Materialism and Empirio- ports the revolutionary struggles of Wherever this contention takes Criticism, Imperialism, the Highest all oppressed people and oppressed place, there the sovereignly of coun­ Stage of Capitalism. The State and nations in the world. This proletarian tries is violated. Wherever they Revolution, The Proletarian Revolu­ internationalist spirit of yours has

November 17, 1972 3 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] collude with each other, there the ing flesh-and-blood relationship," he A reception in celebration of Cam­ people are suppressed. Therefore, declared. bodia's National Day was given by it is inevitable that the struggle the China-Cambodia Friendship As­ between aggression and anti-aggrcs- sociation and the Chinese People's sion. control and anti-control, inter­ Kingdom of Cambodia's Association for Friendship With vention and anti-intervention, and National Day Foreign Countries in the evening of subversion and anti-subversion will November 9. Vice-Premier Li Hsien- continue. In this protracted struggle, November 9 was the 19th National nien and leading members of depart­ the Chinese people will, as always, Day of the Kingdom of Cambodia. ments concerned attended the func­ closely unite with the Albanian With great joy, the Chinese people tion. Among the distinguished people and the people of other warmly greeted the Cambodian peo­ Cambodian guests present were Sam­ countries and fight shoulder to ple's glorious festival and hailed dech Penn Nouth, Prime Minister of shoulder with them to win victory." their splendid victories in the war the Royal Government of National against U.S. aggression and for na­ Union of Cambodia, and Ieng Sary, In his speech, Comrade Balluku tional salvation. Special Envoy of the Interior Part of said: "The development of the inter­ Cambodia. Samdech Penn Nouth national situation as a whole is more Acting Chairman of the People's Re­ and Vice-President of the Chinese and more favourable to the struggle public of China Tung Pi-wu and People's Association for Friendship of the people of the various coun­ Premier Chou En-lai on November 8 With Foreign Countries Yang Chi tries for freedom and independence, sent a message to Samdech Norodom spoke on the occasion. Both praised and favourable to revolution and so­ Sihanouk and Samdech Penn Nouth, the great friendship and militant cialism. The system of capitalism has extending the warmest congratula­ unity of the Cambodian and Chinese found itself in a general and grave tions on the anniversary. Renmin peoples. crisis, with its inner contradictions Ribao's editorial on November 9 more intensified. Class struggle and said that the Cambodian people the struggle for national liberation were a heroic people with a Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Birthday have developed further." tradition of anti-imperialist strug­ Marked "The demagogic slogans of the gle and that in the past two superpowers, such as 'equilibrium of years and more, "the patriotic armed forces and people of Cambodia, re­ People of various circles in Peking, armament' and 'defence of world Nanking, Shanghai and Kwangchow peace,' will never deceive China, sponding to the solemn call of Sam­ dech Sihanouk, have carried on a held memorial meetings on November Albania and the revolutionary people 12 to commemorate the 106th anni­ fierce war against U.S. aggres­ in the world," he said. "Their versary of the birth of Dr. Sun Yat- sion and for national salvation and fraudulent strategy is a smokescreen sen. and a sinister trap. They aim at won great victories. Through their struggle and victories, the Cambodian subduing the people of various coun­ The anniversary was commemorat­ people have not only laid a founda­ tries so that U.S. imperialism and ed in Peking at a meeting held in the tion for the complete liberation of Soviet social-imperialism can for Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Chung- their country but also made a valu­ ever keep their spheres of influence shan Park sponsored by the Central able contribution to the joint anti- in the world. But all the efforts the Committee of the Revolutionary imperialist struggle of the Indo- two superpowers have made so far Committee of the Kuomintang. Flow­ chinese peoples and the people of the are sure to meet with ignominious ers were placed before the statue of world." failure. They can never become the Dr. Sun Yat-sen and a silent tribute dictators of the world, nor can they "The Cambodian people are close was paid by representatives from the play the role of international arbi­ comrades-in-arms of the Chinese United Front Work Department of trators. The people of the various people," the editorial noted. "Be­ the Central Committee of the Chinese countries themselves determine the tween them there exists a traditional Communist Party, the National Com­ destiny of the world. Victory belongs friendship which has been developed mittee of the Chinese People's Polit­ to them." and strengthened in the past few years ical Consultative Conference and the Central Committee of the Revolution­ Comrade Balluku warmly praised in their common struggle. The Chi­ ary Committee of the Kuomintang. the great friendship between the nese people will as always firmly support the war against U.S. aggres­ Chinese and Albanian peoples. In Nanking, a memorial meeting sion and for national salvation waged "Neither in the past nor in the was held at the Mausoleum of Dr. by the Khmer people under the lead­ future can any force on earth do the Sun Yat-sen; in Shanghai people of ership of Samdech Norodom Siha­ slightest harm to the great friend­ various circles visited his former res­ nouk, Head of State of Cambodia. ship between the Albanian and idence. In Kwangchow a memorial We are deeply convinced that victory Chinese peoples. The common ideal, ceremony was held in the Sun Yat- the identical great goals and the undoubtedly belongs to the heroic sen Memorial Hall. The memorial great cause of revolution and social­ Cambodian people and that the day activities in these cities were attended ism have linked our two peoples and is sure to come when the Cambodian two Parties together in an everlast­ nation wins complete liberation!" (Continued on p. 17.)

4 Pelting Review, No. 46

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Soviet Disarmament Proposal Is a Fraud

— Chiao Kuan-hua's speech at U.N. General Assembly opposing Soviet proposal

Speaking at the plenary meeting of the United asking the people of various countries to abandon their Nations General Assembly on the afternoon of Novem­ armed struggle against aggression. ber 13, Chairman of the Chinese Delegation Chiao Kuan- 2. The Soviet representative said that the Soviet hua exposed the Soviet proposal on the so-called non-use proposal on the non-use of force in international rela­ of force in international relations and permanent pro­ tions and permanent prohibition of the use of nuclear hibition of the use of nuclear weapons as a downright weapons had advantages over China's proposal which fraud. Following is the full text of his speech. states that, as the first step towards the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear Mr. President, weapons, all nuclear countries undertake the obligation not to be the first to use nuclear weapons at any time In our speech at the plenary meeting of the General and under any circumstances, particularly against the Assembly on October 3, the Chinese Delegation already non-nuclear countries. What the Soviet representative exposed in a fundamental way the essence of the Soviet said is sheer sophistry. China's proposal for undertak­ proposal on the so-called non-use of force in interna­ ing the obligation not to be the first to use nuclear tional relations and permanent prohibition of the use weapons is unconditional, while the Soviet proposal for of nuclear weapons. One would expect the Soviet rep­ the so-called permanent prohibition of the use of resentative to make some presentable reply in defence nuclear weapons is conditional, and the conditions of this proposal. It is indeed disappointing that in his constitute in essence the betrayal of the people's in­ speech of November 2, the Soviet representative only terests. As everyone knows, if all the nuclear countries undertake the obligation not to be the first to use put forward some feeble rationalizations, which cannot nuclear weapons at any time and under any circums­ gain any credence whatsoever. tances, then the question of the so-called second or 1. The Soviet representative said that the very core third user of nuclear weapons as indicated by the Soviet of the Soviet proposal is its edge against aggression. representative simply does not exist. His argument is On the contrary, the whole reactionary nature of the sheer frivolous quibbling. When the Soviet Union even Soviet proposal lies in its obliteration of the demarca­ refuses to undertake not to be the first to use nuclear tion line between aggression and the victims of aggres­ weapons, how can it make people believe that it will sion and its betrayal of the interests of the world's peo­ permanently renounce the use of such weapons? If ple fighting against imperialist aggression. The Soviet the Soviet Union truly stands for the permanent pro­ representative tried very hard to make people believe hibition of the use of nuclear weapons, why doesn't it that the Soviet proposal is fully in keeping with the propose the complete prohibition and thorough destruc­ principles of the U.N. Charter. If this was really the tion of nuclear weapons? Why should the Soviet Union case, then strict observance of the Charter would suf­ frantically continue to develop its nuclear weapons fice. Why is it necessary to formulate a separate while at the same time desperately opposing others declaration on what is called the non-use of force? The conducting the necessary nuclear tests for self-defence? principles of the Charter are to oppose the use of force The plain truth is that it has recently reached an for aggression against other states. However, it is this agreement with the United States on the limitation of very key point of opposing aggression which is missing strategic arms, so that it is reviving the old Khrush- in the Soviet draft resolution. Therefore, how can it chovite dream of Soviet-U.S. collaboration for world domination, that is, Soviet-U.S. collaboration to be said that the Soviet proposal is fully in keeping with maintain nuclear monopoly and nuclear superiority and the principles of the Charter? At a time when the U.S. to carry out nuclear blackmail and nuclear threats Government, the Israeli Zionists, the Portuguese against the people of the world. Actually this is trying colonialists, the South African white racists as well as to keep the world under Soviet-U.S. control in the name imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism of various of maintaining world peace. To use Khrushchev's descriptions are still resorting to the use of force in words, "If any madman wanted war. we (the Soviet subjecting the great majority of the countries and peo­ Union and the United States) would but have to shake ples of the world to enslavement, aggression, control our fingers to warn him off." and intimidation, the preaching of the non-use of force in international relations indiscriminatingly, without 3. The Soviet leaders are acting like overlords and regard to conditions and in an absolute way is, in effect, doing whatever they please throughout the world, and

November 17, 1972 5

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] yet they have come to the United Nations to play the non-use of force in international relations and per­ benevolent goddess of mercy giving earnest admonitions manent prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons. But and rescuing the wretched. The Soviet leaders have empty talk about peace, after all, cannot cover up the tried by every possible means to make people believe true features of an expansionist. Dear Mr. Soviet rep­ that they have laid down their butcher's knives and resentative, why can't you just withdraw your troops become Buddhas at once. In 1968, the Soviet Union and dismantle your bases from the People's Republic brazenly dispatched hundreds of thousands of troops, of Mongolia instead of unabashedly uttering empty hundreds of planes and thousands of tanks to invade words about the renunciation of the use of all force? and occupy one of its East European allies. Yet in 1969, the Soviet representative came to this rostrum and put Wouldn't that better prove that you really have the forward a proposal on what he called strengthening in­ intention for the non-use of force? The stark facts have ternational peace and security. In 1971. the Soviet shown that the Soviet leaders have neither laid down Union flagrantly abetted and supported the armed ag- their butcher's knives nor will they become Buddhas. <;n-ssion against, and dismemberment of, Pakistan. And now in 1972 the Soviet representative has again come The Soviet proposal is a downright fraud. The to this hall and put forward a proposal on the so-called Chinese Delegation firmly opposes it.

An Inglorious Performance

by "Renmin Ribao" Commentator

N November 2, the United Nations General Assembly resolution boils down to the fact that while paying lip- O began a debate on a Soviet-introduced resolution on service to the prohibition of all kinds of weapons, they "the non-use of force in international relations and the actually possess and energetically expand all kinds of permanent prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons." weapons, particularly nuclear weapons, for carrying out Feverishly lauding it to the skies in an attempt to arouse unbridled nuclear threat and nuclear blackmail against public interest, the Soviet revisionist representative countries with little or no nuclear armament. This is a described the resolution as the "question of questions," typical example of the scheme of sham relaxation of which is "crucial to the solution of all other international tension but actual expansion carried out by Soviet revi­ issues," and so on and so forth. Deliberations in the sionist social-imperialism in international affairs today. past few days indicated, however, that in introducing the resolution Soviet revisionism was giving only a most In his speech at the General Assembly, Soviet re­ inglorious performance. Its representative made a very visionist representative Malik asserted that "the sharp unseemly speech which found little support. The meet­ edge of the Soviet proposal is designed to act against ings were marked by such an absence of lively discus­ every means of aggression" and that "it is precisely the sions that at times they were almost on the point of small and medium-sized states which would stand to breaking up. This state of affairs gives one much gain most," This sophism and embellishment is most food for thought, clumsy. The Soviet revisionists seem to be very just and fair in urging all states to commit themselves to the Big talk can deceive nobody in the end. The non-use non-use of force. But by equating the superpowers with of force in international relations was highly commend­ the small and medium-sized states, the aggressor states ed m the new resolution submitted by the representa­ with their victims, and the two nuclear overlords with tive of the Soviet revisionists, but they simply steered nuclear-poor or non-nuclear states at a time when many clear of the fact that (he root cause of unrest in the of the countries are still subjected to the aggression and world today lies in the policies of aggression, expansion threat of force by imperialism and social-imperialism, and war pursued by the two superpowers — the Soviet they are in fact trying to bind hand and foot the coun­ Union and the United States. While preaching the "per­ tries victimized by aggression and intimidation. What manent prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons." they is more, the Soviet revisionists have a vicious intention dared neither touch the question of total prohibition in stressing that only when the question of prohibiting and complete destruction of nuclear weapons nor the use of nuclear weapons and the question of the non- undertake the obligation that at no time and under no use of force are settled "in organic unity," can the settle­ circumstances would they be the first to use nuclear ment of both be effective. By making without distinc­ weapons. While advertising the "prohibition of the use tion the renunciation of the use of force in international of all kinds of weapons," they have not for a moment relations an absolute prerequisite for the prohibition of slowed down the pace of their arms race with the other the use of nuclear weapons, they will inevitably turn the superpower. Thus, seen for what it is, the new Soviet prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons into an empty

6 Peking Review, No. 46

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] talk. And this is 1101 all. By lumping the two questions fastest possible speed. In the last six years alone, their together, they harbour a still more sinister design — to strategic nuclear weapons have increased more than six­ prevent the people of various countries from waging fold. They talk glibly about using the money saved in armed struggle against aggression and oppression and disarmament to assist the developing countries, but their from struggling against the two superpowers. For they military expenditure, and that of the other superpower, allege that any crisis and armed conflict in the present- have increased incessantly, accounting for more than day conditions may cause a nuclear catastrophe. One half of the total military expenditure of all countries in may ask: Who at present is capable of unleashing a the world today. It is clear to all that behind the smoke­ nuclear war? Who else if not the Soviet Union and screen of sham disarmament. Soviet revisionist social- the United States? Isn't this a naked nuclear threat imperialism has developed into one of the countries with and nuclear blackmail against the countries and peoples the biggest military machines, into a dangerous aggres­ that oppose aggression? Soviet revisionist gentlemen! sive force. This fact deserves the vigilance of all. You maintained at one time that the use of all kinds of All the peoples and all the peace-loving countries in weapons must be prohibited, and declared at another the world stand for disarmament. But they want genuine that the countries suffering from aggression and the op­ and oppose sham disarmament. Genuine disarmament pressed peoples may take up arms. You stated one day should start with the two superpowers. As to the vast that the right of the peonies to wage armed struggle number of small and medium-sized countries, their de­ against aggression must not be curtailed, and asserted fence capabilities are in fact inadequate and their pre­ the next that such struggles would lead to irre­ sent task is not disarmament but to strengthen their trievable calamity and "bring about the ruin of whole national defence against foreign aggression and oppres­ nations." The reason for such confused logic and self- sion. Any disarmament which does not affect the two contradiction on your part is simply that you are trying superpowers is sheer humbug. Whether to have genuine to strangle the struggle of the peoples and cover up or sham disarmament is a serious struggle now going on your true colours as renegades at the same time. This inside and outside the United Nations. The Chinese cannot but expose yourselves to ridicule. people are resolved to fight side by side with all peace- An important reason for the unpopularity of the loving countries and peoples against the superpowers' Soviet revisionists' resolution at the United Nations is policies of aggression, expansion and war. for the ex­ that they are hypocrites, saying one thing and doing posure of the Soviet revisionist scheme of sham disarma­ another. For more than a decade, they have endlessly ment and real arms expansion, and for the attainment trumpeted disarmament to cover up their arms expan­ of the lofty goal of total prohibition and complete de­ sion and war preparations. They have shouted them­ struction of nuclear weapons. selves hoarse about prohibiting the use of nuclear weap­ ons while expanding their nuclear arsenal with the (November 12)

At the U.N. depth and are getting more and more to the core of the matter.

Realities of the Present-Day Disarmament — Point at Issue World What is the basic problem of the present-day world? Certain people Third world countries' genera! demand is that the super­ say it's disarmament. They describe powers take real disarmament actions and thoroughly destroy disarmament as a problem of prima­ ry, overwhelming importance, as a their huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons. They are opposed to decisive factor affecting the course of the practice of actually engaging in arms expansion while talk­ all other events, as the only way to ing about disarmament. eliminate war and safeguard interna­ tional security, and so on and so forth. S disarmament a world issue of Since the Political and Security Isupreme importance today? Should Committee began the debate late last Leaving aside the designs of such people, the argument itself is un­ a world disarmament conference as month, the questions have been tenable, having no basis at all in the proposed by the Soviet Union be approached from different angles. realities of the present-day world. held? — These were the subjects of a As the representatives analyse the big debate at the current session of speeches at the various meetings and To the peoples of the world, the the United Nations General Assem­ compare notes on other occasions, crucial issue today is that their peace bly. their discussions have developed in and security is being seriously

November 17, 1972 7 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] threatened by the two superpowers, desire and demand are reasonable not solve any problems, a conference the United States and the Soviet and just. However, a superpower is would be better than none, or at Union — by their rivalry for world exploiting such a legitimate desire least it would do no harm. hegemony, by their unbridled arms for peace to propose the convocation This view reflects the feelings of a race, by their armed aggression and of a "world disarmament conference" number of countries which are threat of force and increasing inter­ without defining any conditions and strongly dissatisfied with the arms vention and control against the small requiring the superpowers to under­ race of the superpowers but at the same time feel that they can do noth­ and medium-sized countries. take any obligation. Such a con­ ference was described as something ing about it. However, through In order to safeguard national miraculous as if once it was convened, discussions, the representatives of independence and international se­ imperialism would lay down its arms many countries have become more curity, the peoples of various coun­ and henceforth peace would prevail and more aware that the convocation tries have to struggle unswervingly on earth. of such a "world disarmament con­ against: imperialism, colonialism and ference" will produce more harm Will it really be so effective? A the hegemonic politics of the super­ than benefit. glance at the history of disarmament powers. This is a lesson they have discussions in the United Nations learnt through many years of bitter First, far from getting the super­ will show that things are far from experience and at a heavy cost of life powers to reduce their armaments, and blood. Since when has disar­ being so. such a conference will divert the aim mament, instead of people's struggle, Many representatives noted that the of struggle of the peoples of various suddenly become the decisive factor point now at issue is not that there countries against imperialism, colo­ which determines the course of his­ are too few disarmament conferences nialism and hegemonism. A represen­ torical developments and which or resolutions, but that the superpow­ tative of an African country put it ensures international security? ers which should conduct genuine well: In proposing such a "world dis­ disarmament have simply talked armament conference," the Soviet In their speeches at various about disarmament without taking Union is merely playing a trick. It meetings in the United Nations, the any action. Their words are divorced is putting up a maze so that whoever representatives of many small and from their deeds. Taking the Geneva gets into it will not be able to get medium-sized countries made it disarmament conferences as an out and will discuss the subject end­ clear that they cannot accept this example, such conferences have been lessly in a way that will divert the view. The representative of the held for more than a dozen years aim of struggle of the third world. Congo hit the nail on the head when and have adopted a host of resolu­ The representative of Burundi said, he pointed out in a speech, "So long tions. But the armaments of the "For certain persons who deal in as imperialism exists, we strongly United States and the Soviet Union, polemics, an international conference doubt the possibilities of disarma­ the two superpowers, instead of on disarmament is considered to be ment." The representative of Algeria being reduced, have greatly increased. an urgent one, while the convening emphasized, "The problem of ending of a world conference on decoloniza­ spheres of influence and hegemony Some representatives said that at tion seems to us as Africans to re­ must be resolved before there could these conferences, the disarmament quire priority." The representative be real disarmament." The representa­ resolutions adopted year after year of Oman said, "Before a conference tives of the People's Democratic Re­ were almost similar to one another in of this nature is considered, there is public of Yemen and a number of content and wording, stressing the a vital issue that must be settled once other countries in their speeches urgency of disarmament each time. and for all. There are still in this stressed that for the peoples fighting What is regrettable is the fact that world people who are struggling for national independence, the vital since their adoption, these resolutions valiantly to obtain independence and issue is to persist in armed struggle, have been pigeon-holed in the freedom, people who are denied these not disarmament. archives. Others said that there have basic human rights in Asia and Afri­ been many conferences, and if an­ ca and other parts of our world, Are not these speeches a forceful other "world disarmament confer­ people who are engaged in armed refutation of the afore-mentioned ence" is to be convened, this will be struggle against their oppressors and deceptive arguments? no more than a change of conference tormentors. What is to be done with rooms. If the superpowers really these people? Should we tell them Superpowers' Deeds Don't Accord have the sincerity for disarmament, that they should forfeit their freedom With Their Words why have they failed to take any for the sake of peace that we all convincing action? want? Should we tell them to lay The people of all countries ardently down their arms and live peacefully cherish world peace and security. "World Disarmament Conference" with their oppressors?" They are opposed to the superpowers' Does More Harm Than Good arms race, in particular their nuclear Secondly, such a "world disarma­ threat by means of nuclear weapons, At the very beginning of the dis­ ment conference" will be more a and, therefore, are demanding that cussions, some people thought that conference aimed at consolidating the their armaments be reduced. Such a even though such conferences could nuclear monopoly of the superpowers

8 Peking Review, No. 46

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] and depriving other countries of their world today total as many as 200,000 armament actions and particularly to rights or limiting their rights to million U.S. dollars and those of the thoroughly destroy their large develop their own nuclear weapons United States and the Soviet Union stockpiles of nuclear weapons. They for defence purposes, than one that account for the great majority of that are opposed to the practice of actually will have the superpowers reduce total. These two superpowers some­ engaging in arms expansion while their armaments. The representative times did arrive at some agreements talking about disarmament. of Algeria noted, "Partial [disarma­ which, however, in essence, are new ment] measures such as those adopted starting points in their nuclear arms The Chinese representative took a so far cannot have any genuine effect race. The representative of Albania serious attitude towards the question if they merely confirm the supremacy noted that the U.S.-Soviet agreement of disarmament and held that it was of the most advanced countries in the on the limitation of strategic arms imperative to create the necessary field of nuclear weapons and prevent has neither stopped nor slowed down conditions for the convening of such others from obtaining them." the arms race; the signing of the a conference, namely, all nuclear agreement only marked "a new phase countries must undertake the obliga­ Thirdly, the superpowers will make in the armament race through fur­ tion that at no time and in no cir­ use of such a disarmament conference ther improvement of the strategic cumstances will they be the first to to cover up their arms race. Some nuclear arsenal of the two super­ use nuclear weapons, particularly representatives noted that the two powers." will not use them against the non- superpowers, the United States and nuclear countries, and that they must the Soviet Union, said one thing but Indeed, it is better not to hold such withdraw from abroad all their did another thing. For years they a "world disarmament conference." armed forces and dismantle all their have taken part in various disarma­ military bases on foreign soil, includ­ ment conferences which have never General Demand of the ing nuclear bases. Only thus will it be prevented them from conducting Third World possible for all countries to take part massive arms expansion. According It is a general demand of the in the conference without being under to statistics, the annual military ex­ third world countries that the any threat and for the conference to penditures of various countries in the superpowers should take actual dis­ achieve positive results.

Achievements Reviewed The Cambodian People March On

NDER the leadership of the National United Front especially Highways 1, 2 and 5, and the railway leading U of Cambodia with Head of State Samdech Norodom from Phnom Penh to Battambang Province are com­ Sihanouk as Chairman and the Royal Government of pletely under the control of the C.P.N.L.A.F. Phnom National Union of Cambodia with Samdech Penn Nouth Penh, the hide-out of the Lon Nol traitorous clique, as Prime Minister and Khieu Samphan as Deputy has become a beleaguered city. The Lon Nol clique, Prime Minister, the Cambodian patriotic armed forces beset with internal and external difficulties and con­ and people have won a series of major victories on the tradictions, is on its last legs. military, political and diplomatic fronts. Liberated Areas — Stable Base Areas Brilliant Victories The C.P.N.L.A.F. and the people's regime have Following the big victory on Highway 6 at the grown and developed in the past year. The C.P.N.L.A.F. end of last year and after having wiped out 56.000 is now in a position to launch continuous powerful enemy troops during the 1971-72 dry season, the Cam­ offensives and wipe out large numbers of enemy effec­ bodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces tives. The liberated areas have been further consoli­ (C.P.N.L.A.F.) during the rainy season this year again dated and expanded. Close to 90 per cent of the land put out of action a total of 54,000 enemy troops, cap­ and more than 5 million out of the 7 million people tured nearly 10,000 weapons of various kinds and over of Cambodia have been liberated. In the liberated areas, 270 tons of war materials, shot down or destroyed on National United Front committees and the people's re­ the ground 46 aircraft, destroyed 258 important enemy gime have been set up at all levels. Revolutionary mass positions and posts and liberated 480.000 people. Since organizations such as the Workers' Association, the the beginning of the 1972-73 dry season, the C.P.N.L.A.F. Democratic Youth Federation, the Democratic Women's has continued to launch fierce attacks against enemy Association and the Students' Union have been founded. bases and posts. At present the important strategic Having grasped their destiny into their own hands, the highways leading from Phnom Penh to the provinces, people are leading a life of genuine freedom and de-

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crossed over to the people, to the liberated areas.

A Just Cause Enjoys Abundant Support The just cause of the Cambodian people has received increasingly exten­ sive sympathy and support from the peo­ ple throughout the world. Nearly 30 countries have recognized the Royal Government of National Union as the sole legitimate government of Cambodia, At the Foreign Ministers' Conference of Non-Aligned Countries held in George­ town. Guyana, last August, the just cause of the Cambodian people enlisted wide support from the non-aligned coun­ tries. Representatives of over 60 coun­ tries adopted a resolution to admit the Fighters of the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces. Delegation of the Royal Government of National Union of Cambodia as the sole legitimate representative of the Cambodian people to the mocracy. Production in the liberated areas is develop­ conference. Representatives of the majority of countries ing quickly and the people's livelihood has improved. A spoke at the conference to severely condemn the United thriving scene has appeared in the vast liberated areas States and its henchmen for their aggression against which have become a strong base for the war against Cambodia and rejected the Lon Nol clique's delegation. U.S. aggression and for national salvation. During the year, Samdech Sihanouk made slate The National United Front and the Royal Govern­ visits to Viet Nam. Korea, Romania, Albania, Algeria, ment of National Union enjoy popular support at home. Mauritania and Yugoslavia and was accorded ceremo­ nious welcome by the Governments and peoples of these In the liberated areas workers, peasants, monks, intel­ countries. This is vivid proof of the high international lectuals and other people have rallied around the Na­ prestige enjoyed by the Royal Government of National tional United Front and the Royal Government of Na­ Union of Cambodia. tional Union and plunged themselves heart and soul in The present situation in Indochina is favourable the struggle against U.S. aggression and for national to the peoples of Indochina and unfavourable to U.S. salvation. imperialism and its henchmen. Supported by the people of the world, and in unity and co-operation with the In areas thus far under enemy control, more and fraternal Vietnamese and Lao peoples, the Cambodian more: public figures, functionaries, and officers and men people will surely defeat U.S. imperialism and the of the Lon Not clique, seeing through the decadent Phnom Penh traitorous clique and completely liberate nature of the Phnom Penh traitorous clique, have their motherland.

"Ceasefire in Cambodia" Denounced

According to an AKI dispatch of November 9, a itant position of the R.G.N.U.C., the C.P.N.L.A.F. and the meeting was held recently in the Liberated Area by the mass organizations on the present situation. Follow­ leaders of the interior part of the Royal Government ing are excerpts of the statement as reported by of National Union of Cambodia, the leading cadres of AKI. — Ed. the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces as well as leaders of mass organizations. A N order to avoid total defeat, the U.S. imperialists statement issued subsequently on November 2 de­ I and the traitors Lon Nol, Sirik Matak and Son Ngoc nounced the political fraud of the U.S. imperialists and Thanh have continually resorted to some manoeuvre or their Phnom Penh lackeys. It also reaffirmed the mil­ other. For a long time, they have schemed to foster

10 Peking Review, No, 46 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] what they call "the third force" and spread rumours Nol, Sirik Matak, Son Ngoc Thanh, Hang Thun Hak. Lon about "compromise negotiations" between the National Non, Keam Reth, Sosthene Fernandez, In Tarn. Trinh United Front of Cambodia and the traitorous Lon Nol- Hoanh, and Douc Rasy are the ringleaders of the Sirik Matak-Son Ngoc Thanh clique, attempting to sow traitors, underlings of U.S. imperialism. discord in the ranks of the N.U.F.C., alongside a "cease­ fire on the spot" rumour. Now, the enemy is again We are entirely different from the traitors just as turning to its "old" swindle: Through the deceitful heaven is different from the earth. And so it is out of policy of "pacification" and pretending that peace is on the question for us to "compromise" or have "negotia­ the verge of being restored, it tells the population and tions" with them. Our position is to attack them no the patriots to surrender and accept a "ceasefire on the matter where and no matter in what domain. Our posi­ spot." These are the manoeuvres devised by the U.S. tion of struggle is clear and is in conformity with the imperialists and the traitors Lon Nol, Sirik Matak and March 23, 1970 Proclamation of Samdech Norodom Si­ Son Ngoc Thanh in their frantic attempt to hanouk, Head of State and Chairman of the N.U.F.C, save themselves from the grave situation of their the January 18, 1971 Appeal and the October 5, 1972 defeat. Appeal of Samdech Norodom Sihanouk. Head of State and Chairman of N.U.F.C, and Samdech Penn Nouth, In regard to these manoeuvres, we solemnly affirm Prime Minister of the R.G.N.U.C. and Chairman of the our position as follows: Political Bureau of the N.U.F.C. Central Committee, the October 24, 1972 Declaration of the R.G.N.U.C spokes­ 1. The fraud of "ceasefire in Cambodia" is a man, the N.U.F.C Political Programme and the other manoeuvre by the U.S. imperialists and the Lon Nol- successive Declarations of Mr. Khieu Samphan. Vice- Sirik Matak-Son Ngoc Thanh clique in the grip of very Prime Minister, and Hou Yuon and Hu Nim, Ministers, heavy defeats, in their last struggle aimed at gaining of the R.G.N.U.C. time, to reorganize their forces on all military, political and economic fields, to solve the rice problem in Phnom On this present occasion, we reaffirm our firm and Penh and finally regain strength to counter-attack the unshakable position as follows: Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces and the Cambodian people. In face of this malicious 1. The Cambodian people are determined to unite manoeuvre, the Cambodian people, the N.U.F.C., the as one under the one and only banner of the N.U.F.C., R.G.N.U.C. and the C.P.N.L.A.F., holding high the ban­ the sole organization representing the nation and the ner of the most vigorous offensive against the enemy, people, in order to carry the struggle till total victory are engaged in smashing it to pieces as they have done without accepting "negotiations," "compromise" and before and will continue to do so in the future. "ceasefire" and in the spirit of no retreat before the U.S. imperialist aggressors, their native and foreign lackeys 2. What the enemy calls "compromise" between and the traitors headed by Lon Nol, Sirik Matak, Son them — the traitors — and the N.U.F.C. or the "alliance Ngoc Thanh, Hang Thun Hak, Lon Non, Keam Reth, of peace" on various fronts and in different places, is a Sosthene Fernandez, In Tam, Trinh Hoanh and Douc ruse aimed at stopping the attacks of the C.P.N.L.A.F., Rasy, no matter what sacrifices may be. In all circum­ preserving their own forces, gaining time, recovering stances, the honour, independence, peace and territorial breath and then fighting back at us. This is a perfidious integrity of Cambodia are always the most sacred and manoeuvre which the enemy intends to carry into effect honourable things of inestimable value to the nation and in various places. The C.P.N.L.A.F., the N.U.F.C., the the people of Cambodia. R.G.N.U.C. and the Cambodian people will certainly thwart this "alliance of peace" undertaken within the 2. Our position in the struggle is to drive the U.S. framework of the "policy of pacification" which has imperialist aggressors and all their lackeys out of Cam­ successively been defeated. Our position is that all true bodia and to overthrow the traitors headed by Lon Nol, patriots should side with the N.U.F.C. and wage struggle" Sirik Matak, Son Ngoc Thanh, Hang Thun Hak, Lon Non, against the enemy. As to those who push the "alliance Keam Reth, Sosthene Fernandez, In Tam, Trinh Hoanh of peace," the "policy of pacification" and the propa­ and Douc Rasy, so that the N.U.F.C. and the R.G.N.U.C. ganda of psychological warfare for the U.S. imperialists can together with the people administer the affairs of and their lackeys, and drive the inhabitants into the the country and take the destiny of independent, peace­ "strategic villages," we will wipe them out completely ful, neutral, democratic and prosperous Cambodia into without compromise, just as we have smashed the their own hands. This position is the most worthy one. "alliance of peace" into pieces in the past. On this occasion, we call on all our compatriots, 3. As to the deceitful manoeuvre of uniting with monks, cadres and combatants of the People's National the traitors for the so-called "building the nation Liberation Armed Forces to hold still higher the banner together," we, the Cambodian people, the Cambodian of offensive, to mount powerful attacks in all fields patriots have already unequivocally drawn a demarca­ against the enemy so as to win ever greater victories, tion line between treason and patriotism. The N.U.F.C more rigorously crush the enemy, eliminate it completely and the C.P.N.L.A.F. are the patriotic forces fighting for and liberate the country and the people in the near national liberation. On the contrary, traitors like Lon future.

November 17, 1972 11

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] Victory of Chairman Mao's Concept Of Strategy

— Notes on studying "The Concept of Operations for the Liaohsi-Shenyang Campaign"*

by Shen Chun

FTER the Third Revolutionary Civil War entered the direction of attack and his dispositions of troops for A its third year (i.e., in July 1948), our great leader the campaign were all based on a scientific analysis of Chairman Mao organized in good time three great cam­ the strategy and the situation of the campaign as a paigns — the Liaohsi-Shenyang, Huai-Hai and Peiping- whole. In Problems of Strategy in China's Revolution­ Tienlsin campaigns — in a strategic decisive battle ary War, Chairman Mao pointed out: "Victory or defeat against the Chiang Kai-shek army. The Liaohsi-Shen­ in a war is first and foremost a question of whether yang campaign was the first. Personally deciding on the the situation as a whole and its various stages are pro­ deployment of troops and giving command, Chairman perly taken into account." "What is most important Mao issued a number of timely and concrete instructions for the person in overall command is to concentrate from the preparatory stage of the campaign to its con- on attending to the war situation as a whole." "In conclusion. The Concept of Operations for the Liaohsi- a word, the principle is to centre our attention on the Shenyang Campaign consists of two instructions by important links that have a bearing on the situation Chairman Mao in telegram form. These brilliant as a whole." In the Liaohsi-Shenyang campaign. Chair­ directives guided the P.L.A. units and people in North­ man Mao, standing high and seeing far, had the whole east China to advance along a correct military line and situation well in hand. He grasped the timing and win great victory in the Liaohsi-Shenyang campaign, the key links, always kept a tight hold of the progress of the entire campaign and organically linked its Grasping the Time for a Decisive Battle various stages, thus guiding it forward in close sequence from one victory to another. Chairman Mao's timing for a strategic decisive battle against. Chiang Kai-shek's troops, his selection of In The Concept of Operations for the Liaohsi- Shenyang Campaign, Chairman Mao put forward at the outset the great strategic task that "we are prepared to bring about the fundamental overthrow of the Kuomintang in about five years, counting from July 1946." He pointed out that it was possible to do so, and drew up the plan of operations for the People's Liberation Army to wipe out some 115 brigades of enemy regular troops in one year beginning from July 1948. This was a brilliant decision made by Chairman Mao to carry out a strategic decisive battle against the Kuomintang army after a comprehensive analysis of -the war situation throughout the country at that time.

In the Third Revolutionary Civil War, after passing through the stage in which the enemy was on the strategic offensive while we were on the strategic de­ fensive and entering the stage in which the reverse was true, the balance of military forces between the enemy and ourselves had undergone a marked change by August 1948 because our troops had continued to wipe out large numbers of enemy troops. The People's

* The Concept of Operations for the Liaohsi-Shenyang Campaign consists of two telegrams drawn up by Chairman Mao in September and October 1948 lor the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Chi­ nese Communist Party and addressed to the Northeast People's Liberation Army. The article has been collected in the fourth volume of Selected Works of Mao Tsetung.

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Liberation Army had increased from 1.2 million men in June 1946 to over 2.8 million, whereas the Kuomin- The Three Great Campaigns tang troops had decreased from 4.3 million to 3.65 mil­ 1. The Liaohsi-Shenyang campaign was a gigantic lion. Although the Kuomintang troops still had the campaign fought by the Northeast People's Liberation advantage numerically and in equipment, its morale Army in the western part of Liaoning Province and in the was low and unstable. On the other hand our P.L.A., Shenyang-Changchun area between September 12 and having been tempered in the war and gone through the November 2, 1948. The campaign ended in wiping out over 470,000 Kuomintang troops and liberating the whole of new type of ideological education movement, had im­ northeast China. proved its military and political quality and possessed 2. The Huai-Hai campaign was a campaign of decisive far greater combat power than the enemy. importance fought by the Eastern China and Central Plains By this time the war was fought not in the Liberat­ Field Armies and regional armed forces from November 6, 1918 to January 10, 1949 over a large territory centring on ed Areas, but in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. Hsuchow in Kiangsu Province. Over 555,000 Kuomintang Having been forced to shift from "overall defence" to troops were wiped out. This marked the beginning of the "defence of key points," the enemy was strategically disintegration of the Kuomintang reactionary ruling clique. in a passive position. The political situation through­ 3. The Peiping-Tientsin campaign was another large- out the country had also undergone an extremely great scale campaign which began early in December 1948, im­ change. The broad masses in our Liberated Areas, mediately after the victorious conclusion of the Liaohsi- Shenyang campaign, and ended on January 31, 1919. It was after carrying out the land reform and the work of fought by the Northeast Field Army and two armies of the Party consolidation and developing their production, Northern China People's Liberation Army around Peiping had greatly increased their revolutionary enthusiasm. (present-day Peking), Tientsin and Changchiakou. Over In the Chiang Kai-shek-controlled areas, the people had 520,000 Kuomintang troops were annihilated or reorganized, and the war to liberate north China was basically brought unfolded a struggle against hunger, against civil war, to a conclusion. against persecution and against U.S. interference in These three major campaigns virtually annihilated the China's internal affairs, thereby forming a second battle- crack troops on which the Kuomintang relied for waging the front. Besieged by the whole people, the Chiang Kai- counter-revolutionary civil war and greatly speeded victory shek government was tottering. However, just as in the War of Liberation throughout the country. Chairman Mao has pointed out: "The presence of these conditions and of a situation favourable to ourselves and unfavourable to the enemy does not mean that we ated Areas. Militarily, our main force had grown to have already defeated him. Such conditions and such 700,000 men and the regional armed forces to 300.000. a situation provide the possibility for our victory and The enemy, on the other hand, had only 480,000-odd his defeat, but do not constitute the reality of victory regulars, which were besieged in three isolated areas — or defeat; they have not yet brought actual victory Changchun, Shenyang and the Peiping-Liaoning or defeat to either army. To bring about victory or Railway [i.e., from the then Peiping to Shenyang]. defeat a decisive battle between the two armies is Enemy troops in the Northeast had tried to withdraw necessary. Only a decisive battle can settle the question to south of the Shanhaikuan Pass so as to strengthen as to which army is the victor and which the van­ the defences on the southern sector, but they also quished." (Problems of Strategy in Chinas Revolu­ planned to hold on to several isolated key points in tionary War.) Applying the Marxist-Leninist stand, the Northeast so as to pin down and prevent: our North­ viewpoint and method, Chairman Mao incisively east People's Liberation Army from moving to areas analysed the situation at the time, concluded that the south of Shanhaikuan. While the enemy was still time was ripe for a strategic decisive battle to decide hesitating about whether to withdraw his troops or between the two possible destinies and prospects facing defend the few isolated areas, Chairman Mao, proceed­ China and, with the courage of a proletarian revolu­ ing from the interrelations of the various strategic areas tionary, resolutely made the decision to carry out a in the country and from the war situation as a whole, strategic decisive battle against the enemy. decided to wage the strategic decisive battle first in the Northeast theatre, launch the Liaohsi-Shenyang Selecting the Direction of Decisive Battle campaign and annihilate the Chiang troops in the While firmly grasping the opportune moment for Northeast on the spot. This would not only shatter a decisive battle, Chairman Mao also correctly selected the enemy's dream of withdrawing his troops to areas the direction of its attack. At that time, the situation south of the Shanhaikuan Pass but also facilitate the in all the major theatres of war in the country was wiping out of enemy forces one by one in our various favourable to us and unfavourable to the enemy. Con­ strategic areas. It would also create conditions for the ditions in the Northeast theatre were especially so. subsequent move of our Northeast P.L.A. forces to south Following Chairman Mao's directive contained in Build of the Pass and winning even bigger victories in the overall war situation. Stable Base Areas in the Northeast, the army and peo­ ple there had basically completed the land reform, built In carrying out a decisive battle in the Northeast consolidated rear areas and linked the Northeast theatre, the key question which must be solved first Liberated Areas into one contiguous whole which eco­ by the operation command was: What should be the nomically occupied the first place among all the Liber- main direction of our attack against the three isolated

November 17, 1972 13

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] areas of Changchun, Shenyang and. the Peiping-Liao­ forces in Shenyang and Chinchow away and this ning line defended by the enemy so as to enable the would have adversely affected the development of the campaign to develop in our favour, pave the way for entire campaign and the overall war situation in China. the total annihilation of the enemy in the Northeast, and Chairman Mao firmly rejected the erroneous proposition produce favourable effects to the war situation through­ of swindlers like Liu Shao-chi who wanted to attack out the country? In his concept of operations, Chair­ Changchun and deploy our main force in northeast man Mao clearly pointed out: that the main direction of China to fight on the northern front. In his concept attack should be the Peiping-Liaoning Railway, that is, of operations, Chairman Mao time and again instructed "wipe out the enemy along the line from Chinchow to our Liberation Army's main forces in the Northeast to Tangshan and take Chinchow, Shanhaikuan and Tang- move southward to the Peiping-Liaoning Railway, shan," "prepare to employ your main force on this to "be firmly determined to attack and capture Chin­ line, leaving the enemy forces at Changchun and Shen­ chow, Shanhaikuan and Tangshan and to take control yang alone. When you are attacking Chinchow, be of the entire line," "be firmly determined to fight a prepared also to wipe out the enemy forces that may battle of annihilation on a scale larger than you have come to its rescue from Changchun and Shenyang." ever fought before," and he gave the directive to Facts proved that this concept of Chairman Mao's of "reconsider your plan of operations" accordingly. going south on the Peiping-Liaoning line to seal off Under Chairman Mao's wise command, our main forces the Chiang troops in the Northeast and wipe them out followed the correct path and moved towards the one by one was the only correct concept of operations Peiping-Liaoning line after overcoming interference for the Northeast theatre. from the Right opportunist line. This direction of attack was extremely favourable On the Peiping-Liaoning Railway, Chinchow was the to us because, just as Chairman Mao pointed out in the strategic link between the Northeast and North China concept of operations, on the Peiping-Liaoning Railway war theatres as well as the enemy's fatal spot. Its "the enemy forces in and near Chinchow, Shanhaikuan capture was of decisive importance to the entire Liaohsi- and Tangshan are isolated from each other, success in Shenyang campaign. In directing the operations in this attacking and wiping them out is pretty certain." campaign, Chairman Mao not only pointed the spear­ At the same time, fighting on this line could lure the head of attack mainly at Chinchow, Shanhaikuan and enemy troops in Changchun and Shenyang to come to Tangshan, but also explicitly instructed that our main the rescue. Therefore, "there is also a fair hope of suc­ forces must be concentrated to hit at one point so as cess in capturing Chinchow and in attacking enemy to resolutely capture Chinchow and completely wipe reinforcements." The deeper we moved into the out the enemy forces defending it and that our forces enemy's rear, the more passive he would become, and must by no means be divided evenly. In his concept the greater would be the pressure on him to weaken of operations, Chairman Mao repeatedly stressed this or withdraw from the few isolated strongpoints behind determination and emphatically pointed out: "The key our rear flanks, and this would be conducive to the de­ to all this lies in striving to capture Chinchow in about velopment of the campaign in our favour. Furthermore, a week." "You must centre your attention on the fighting on this line was also making a breakthrough operations in Chinchow and strive to capture this city right in the middle. This could isolate the enemy as quickly as possible. Even if none of the other forces in the North China theatre from those on the objectives is attained and Chinchow alone is captured, two wings in the Northeast theatre. Not only would you will have won the initiative, which in itself will enemy reinforcements from North China be weakened be a great victory." "You should concentrate all your because they would be checked by our North China energies on the operations on the Chinchow front." P.L.A. forces, but our control of Chinchow, Shanhaikuan With respect to the campaign as a whole, to concentrate and Tangshan would facilitate our subsequent attacks attention on attacking Chinchow was precisely to grasp on the two wings. Chairman Mao's principle of "leav­ the principal contradiction. This was a splendid move ing the enemy at Changchun and Shenyang alone and of paramount and decisive importance made by Chair­ focussing your attention on the enemy at Chinchow, man Mao who had the whole situation well in hand. Shanhaikuan and Tangshan" fully embodies the dia­ Capturing Chinchow was tantamount to closing the lectics of correctly handling the relationship between gate to northeast China, and Chiang Kai-shek's troops the whole and the part. there would, as the saying goes, become "turtles in a A weak point of the enemy in the Northeast theatre jar." In this way, we would be able to "beat the dog was that his forces in Changchun were isolated and after shutting the door" and make a clean sweep of besieged by us for a long period. However the enemy enemy troops. If we attacked Chinchow, the enemy was trying to make use of this to tie down our forces would surely send reinforcements to the rescue. And there so as to provide cover for his forces in Shenyang it was precisely because of this that we could manip-, and Chinchow to improve their deployment as well as ulate the enemy, manoeuvre his forces away from the make preparations for a withdrawal. If we had direct­ few strongholds where they were entrenched and make ed our attack first at Changchun, we would have it easier for us to attack them, forcing the enemy to played into the enemy's hands; our capture of fight decisive battles so as to carry out Chairman Mao's Changchun would have quickly frightened the enemy principle of "capturing Chinchow and attacking enemy

14 Peking Review, No. 46 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] reinforcements." Therefore, Chairman Mao clearly of the campaign, from the tone of preparation to its pointed out that by doing so, "you will be able to wipe conclusion, there was an acute struggle between two out not only the enemy's forces defending Chinchow military thinkings and two military lines. When we but also a part of his reinforcements from Hulutao went over to the strategic offensive during the War unci Chinhsi and some or most of his forces fleeing of Liberation. Chairman Mao pointed out: "We should from Changchun" and "it will be possible to wipe out rid our ranks of all impotent thinking. All views that these reinforcements [the enemy's reinforcements from overestimate the strength of the enemy and underesti­ Shenyang] as well." In a word, attacking Chinchow mate the strength of the people are wrong." (The Pres­ would affect the situation as a whole and enable us to ent Situation and Our Tusks.) He also pointed out: gain the initiative in the entire campaign. This was "A review of the whole situation proves one truth. fully borne out by the progress of the campaign. The Provided we firmly oppose conservatism, fear of the cannonade signalling the attack on Chinchow shook the enemy and fear of difficulties, and provided we follow Chiang dynasty in Nanking to its foundation. Panic- the general strategy of the Central Committee of the stricken like an ant on a frying pan, Chiang Kai-shek Party and its directive on the ten major principles of hurriedly flew to Shenyang to take personal com­ operation, we can unfold our offensives, wipe out vast mand and he called emergency military meetings numbers of enemy troops." (On the Great Victory in in a vain attempt to avert defeat. It can thus the Northwest and on the New Type of Ideological be seen that Chairman Mao's determination to attack Education Movement in the Liberation Army.) Pin­ Chinchow first hit the nail right on the head and was pointing the erroneous tendencies in the Party at that fatal to the enemy. At the crucial moment when the time and stressing the importance of implementing the disposition of our forces for an attack on Chinchow ten major principles of operation,* Chairman Mao dealt was completed, swindlers like Liu Shao-chi put forward a blow right at the heart of the Right opportunist line a so-called "proposal" to pull back our forces and of swindlers like Liu Shao-chi. In the Liaohsi-Shen­ move northward to attack Changchun, their aim being yang campaign, swindlers like Liu Shao-chi overesti­ to change the principle which Chairman Mao had decid­ mated the strengh of the enemy and underestimated the ed on. Categorically rejecting such an erroneous idea, strength of the people: they failed to see that the Chairman Mao made a detailed analysis of the enemy's time was ripe for a strategic decisive battle and that conditions and our own and adhered to the previously complete overthrow of the Kuomintang reactionaries formulated plan of operations, thus ensuring victory in in a short time was possible. They saw only the su­ the battle to capture Chinchow. perficial phenomena of things instead of their essence and main aspects and the trend of their development. The development of the Liaohsi-Shenyang campaign They saw only the part and not the whole of the war fully confirmed Chairman Mao's scientific prediction. and they saw only the existing difficulties and not the The battle in Chinchow ended in thoroughly wiping important role of man's subjective initiative in pro- out the defending enemy forces of which more than 100.000 were captured. The city's liberation impelled pari of the 100,000 enemy troops in Changchun to revolt * The essential points of the ten major principles of opera­ against the Kuomintang and the rest to surrender. The tion are: (1) Attack dispersed, isolated enemy forces first; enemy army which had sallied out from Shenyang to attack concentrated, strong enemy forces later. (2) Take small and medium cities and extensive rural areas first; take big rescue Chinchow was intercepted by our army northeast cities later. (3) Make wiping out the enemy's effective strength of Heishan and Tahushan. After Chinchow was liber­ our main objective; do not make holding or seizing a city ated. Chiang Kai-shek, still dreaming of recapturing or place our main objective. (4) In every battle, concentrate an absolutely superior force, encircle the enemy forces com­ it and of reopening the line of communications between pletely, strive to wipe them out thoroughly and do not let northeast and north China, gave strict orders to the any escape from the net. Strive to avoid battles of attrition reinforcements from Shenyang to continue their ad­ in which we lose more than we gain or only break even. vance towards Chinchow. Acting on Chairman Mao's (5) Fight no battle unprepared, fight no battle you are not sure of winning; make every effort to be well prepared for directives, our army immediately swung back to the each battle, make every effort to ensure victory in the given Northeast and wiped out at one stroke more than set of conditions as between the enemy and ourselves. 100.000 men in the area north of the Taling River. (6) Give full play to our style of fighting— courage in battle, Our army vigorously followed up this victory and no fear of sacrifice, no fear of fatigue, and continuous fight­ ing, that is. lighting successive battles in a short time with­ liberated Shenyang and Yingkow, wiping out over out rest. (7) Strive to wipe out the enemy through mobile 149.000 enemy troops. Thus the whole of northeast warfare. At the same lime, pay attention to the tactics of China was liberated. The Liaohsi-Shenyang campaign positional attack and capture enemy fortified points and cities. (8) Resolutely seize all enemy fortified points and ended in great victory, with a total of more than cities which are weakly defended. Seize at opportune mo­ 470,000 enemy troops put out of action. ments all enemy fortified points and cities defended with moderate strength, provided circumstances permit. As for Struggle Between Two Military Lines strongly defended enemy fortified points and cities, wait till conditions are ripe and then take them. (9) Replenish our The victory of the Liaohsi-Shenyang campaign was strength with all the arms and most of the personnel cap­ a victory for Chairman Mao's concept of strategy and tured from the enemy. Our army's main sources of man­ power and materiel are at the front. (10) Make good use of a victory of his proletarian military line over the Right the intervals between campaigns to rest, train and consoli­ opportunist military line. Throughout the entire course date our troops.

November 17, 1972 15 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] moling the development of the war situation. They and all north China, provided a strategically secure dared not go south to fight the enemy on his flank rear area with a fairly developed industrial base for and in his rear, nor attack Chinchow and fight a battle the War of Liberation, and enabled the Party and of annihilation on an unprecedented scale to totally the people to have the favourable conditions for gradual­ annihilate the enemy in northeast China then and ly turning to economic rehabilitation. All this speeded there. Thanks to Chairman Mao's wise leadership and the victorious advance of the Liberation War. Shortly correct command, we firmly checked and corrected the after the victorious conclusion of the Liaohsi-Shenyang Right opportunist line of swindlers like Liu Shao-chi campaign, Chairman Mao wrote The Momentous and brought the Liaohsi-Shenyang campaign to a trium­ Change in China's Military Situation in which he phant conclusion. pointed out: "The military situation in China has reach­ The victory of the campaign plus victories in other ed a new turning point." "The original estimate was theatres made the qualitatively superior People's that the reactionary Kuomintang government could be Liberation Army superior to the Kuomintang army in completely overthrown in about five years, beginning numbers as well. Through this campaign, our army from July 1946. As we now see it, only another year gained experience in fighting large-scale campaigns of or so may be needed to overthrow it completely." annihilation. The liberation of the entire Northeast This wise thesis of Chairman Mao's was confirmed to created conditions for the liberation of Peiping, Tientsin the letter.

Cadres Studying Marxism-Leninism Revolutionary Theory of Reflection

T is apriorism to make suggestions tempo of production should be Director Chang Hsiu-ling counter­ I and draw up plans without in­ slowed down. He cited many ex­ ed: "When you drew up your plan, vestigations and study and without amples of shortage of raw materials you took into consideration the knowing the actual situations, be­ to support his view. objective things but not the role of man. In essence it is mechanical cause they are conjured up and not Hardly had Chang finished speak­ materialism. You regard the objec­ based on practical experience. To ing when one of the committee tive conditions as static and dead." avoid making such mistakes, it is members said: "The general line for necessary to carry out investigations building socialism demands that we Chang disagreed. Just as Engels and take a practical approach so as go all out and aim high; the city said that "the principles are not the to make plans and measures truly Party committee also wants us to tap starting-point of the investigation, reflect the objective reality. our potential and advance with big but its final result," isn't talking only strides. But your plan is so conserva­ about principles proceeding from How to reflect? There are two tive!" ideology and sensations to things? different theories of reflection. One is the mechanical, passive theory of Thinking that he had investigated So the debate went on. Seeing that reflection, and the other is dynamic the situation, Chang retorted: "Why, the problem could not be solved just and revolutionary. Members of the the plan I have drawn up reflects the by arguing, Party committee secre­ Party committee of the Bureau of objective reality." tary Ku who presided over the Metallurgical Machinery in Hsiang- "A plan must of course reflect the meeting suggested that it be adjourn­ tan city, Hunan Province, had a de­ objective reality. The question is ed. He asked the members to study bate on this question during one of how to reflect, mechanically or again works by Marx, Engels, Lenin their working sessions. dynamically." and Stalin and Chairman Mao's teachings on the theory of know­ Chang Hai-peng, deputy director To convince each other, both sides ledge and go to the grass roots to 01 the bureau, submitted a monthly based their arguments on theory and production plan to the Party com­ quoted from Lenin's Materialism and make further investigations and mittee for discussion. The quota of Empirio-Criticism and Engels' Anti- listen to the masses' opinions. Dùhring which they were studying. output value was smaller than the The next day, the Party committee previous month's. His reason was: Chang Hai-peng said: "Lenin members went to different units The factories had made efforts in the pointed out, 'Things exist indepen­ under the bureau. They found that past few months to increase produc­ dently of our consciousness, inde­ what Chang had said about the lack tion by a wide margin. As some of pendently of our sensations, outside of raw materials was true, but they them could not get enough raw of us.' How can one impose his will also found that he had not made an material for the time being, the on objective things?" analysis of the situation as a whole.

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True, the various units were short of matter to consciousness dialectical, should adhere to the mass line. this or that, but the situation could but also that from sensation to Enlightened by this truth, the com­ be changed through the subjective thought, etc.," they earnestly analys­ mittee members came to realize that initiative of the leadership and the ed the two investigations they had to achieve the objective they had in masses. Then, responsible comrades made and probed the question of mind, they must rely on and mobilize of the bureau and those in charge of transition from matter to thought. the masses to work hard to fulfil the production in the various factories Through study and analysis, Chang plan. They went to the grass-roots spent two days in inspecting the came to know the truth: In his first units to study, work and solve prob­ warehouses of 16 units. With full investigation, his brain only function­ lems together with the workers. knowledge of what they lacked and ed as a "camera." The second time The result was encouraging. News what they had more than needed, the his brain acted as a "processing of success kept pouring in. Practice leadership solved the problem in the factory" which processed the "raw showed that the monthly production following manner: Units under the material" he came across into plan was correct. bureau were called on to supply each thought to guide practice. Only The Party committee members other's wants, and the departments through the latter process can matter studied and discussed again the concerned were asked to deliver the be transformed into correct thinking. dialectical materialist theory of needed raw materials as quickly as Later, the Party committee called knowledge. Comrade Chang Hai- possible; at the same time technical another meeting to draw up the pro­ peng said: "Man's knowledge can innovations were introduced and duction plan. The output value only be obtained from the external efforts were made with regard to under the new plan was 40 per cent world, it can only reflect things. This multi-purpose use of materials. higher than the original one. is the general principle of the theory The Party committee then held a of reflection. But there's also the The debate, however, did not end discussion meeting. How did they question of how to reflect. There is with the drawing up of the new plan, bring about the change from defi­ mechanical reflection as well as for the results would have to be ciency to sufficiency with the same dynamic reflection. The first time I proved through practice. amount of things and the same saw only 'dead things' but not 'living people? In accordance with Lenin's The masses have boundless crea­ men,' and this is mechanical reflec­ thesis "Not only is the transition from tive power, and the leadership tion, or mechanical materialism."

(Continued from p. 4.) The two ministers signed, on be­ November 7 met the Albanian Gov­ half of their respective Governments, ernment Trade Delegation. by leading members of municipal rev­ a trade protocol for 1973 in accord­ A The Delegation of Party Workers olutionary committees, committees ance with the Sino-Algerian long- of the Romanian Communist Party of the C.P.P.C.C. and Revolutionary term trade agreement signed in led by Vasile Potop, Member of the Committee of the Kuomintang, as Algiers in October 1971. This protocol Central Committee of the Romanian well as friends of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. provides for a new development of Communist Party, was on a friendly trade in the year to come. visit to China from October 28 to' In accordance with the agreement November 11. China-Algeria on economic and technical co-opera­ A Premier Chou En-lai and lead­ tion between the two countries, the The Algerian Government Delega­ ing members of the departments con­ two sides signed a relevant protocol tion led by Layachi Yaker, Minister cerned on November 8 met all mem­ for undertaking certain agricultural bers of the Guyanese Government of Commerce, paid an official visit and industrial projects in Algeria. to China from October 31 to Novem­ Economic and Trade Delegation. ber 7. The results achieved during the A The Premier on November talks constitute a positive contribu­ 10 met all members of the jour­ Premier Chou En-lai met and had tion to the strengthening of the nalists' delegation from Nordic coun­ a cordial and friendly conversation friendly relations and co-operation tries. with Minister Layachi Yaker. between China and Algeria in their common struggle against imperial­ A Premier Chou and leading mem­ The Algerian delegation held talks ism, colonialism, neo-colonialism and bers of the departments concerned on with the Chinese delegation headed Zionism. November 9 met Shigeru Fujita, a by Minister of Foreign Trade Pai former lieutenant-general of the Jap­ Hsiang-kuo on questions of common anese army and Chairman of the interest with a view to developing NEWS BRIEFS Liaison Council for Repatriates From trade and strengthening economic China (Orthodox) of Japan, and mem­ and technical co-operation between • Chou En-lai, Yeh Chien-ying, bers of the delegation of the Liaison the two countries. Li Hsien-nien and other comrades on Council led by him.

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summoned to the Foreign Office that ROUND THE WORLD day and were given letters addressed to their respective foreign ministers informing them of the decision of the Pakistan Government. SOUTH VIET NAM carried out many7 successful battles, wiping out or heavily mauling five REPRESENTATIVE OF PAC OF AZANIA Victories in October enemy battalions. The south Vietnamese liberation In Eastern Nam Bo. they mounted Condemning Colonial Rule armed forces and people continued to powerful offensives on the battle­ Pearce L. Gqobose, Representative step up their offensives in October. fields in Binh Long, Phuoc Long, Tay of the Pan-Africanist Congress They wiped out and disintegrated Ninh and Thu Dau Mot and killed, (PAC) of Azania, speaking at a U.N. large numbers of enemy effectives, Special Political Committee meeting, thus further frustrating the U.S. im­ wounded or captured over 1,700 denounced oppression and exploita­ perialists' war policy of "Vietnamiza- enemy troops and badly mauled eight tion by the white racist regime of tion." puppet battalions. South Africa. He declared that The people's liberation armed forces In Gia Dinh, Tay Ninh, Ba Ria, ignorance, poverty and diseases are shelled six enemy airfields, seized Long Khanh and Long An Provinces, the direct result of racist apartheid. four large-sized bases of the puppet the aimed forces and people inten­ task forces, demolished many enemy sified their offensives, putting out of He told the meeting that the land strongholds and outposts, and knock­ action over 5,000 troops and liberat­ occupied by the 18 million Africans ed out numerous concentration camps ing many townships and hamlets in comprises only 13 per cent of the and "strategic hamlets." Incomplete the vicinity of Saigon in the month's total area of the country and is the statistics show that in the same first 20 days alone. most barren and unproductive while month the south Vietnamese armed the remaining 87 per cent possessed forces and people killed, wounded In a series of attacks on enemy by the 3 million whites is most and captured about 30,000 puppet strongholds in My Tho and five dis­ fertile and also the richest in mineral Troops, wiped out and heavily batter­ tricts along Highway 4 in My Tho deposits. Over one million African ed a command post of a puppet ar­ Province in the Mekong Delta, some children die of malnutrition and moured regiment and 18 puppet 2,000 enemy troops were put out of other preventable diseases each regular battalions, and a number of action in ten days. year. Monthly wages average nine puppet civil guards and militia com­ pounds for a Black and nearly 160 panies. Uprising struggles were also waged last month both by the armed forces pounds for a white. In Quang Tri Province and the and people in south Viet Nam, es­ plain of Central Trung Bo, the enemy pecially in the Mekong Delta, around There are more than 500 laws staged counter-offensives with dozens Saigon and in Central Trung Bo applicable to Africans, he continued. of battalions and hundreds of aircraft. where the people have seized control These give very wide powers to the However, all of these were intercept­ of hundreds of townships and ham­ police to terrorize the people. There ed by the liberation armed forces. lets. are concentration camps for political As a result, heavy Josses were inflict­ prisoners throughout the country. ed on the enemy with over 0.000 men PAKISTAN Every African adult, man and wiped out on the battlefields in two woman alike, has been in and out places alone: around the city of Withdrawal From SEATO of jail four or five times on an Quang Tri and in western Thua Thien The Government of Pakistan on average every year. The white Province. The liberation aimed forces November 8 announced its decision minority regime is systematically in Binh Long Province routed two to formally withdraw from the defying the dignity of man. Every puppet task forces southeast of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization African has to carry an identification town of Han Quan and wiped out (SEATO). according to a handout of card which indicates, among other some 1.000 enemy troops. In addition, the press information department of things, the number of times he has more than 1.300 of puppet troops the Pakistan Government. were put out of action when, support­ been in jail. The handout said that the Philip­ ed by U.S. aircraft, they launched a Gqobose denounced the NATO counter-attack. pine Ambassador was called to the Pakistan Foreign Office on November members as the greatest terrorists of During the month, the people's 8 and was handed a notice on the all time because they support racism liberation armed forces and people Pakistan Government's withdrawal in South Africa, although they are stepped up their offensives on many from the SEATO. protesting the loudest against ter­ battlefields. rorism. It said that representatives of other Along Highways 14, 18 and 19 on member states of the organization Non-violent means has failed to the Plateau of Tay Nguyen, they stationed in Islamabad were also change the condition in South Africa,

28 Peking Review, No, 46 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] he said. The liberation movement In. his speech at the rally, Shunichi boats have been seized and 208 has. since the Sharpeville massacre Matsumoto, President of the Union fishermen taken captive. of 1960, turned to armed struggle as for Reversion of Northern Terri­ The fundamental source of the in­ the only means to change the situa­ tories, said: "The Soviet Government security of life for the fishermen lies tion there. The struggle will be long made a promise to the Japanese Gov­ in the fact that the four islands are and relentless, "but with iron deter­ ernment in 1956 agreeing to continue still occupied by the Soviet Govern­ mination, courage and conviction, negotiations on the conclusion of a the masses of the African people are peace treaty including the territorial ment, he said, adding that, "we will sure to win in the end." problem, after the reopening of further develop the struggle for the normal diplomatic relations between return of the northern territories Gqobose declared: "We do not ask the two countries. However, they until the day arrives when we can the United Nations to send its armies have evaded holding such negotiations return to the birthplace of our to liberate us. No! The people of since then. Irritated in July last parents." South Africa will liberate themselves year by the announcement of An exhibition on the northern terri­ from the racist yoke." With the full Nixon's visit to China, they hurriedly torial question was held in a depart­ commitment of the Organization of dispatched Foreign Minister Gromyko ment store in Hiroshima City. The African Unity and the support of the to Japan last January and Gromyko exhibition displayed materials con­ revolutionary people throughout the agreed to commence talks on the ter­ cerning the history and legal position world, "true freedom in our country ritorial problem for the conclusion of will come through our own sacrifices, a peace treaty within this year. of the northern territories, resources no matter how long and tortuous the Foreign Minister Ohira visited Mos­ of fishery, forestry and mining, the struggle will be," he concluded. cow last month and held the first life of former residents and the negotiation with the Soviet side. movement for the return of these Representatives of the national- However, the first negotiation was territories. Meanwhile, in Hiroshima liberation movement organizations of not serious enough and the second City, a demonstration was held by southern Africa strongly condemned negotiation was left until next year. the "Hokkaido caravan troupe for barbarous colonial rule in their This shows nothing but the delaying promoting the reversion of northern speeches at recent meetings of the tactics of the Soviet side. We must territories" organized by 28 youth of United Nations Special Political denounce it for complete lack of good Hokkaido. Committee and the Fourth Commit­ faith. We must be conscious of the tee (trusteeship, including non-self- seriousness of the situation concern­ LATIN AMERICA governing territories). They stressed ing the territorial problem." the firm determination of the To Form Union of Banana Africans to carry on their just strug­ In his message to the rally, Foreign Exporting Countries gle until final victory. Minister Ohira stated: "As far as Japan's foreign policy is concerned, Ecuador, Colombia and Costa Rica have decided to form a union of JAPAN the important task after the realiza­ tion of the restoration of Japan- banana exporting countries to defend themselves against; the manipulation Demand for Return of China diplomatic relations is the re­ turn of the northern territories. I of the international banana price by Four Islands am determined to exert the greatest U.S. monopolies, especially the United Over 500 people of various circles effort to complete this task. While Fruit Company. of Hiroshima City, Japan, held a visiting the Soviet Union, I once The decision was announced in the rally on November 7. strongly de­ again stressed that the solution of the Declaration of Guayaquil signed by manding that the Soviet Government northern territorial problem is a pre­ the representatives of the three coun­ return at an early date the four condition for the conclusion of the tries. The purpose of the union is to islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Ku- Japan-Soviet peace treaty. I will defend the reasonable exporting price nashiri and Etorofu to Japan, accord­ continue to make persistent efforts of bananas, to guard the interests of ing to Toho. in the future." the exporting countries against com­ petition on the world market, and to The rally was jointly sponsored by A young man who is engaged in compel the banana importers to give the Prime Minister's Office of the fishery in Nemuro City, Hokkaido, up harsh conditions and lift tariff Japanese Government and the Hok- pointed out in his speech that when barriers. The declaration indicates kaido Prefectural Government and they were expelled by the Soviet oc­ that efforts will be made by the three supported by the Foreign Office, the cupation authorities from the north­ countries to make other banana pro­ Hiroshima Prefectural Government, ern territories, many Japanese fisher­ ducing countries join the union. the Hiroshima City Government, the men left almost everything there. Northern Territory Problem Counter- Many were unjustifiably arrested by At the world conference on banana Measure Association, the Union for the Soviet patrol boats and their production convened by the Food and Reversion of Northern Territories, fishing boats were seized, thus they Agriculture Organization of the and the League of Residents of were deprived of their means of life. United Nations in Guayaquil recent­ Chishima and Habomai Islands. He said that in this year alone, 33 ly, Ecuador's proposition for unity of

November 17, 1972 19

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] banana exporting countries to defend Government had decided to freeze Dulcin declared in Jerusalem not long their interests won wide support wages and prices for 90 days, with a ago that "24,000 Jews have arrived from representatives of the partic­ provision for a further 60-day exten­ in Israel from the Soviet Union since ipating countries. sion, as a measure against inflation. the beginning of this year." He This followed the failure in the gov­ added, "By the end of this year, the U.S.A. ernment talks on curbing inflation total was expected to reach 30,000." with the representatives of the Trades He continued, "Some 120,000 applica­ American Indians Protest Union Congress and the Confedera­ tions for exit visas by Russian Jews On November 2, several thousand tion of British Industry. The freeze were under consideration by the American Indians of 250 tribes who also applies to house rents and Soviet authorities." dividends. had converged on Washington from The Soviet revisionists' practice of various parts of the country staged a Following Heath's announcement, allowing the emigration of Soviet series of demonstrations in front of the British Government proclaimed Jews to Israel in large numbers has the White House and other places detailed regulations on the freeze in been continuously denounced in the to protest against oppression and a "programme for controlling infla­ Arab world. The Algerian paper El discrimination by the U.S. Govern­ tion — the first stage" and a "counter- Moudjahid pointed out in a com­ ment. The same evening, hundreds inflation (temporary provisions) bill." mentary, "To put people in the oc­ of them including many old people, cupied territories will in fact first The regulations provide for a freeze of all provide the Zionist army with women and children, occupied the on all wages. Any trade union or constant reinforcement of men." It Bureau of Indian Affairs of the De­ worker striking for wage increase therefore "constitutes the greatest partment of the Interior in protest will be prosecuted and fined. But harm to the Arab countries. It will against the Government's refusal to prices are only partially frozen, with make the conflict and a state of war house and feed the Indians converged no controls on prices of fresh food last for ever," the commentary said. on Washington to stage protests. such as fruit, vegetables and meat. They blocked all the doors and win­ dows of the first floor of the building The freeze policy is a reflection of New Underground worsening British economy. Recent with furniture and valiantly fought Nuclear Test official figures show that British in­ back against the police. They made flation is the worst in Western The Soviet Union has conducted a it clear that they would not leave Europe, with retail prices rising 7.6 new nuclear test equal in intensity to unless the authorities promise to per cent this year and money supply a major earthquake in the Semi- meet their just demands. 22 per cent a year. This has not only palatinsk test area in Siberia. The The recent large-scale protest activ­ aggravated class contradiction at underground explosion was register­ ities by the American Indians once home but also seriously affected in­ ed on November 2 by the Seismologi- again bring into the spotlight their dustrial production and weakened cal Institute in Uppsala, Sweden. the position of the pound sterling in appalling plight. They were the It was the strongest charge the the international market. earliest masters of the North Ameri­ Soviet Union had exploded in the can continent, but they have had to SOVIET UNION Semipalatinsk area, the institute suffer centuries of cruel oppression said. and exploitation and are threatened Mass Emigration of The U.S. Atomic Energy Commis­ with genocide. At present, about Jews to Israel 800,000 American Indians belonging sion also announced the same day its to some 300 tribes live in "reserva­ The Soviet revisionists have re­ recording of the explosion. cently continued to allow the emigra­ tions" scattered throughout the The Soviet Union has conducted a tion of Soviet Jews to Israel in large country. The unemployment rale of series of underground nuclear tests numbers. the American Indians stands at 40 this year, averaging once a month. per cent. The annual family income An AP report from Moscow on Statistics show that 70 previous ex­ of half the American Indians is October 27 said that Soviet Vice- plosions in the Soviet Union have less than half the amount which Minister of the Interior Boris been registered since it signed with the U.S. Government sets as the Shumilin recently declared to Soviet the United States and Britain the poverty line. The past few years Jews in Moscow, "We have let Jews partial nuclear test ban treaty in have seen considerable progress in go in the past and will let Jews go Moscow in 1963. The explosion on the American Indians' movement to in the future. 93 per cent of those November 2 was the 71st test resist the plight imposed on them. who want to go have gotten or will registered. get permission." An AFP report BRITAIN It should be noted that Soviet rep­ said, "A record total of 3,600 Soviet resentatives are talking profusely and Jews obtained authorization to Wage and Price Freeze glibly at United Nations forums about emigrate to Israel in October." British Prime Minister Edward Soviet "sincerity" in "disarmament," Heath announced at the House of It was reported that General advertising its stand for "nuclear Commons on November 6 that the Treasurer of the Jews Agency Leo disarmament" and nuclear test ban.

20 Peking Review, No. 46 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected]

seeding and preventing diseases and before the Japanese public on No­ FRIENDSHIP LOG insect pests. Their selflessness and vember 5 at Tokyo's Ueno Zoo. enthusiasm deeply impressed the At half past seven that morning, Chinese comrades. thousands of visitors were wailing Albanian Olive Trees in outside the zoo. When the gate was China opened at nine, the people hurried to Austrian Surgeon and where the giant pandas were. Visitors When Premier Chou En-lai visited Acupuncture continued to arrive and by ten, the Albania in 1964, Chairman of the queue grew to one kilometre long. Council of Ministers Comrade Dr. Johannes Bischko, who recently Many of the visitors had come from Mehmet Shehu presented to him some paid a friendship visit to China, is distant prefectures. Chairman of the Acupuncture Insti­ precious Albanian olive saplings as a On the day the giant pandas tute of Austria. When he began to gift to the Chinese people. A symbol arrived in Japan, three pupils rep­ study acupuncture 18 years ago, of Sino-Albanian friendship, these resenting their Edogawa Primary many people thought he was obsessed trees have been growing well in School of Shinjuku Ward came to with something fantastic. But Dr. China's Hupeh, Kwangsi and Yunnan; the zoo carrying sugar-canes. They Bischko remained confident in his told the zoo director: "We were told many of them are now laden with undertaking and boldly carried on that pandas like sugar-cane, so we fruit. with his experiments. After years of have brought some fresh from our research and experiment, he finally Four hundred saplings were planted school garden for the pandas. We succeeded last April in using acupunc­ on a farm in the eastern suburbs of know it is rarely grown in Tokyo." tural anaesthesia for operations. He Wuhan. Thanks to the careful cul­ gave a special performance — a ton­ A worker of Shirane city, Niigata tivation of the workers and techni­ sillectomy with acupunctural anaes­ Prefecture, drove 200 kilometres with cians of the Hupeh Provincial thesia — for the local newsmen. It his wife and three children to reach Forestry Research Institute, the num­ was a most successful operation, and Ueno Zoo at four on the morning ber has increased to 1,159. the patient said he felt no pain at all. of November 5. "What a wonderful In the summer of 1966, there was present from the Chinese people," he Deeply interested in the progress of said. "My whole family is very in the Wuhan area a 90-day dry spell acupunctural anaesthesia in China, happy to see the pandas." which, together with the unusually Dr. Bischko was eager to meet Chi­ high temperature, posed a menace to nese colleagues and exchange ex­ Mitsuyoshi Asano, Director of the the olive trees. But members of the perience with them. His wish was Ueno Zoo, and Chang Hsiao-kuang, forestry institute effectively com­ realized not long ago. Accompanied a leading member of the Peking bated this by carrying water from a by Chinese specialists during his visit Municipal Public Utility Bureau who reservoir several li away to water the to China, he saw operations on the had escorted the pandas to Tokyo, spoke at the ceremony to receive the saplings. brain, eye, kidney and lung with acupunctural anaesthesia. Besides pandas held at the Ueno Zoo on In the spring of 1969 there was a taking part in administering acupunc­ November 4. heavy snowfall in Wuhan and the tural anaesthesia in some Chinese Among the people of various temperature suddenly dropped to hospitals, he had taken 500 metres of circles present was Susumu Nikaido, 17°C. below zero, the lowest in 80 films and many lantern slides of Chief Cabinet Secretary of the years. But the cadres and workers operations performed with acupunc­ Japanese Government, who express­ of the forestry institute had taken tural anaesthesia. ed thanks on behalf of the Japanese Government to the Chinese people preventive measures beforehand by Referring to the visit he and his for the gift and his hopes that the lagging the trees with straw. Austrian colleagues had paid to friendly relations between the Jap­ China, he said, "It is significant to the The staff and workers of this anese and Chinese peoples would furtherance of the friendship be­ institute had also used various continue to develop for ever. tween the Chinese and Austrian methods to cultivate some 4,000 Al­ medical circles and to the develop­ banian olive trees which they sent ment of acupuncture in Austria." to 36 counties and cities in Hupeh Province for experimental growth. The result was quite satisfactory. Giant Pandas — Token of Many Albanian comrades-in-arms Friendship have visited the institute to see these friendship trees over the past few The two giant pandas "Lanlan" years. Last August, a group of Al­ and "Kangkang," gifts from the banian experts came to pass on the Chinese people to the Japanese peo­ technique of pruning, grafting, ple, made their first appearance

November 17, 1972 21

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many kinds of products out of scrap ON THE HOME FRONT from the bigger factories.

Szechuan's Small Hydroelectric Stations Yinchuan: New the desolate, ancient battlefield to OUTHWEST China's Szechuan INDUSTRIAL CITY the west of the old city into a brand- new industrial district. It was here S Province has 4,700 small hydro­ YINCHUAN, capital of northwest that the first modern factory was electric stations in the rural areas China's Ningsia Hui Autonomous built after liberation — the Yinchuan with a total generating capacity Region, is an ancient city with nearly Woollen Textile Mill. This factory of 280,000 kw. This is more than a thousand years' history. turns out more than 40 varie­ double the figure in 1965, the year The Ningsia Hui Autonomous Re­ ties of woollen goods from the wool before the Great Proletarian Cultural gion is on the middle reaches of the abundantly available in Ningsia. Revolution began. Yellow River, with an area of over Besides supplying many parts of Many villages in the Liangshan, 170,000 square kilometres and a China, a part of its products are sold Ahpa and Kantse areas inhabited by population of 2,160,000, one-third of overseas. Of the first group of work­ minority nationalities now have elec­ which are of Hui nationality. The ers employed, many were formerly tric lighting and a number of coun­ Peking-Paotow Railway connects it half-starved shepherds who used to ties have set up radio rediffusion net­ with Peking in the east and the Pao- tend the landlords' flocks. The work­ works. tow-Lanchow Railway links it with ers today enjoy a constantly improv­ Lanchow in the west. ing standard of living and many of The Yi, Miao and Han nationali­ them hold leading posts in the factory ties living in mountainous Leipo Before liberation, Yinchuan had and workshops. County, 3,000 metres above sea level, only one power station of 80 kw, built 97 small power stations by rely­ capacity and several small handicraft There are already more than 40 ing on their own efforts and after shops providing work for less than factories and enterprises in this rising overcoming many difficulties. The 300 people, so it had to depend on new district. A rubber tyre factory, people of Muchuan County over the the outside for all its industrial a urea fertilizer plant and a foundry past year have been hacking water products. Since liberation, more than have been added since the Great Cul­ courses over mountains and damming 170 factories have been built in the tural Revolution. up rivers to build 75 small hydro­ old city of Yinchuan and its new- electric stations. This number rep­ Many medium-sized and small urban districts. Yinchuan today pro­ resents more than four times the factories have gone up in the eastern duces pig iron, machinery, textiles, total rural power stations built over suburbs and inside the old city. Most chemical fertilizer, rubber, electronic the past two decades in this county. of them were built by local people instruments and components, meters There were very few water sources in 1958 and during the Great Cultural and instruments, building materials, in the Chienchin Production Brigade Revolution through their own efforts leather and foodstuff. Total value in this county's Tsuchu Commune, so and by using local resources. The of its annual industrial output is 106 the brigade Party branch led cadres Yinchuan Flax Mill was set up to times that of the early post-liberation and experienced peasants on an inten­ make use of the stalks of an oil-bear­ years. sive search. They scoured the gullies ing plant, the huma, which peasants and slopes for water until they final­ Persistent efforts made over the used to feed their stoves. The fibres ly located nine underground streams. years by the peoples of Hui and from this factory go to a textile The commune members started work Han nationalities have transformed mill making canvas and other similar to release and lead the water over products. the precipitous mountain slopes that Yinchuan's medium and small in­ winter. The eroded rocks prevented dustries make tractor parts, farm the use of explosives so the com­ trailers, harvesters, threshers, crush­ mune members resorted to drills, ers, drilling equipment and other chisels and other indigenous methods machinery as well as chemical to break through the rock to get to fertilizers. the water. The water thus made Large numbers of housewives in available now irrigates some 70 mu of Yinchuan have gone into industry. arid land and provides power for a In some places, scores of them small hydroelectric station. got together to set up a small Eighty per cent of the generators factory; in other places, several and transformers used in these rural organized themselves into a pro­ power stations were made by county duction group. Under the guid­ and commune workshops. ance of experienced workers and technicians from the state-run These rural hydroelectric stations factories the women have turned out contribute to mechanizing farming

22 Peking Review, No. 46 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] as can be seen in the number of mills, public of China was founded. Junior governing the incidence of ailments threshers and oil presses now in swimmers made up 70 per cent of the common among the workers in general use in Szechuan Province. contestants. different seasons of the year, and has proposed a series of measures to A national track and field meet — National Sparta prevent and treat them. He has been the first since the Great Cultural Competitions to all the workshops to meet and Revolution began in 1966 - - was held talk to the workers, getting to knew FOLLOWING the national basket- in Nanking. Kiangsu Province, from the working and hygienic conditions. ball, volleyball, football, table October 12 to 18. It was attended by Together with the workers he has tennis and badminton tournaments 1,258 athletes from 28 provinces, studied ways and means to prevent held from June 10 to July 2 in Pe­ municipalities and autonomous re­ occupational diseases. king, Tientsin and four other cities, gions: over one-half of the partici­ more national tournaments took place pants are boys and girls. One nation­ Doctor Sung runs a class to in various cities in August, Septem­ al record was bettered, and many teach the factory's medical workers ber and October. new national junior records were how to diagnose common di­ The salient features were then- chalked up. seases, As he uses large numbers of cases to illustrate his lectures and mass character and the big propor­ A national gymnastics contest was explains them patiently and thor­ tion of youngsters taking part. held in Nanning, Kwangsi Chuang oughly, the students found it easy The National Junior Gymnastics Autonomous Region, from October 17 to learn how to read symptoms and Competition held in Shanghai from to 29. This was one of the largest to diagnose and treat. He has also August 19 to September 5 was partic­ since liberation. Taking part were helped the clinic set up a simple ipated by more than 500 boys and 537 men and women gymnasts and operating-room and taught some of girls of Han, Uighur, Mongolian, Hui, 88 acrobats from 25 provinces, munic­ the comrades to carry out minor Miao, Korean and other nationalities ipalities and autonomous regions. operations. Two hundred operations from 25 provinces, municipalities and Three hundred and forty-nine con­ have been carried out without a autonomous regions in the country, testants were children. single case of infection over the past the oldest among them being 15 and Other national competitions held two years and more. Now the workers the youngest only 7. They were recently were the regional basketball, need not go to the hospital for selected from the multitudinous up- volleyball and football tournaments, ordinary ailments. and-coming gymnasts all over the and the invitation road race for cycl­ country. Once. Doctor Sung noticed a ists held in Taiyuan, the provincial veteran worker having some trouble Over 200 men and women from 11 capital of Shansi. using one of his hands. When he provinces, municipalities and autono­ asked the worker, he was told that mous regions took part in the Nation­ Hospital Doctors Go to the index finger had been injured al Diving and Water Polo Contest Factories some time ago and was still swollen. held from August 28 to September 8 TO give the workers, peasants. "I don't want to hold up the work in Changsha, Hunan Province. For soldiers and other labouring peo­ for a little matter like that, you most of them, the youngest being only ple the best medical service possible know," said the worker to Doctor 10, it was their debut in a national is the aim Chinese medical workers Sung. contest. Some 100,000 spectators all strive for. Since the summer of watched the diving and water polo After a careful examination, the 1970, the Hotung Hospital in Tientsin contests. doctor operated, and before long the- has made it a rule for its doctors to worker's finger was healed. The National Archery Invitation go to the factories one day each Tournament was held between Sep­ week. Each doctor spends that day "A sore finger seems a minor tember 5-15 in Huhehot, capital of in a factory assigned to him, giving matter," said the doctor later, "but the Inner Mongolian Autonomous treatment and carrying out pre­ the pain and difficulties it causes Region. This ancient sport drew more ventive work. Taking this as an ex­ are great. I was never fully aware than 60 archers of both sexes from cellent opportunity to learn from the of this when I worked in the nine provinces, municipalities and working class, the doctors have hospital's consulting rooms. The autonomous regions. The youngest achieved encouraging results. veteran worker keeps working despite bowman was thirteen years old. Two his pain. He has set a good example Sung Chien-chang, deputy head of archers broke five national records. for me to serve the workers and the surgical department and a other labouring people still better." The 1972 National Swimming Tour­ member of the Chinese Communist nament took place in Kwangchow, Party, puts his "factory day" at the Early one morning Doctor Sung Kwangtung Province, from Septem­ Tientsin Bicycle Factory, where he got home at four after performing an ber 16 to 23. Over 780 swimmers treats patients and helps the factory operation. He remembered that it from 21 provinces, municipalities clinic carry out preventive work. was his "factory day." He rested a and autonomous regions participated, With his factory colleagues he has little while and then went out, thereby making this tournament one made a study of the clinic's case reaching the factory just in time to of the largest since the People's Re­ histories and summed up the laws begin a day's work,

November 17, 1972 23

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