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Small State Diplomacy: Cambodia's Foreign Policy Towards Viet Nam." by Thearith Leng

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Small State Diplomacy: Cambodia's Foreign Policy Towards Viet Nam. Small State Diplomacy: Cambodia’s Foreign Policy Towards Viet Nam Thearith Leng A thesis in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences The University of New South Wales, Canberra March 2018 Thesis/ Dissertation Sheet Surname/Family Name : Leng Given Name/s : Thearith Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar : PhD Faculty : University of New South Wales Canberra School : Humanities and Social Sciences Thesis Title : Small State Diplomacy: Cambodia’s Foreign Policy Towards Viet Nam Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This thesis is a case study of how Cambodia as a small state managed its relations with Viet Nam, a larger state. A review of the literature on small states in general and Cambodian foreign policy in particular identified three major state strategies – balancing, bandwagoning and hedging. The literature review also revealed that there was wide divergence among specialists about the specific instruments used by small states to pursue their chosen strategy. Field work was carried out in Cambodia and Vietnam to access archives and library holdings of pertinent documents and publications to supplement library research in Australia. Interviews were conducted in Cambodia and Vietnam with government officials and subject matter experts to supplement these primary and secondary source materials. This thesis examined Cambodia-Vietnam relations in seven historical periods from 1620 to 2017 during which Cambodia experienced marked changes in regime type from a weak pre-colonial state (1620-1863), French protectorate (1863-53, independent kingdom (1953-70), republic (1970-75), communist/Khmer Rouge (1975-79), occupied client state (1979-89) United Nations supervision (1990-93), coalition government (1993-97) and one-party state (1997-17). Cambodia’s foreign policy was analyzed through the framework of three levels of analysis – decision-making, nation-state and systemic. The first level of analysis focused on key decision-making structures, the worldview of decision-makers and the kinds of decisions they made (crisis, declaratory, program). The second level of analysis focused on the internal characteristics of the state such as geography, natural resources, economy, and the political system. The third level of analysis focused on the impact of changes in the distribution of regional and global power on Cambodia. The major conclusion of this thesis was that although various Cambodian regimes pursued a hedging strategy towards Viet Nam they each used different instruments. The major finding of this thesis is that the academic literature neglected two unique instruments used by Cambodia as a small state as part of its hedging strategy towards Viet Nam – influence denial and hard balancing. The thesis concluded that the present government of Cambodia pursues a hedging strategy best characterized as cooperative hedging. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: Originality I hereby declare that this submission is my work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in this thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that the assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation or linguistic expression is acknowledged. Copyright I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after know, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to Doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portion of copyright material or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted, I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation. Authenticity I certify that the library digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of conversion to digital format. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII LIST OF FIGURES IX LIST OF TABLES X CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. RESEARCH PROBLEMS 2 III. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 3 IV. OBJECTIVE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH 4 V. METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH 5 1. INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES 6 2. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE 6 3. OTHER RELATED FIELDWORK ACTIVITIES 6 VI. CHAPTER BREAKDOWN 7 VII. EXPLAINING KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 8 1. DEFINING ‘SECURITY’ 8 2. DEFINING ‘SMALL STATE’ 13 3. THREE LEVELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS 19 3.1. The Systemic Level 19 3.2. The Nation-State Level 20 3.3. The Decision-Making Level 21 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF KEY FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGIES OF SMALL STATE 21 CHAPTER II: CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE EXISTING ACADEMIC LITERATURE 26 CHAPTER III: CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS VIET NAM IN RETROSPECT 41 I. INTRODUCTION 41 II. CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS VIET NAM IN RETROSPECT 42 1. CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS VIET NAM IN THE PRE-FRENCH COLONIAL PERIOD (1620S-1863) 42 2. CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS VIET NAM DURING THE FRENCH COLONIAL PERIOD (1863-1953) 45 2.1. Pluralist Decision-Making Structure 48 2.2. Cambodia’s National Boundaries 49 2.2.1. Kampuchea Krom 51 2.2.2. Koh Tral (Phu Quoc Island) 52 2.3. Ethnic Vietnamese Migration to Cambodia 54 3. CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS VIET NAM IN THE POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD (1953-93) 55 3.1. Cambodia’s Foreign Policy towards Viet Nam under Sihanouk’s Rule (1953-1970) 58 3.1.1. Neutrality (Non-Alignment) 58 3.1.2. Binding Engagement 60 3.1.3. Soft Balancing 61 3.1.4. Hard Balancing 63 3.1.5. Bandwagoning 64 3.2. Cambodia’s Foreign Policy towards Viet Nam under Lon Nol (1970-75) 65 i 3.2.1. Soft Balancing 66 3.2.2. Hard Balancing 67 3.3. Cambodia’s Foreign Policy towards Viet Nam under Democratic Kampuchea (1975-79) 69 3.3.1. Military Offensives 69 3.3.2. Military Capability Upgrade 70 3.3.3. Military Alliance with China 70 3.4. Cambodia’s Foreign Policy towards Viet Nam under the People’s Republic of Kampuchea (1979-89) 71 3.5. Cambodia’s Foreign Policy under the State of Cambodia (1989-93) 75 3.5.1. Cambodia’s Foreign Policy from 1989 to 1991 75 3.5.2. Cambodia’s Foreign Policy from 1991 to 1993 79 III. CONCLUSION 81 CHAPTER IV: FACTORS INFLUENCING CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS VIET NAM FROM THE 1620S TO 1993 85 I. INTRODUCTION 85 II. FACTORS INFLUENCING CAMBODIA’S FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE 1620S TO 1993 86 1. DECISION-MAKING LEVEL 86 1.1. Structure 86 1.1.1. Pre-Colonial Structure 86 1.1.2. Decision-Making Structure under Sihanouk’s Rule 89 1.1.3. Decision-Making Structure under the Khmer Republic’s Rule 91 1.1.4. Decision-Making Structure under the Democratic Kampuchea’s Rule 93 1.2. Perceptions of Cambodian Leaders 96 2. NATION-STATE LEVEL 103 2.1. Geography 104 2.1.1. Pre-colonial Period (1620s-1863) 104 2.1.2. Post-independence Cambodia (Post-1953) 104 2.2. Historical Animosity 106 2.3. Socio-Economic Conditions 106 2.4. Cultural Identity 109 3. SYSTEMIC LEVEL 111 3.1. The Mandala System in the Pre-Colonial Era 111 3.1.1. Thai-Viet Nam Rivalry over Cambodia 112 3.1.2. Cambodia’s Membership in Mainland Southeast Asia’s Mandala System Overlayed by the Chinese Tributary System 113 3.2. European Colonisation 115 3.3. Decolonisation and Major Power Intervention 115 3.3.1. Major Power Intervention in the Creation of New States in Viet Nam 115 3.3.2. US-China Consent to the Issue of Non-Military Bases 117 3.3.3. Internal Divisions of Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation 118 3.4. Cold War Polarity 119 3.4.1. Growing Hostilities Between the Anti-Communist Bloc and the Vietnamese Communists 119 3.4.2.
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