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The Hydrodynamic Fluxes of the Escravos and Forcaods

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The Hydrodynamic Fluxes of the Escravos and Forcaods THE HYDRODYNAMIC FLUXES OF THE ESCRAVOS AND FORCADOS RIVERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT AND CIRCULATION PATTERNS OFF THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA BY IBITOLA MAYOWA PHILIPS MASTER OF SCIENCE PHYSCIAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND APPLICATIONS , FACULTY SCIENCE & TECHHIQUE UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI,COTONOU REPUBLIC OF BENIN NOVEMBER 2009 1 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Escravos and Forcados River estuaires are distributaries of the Niger River located in the western Niger Delta Niger River These river systems are interconnected Escravos River flowing at an average distance of 129km ending at the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea where they open and discharge into the Atlantic ocean The River estuaries from a complex system where seawater is diluted with freshwater from Escravos River land runoff (Dyer 1997) Forcados River The dilution process takes place at different mixing level due to many forcing mechanism like tides, tidal currents,currents, waves induced motion Forcados River The River estuaries had served as navigation route for vessels and commercial activities of oil companies who have their terminal stations Bight of Benin along the River channel Bight of Benin Due to periodic increase of navigation and commercial activities in the Rivers their water Atlantic ocean fluxes are affected this influencing the hydrodynamics of the River system 2 AIMAIM ANDAND OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to evaluate water fluxes in Escravos and Forcados River estuaries OBJECTIVES ARE: To analyse for current velocity and direction offshore western Niger Delta To analysis the water circulation from the Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) profiles (CTD) profiles To investigate the tidal fluxes influence on the river discharge. 3 OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS OF NIGER DELTA Tide Tidal current Waves Longshore current Ocean current 4 BATHYMETRIC MAP OF THE STUDY AREA WITH PATTERNS OF PREVAILING OCEANOGRAPHIC FORCES 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The Esrcavos River lie at the 5° 35′ 0″ N and 5° 10′ 0″ E and the Forcados River at 5 0 18”30 and 6 0 25” E. The station S2 is located at 50 42” 10N and 0 Longitude 4 56’ 40”E offshore the Benin River. Shallow water depth (15.8m) Benin River. Escravos River S2 Forcados River Bight of Benin S2 ADCP CTD lines 6 DATA COLLECTION ADCP, CTD and River discharge data for one year were extracted from database on shallow current measurement conducted along Nigerian coastline sponsored by Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited in consultation with Evans Hamilton Incorporated (EHI) and the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Lagos and University of Calabar, Calabar Tidal data for Escravos and Forcados Rivers for one year was extracted from Tidal prediction table obtained from the Nigerian Hydrographic Survey, Apapa, Lagos 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Field measurements were conducted using RD 300 KHz ADCP deployed at a Benin 0 0 River at station S2 (shallow water depth of 15.8m) within 4 56’ 40”E and 5 42’ 10” N near the mouth of Escravos and Forcados Rivers CTD were done at cross shelf profiles at varying depth between 15m to 70m water ADCP CTD 8 River discharge measurements was conducted using RD River Grand 600 KHz ADCP mounted on the side of a boat and transect from bank–to-bank in the Escravos and Forcados Rivers to cover the low and high tide ADCP 9 DATA ANALYSIS DATA ANALYSIS: Matlab software was used for analysing the ADCP data acquired at Station S2(Shallow water) for current speed and direction Win River software was used to view and compute the River discharge data to analyse for average intensity, water speed and velocity magnitude Excel spread sheet was used to plot the tidal curve. 10 270 240 300 Bin3 andBin13 with amean Bin 22 show higher amplitude and longpe Current polarplotsforstationS2 Current polarplotsforstationS2 Bin 3(2.3m) February 2001.Bin3is2.from February 2001.Bin3is2.from 210 330 0 180 1 30 150 2 60 120 3 90 Bin22 is11.8mabovetheseabe Bin22 is11.8mabovetheseabe velocities of 0.12m/s of velocities 270 240 300 (15.8m waterdepth)between19 (15.8m waterdepth)between19 Bin 13(7.3m) seabottom,Bin13is7.3mab seabottom,Bin13is7.3mab RESULTS RESULTS 210 330 0 180 riod ofoscillation, compared tothe 5 30 150 10 15 60 120 20 90 d d 270 240 300 Bin22(11.8m) ove theseabed. ove theseabed. April 2000and4 April 2000and4 April 210 330 0 180 0.5 30 150 1 1.5 60 120 11 2 90 CruiseConductivity 1, Line 2 Temperature Depth Plot Temperature, Salinity VS Depth CTD Profile at Cruise1, Temp (° C) Salinity (PSU) Line2 (April) 16 21 26 31 36 0 Name Convention: (day)(month)(line)(site) 10 Homogenous surface layer with temperature 1904201 S (PSU) 0 0 1904201 T (°C) ranging from 29 C-30 C 20 1904202 S (PSU) 1904202 T (°C) 30 1904203 S (PSU) Salinity range of 29PSU 1904203 T (°C) to 34.5 PSU within the 1904204 S (PSU) mixed layer 40 1904204 T (°C) mixed layer 1904205 S (PSU) 1904205 T (°C) 50 1904206 S (PSU) Thermocline is about 1904206 T (°C) et (m) Depth 20m-30m corresponding 1904207 S (PSU) 60 to the pycnocline 1904207 T (°C) 1904208 S (PSU) 1904208 T (°C) 70 1904209 S (PSU) 1904209 T (°C) 80 90 Evans Hamiliton (2001) 100 12 Conductivity Temperature Depth Plot for Rainy Season Cruise 2, Line 2 Temperature, Salinity VS Depth CTD Profile at Cruise2, Line2 (July) Temp (° C) Salinity (PSU) 15 20 25 30 35 0 Homogenous surface layer Name Convention: with temperature ranging (day)(month)(line)(site) 10 from 250C-260C 2507201 S (PSU) 2507201 T (°C) 2507202 S (PSU) 20 Salinity range of 30 PSU to 2507202 T (°C) 34 PSU within the mixed 2507203 S (PSU) layer 2507203 T (°C) 30 2507204 S (PSU) ) m ( 2507204 T (°C) Thermocline is about 28m th 2507205 S (PSU) p to 40m corresponding to De 2507205 T (°C) 40 the pycnocline 2507206 S (PSU) 2507206 T (°C) 2507207 S (PSU) 50 2507207 T (°C) 60 70 Evans Hamiliton (2001) 13 Cruise 3, Line 2 Temperature, Salinity VS Depth Conductivity Temperature Depth Plot Temp (° C) Salinity (PSU) 15 20 25 30 35 0 CTD Profile at Cruise 4 Line 2 (October) Name Convention: 10 (day)(month)(line)(site) 2910201 S (PSU) Homogenous surface 2910201 T (°C) 20 layer with temperature 2910202 S (PSU) ranging from 270C-280C 2910202 T (°C) 2910203 S (PSU) 30 2910203 T (°C) Salinity range of 23PSU 2910204 S (PSU) to 34 PSU within the 2910204 T (°C) mixed layer 40 2910205 S (PSU) et (m) Depth 2910205 T (°C) 2910206 S (PSU) Thermocline is about 60- 50 2910206 T (°C) 70m deep corresponding 2910207 S (PSU) to the pycnocline 2910207 T (°C) 60 70 Evans Hamiliton (2001) 80 14 Conductivity Temperature Depth Plot Cruise 4, Line 2 Temperature, Salinity VS Depth Temp (° C) Salinity (PSU) 15 20 25 30 35 CTD Profile at Cruise 4 Line 2 0 (February) Name Convention: Homogenous surface layer with 0 10 (day)(month)(line)(site) temperature ranging from 27 C- 0 0402201 S (PSU) 29 C 0402201 T (°C) 0402202 S (PSU) 20 0402202 T (°C) Salinity range of 29.7PSU to 34 0402203 S (PSU) PSU within the mixed layer 0402203 T (°C) 30 0502104 S (PSU) ) Thermocline is about 40m-50m m ( 0502104 T (°C) deep corresponding to the th 0402205 S (PSU) p pycnocline De 0402205 T (°C) 40 0402206 S (PSU) 0402206 T (°C) 0402207 S (PSU) 50 0402207 T (°C) 60 Evans Hamiliton (2001) 70 15 Conductivity Temperature Depth Plot Cruise 5, Line 2 Temperature, Salinity VS Depth CTD Profile at Cruise 4 Line 2 (May) Temp (° C) Salinity (PSU) 15 20 25 30 35 0 Homogenous surface layer with temperature ranging from 290C- 0 Name Convention: 30 C 10 (day)(month)(line)(site) 0805201 S (PSU) Salinity range of 30PSU to 0805201 T (°C) 35PSU within the mixed layer 0805202 S (PSU) 20 0805202 T (°C) 0805203 S (PSU) Thermocline is between 20m- 0805203 T (°C) 40m deep corresponding to the 30 0805204 S (PSU) ) pycnocline m ( 0805204 T (°C) th 0805205 S (PSU) p 0805205 T (°C) De 40 0805206 S (PSU) 0805206 T (°C) 0805207 S (PSU) 50 0805207 T (°C) Evans Hamiliton (2001) 60 70 16 Escravos River Discharge for rainy season 23/07/2000 height(m) time(hr) 1.6 09 35 1.4 21 35 1.2 ) 1 m ( ht 0.8 g 15 45 0.6 hei 0.4 03 02 0.2 0 03 02 09 35 15 45 21 35 time(hr) Flood Ebb Tidal curve Total Q =12,358.24m3/s Total Q=16,142.98m3/s 17 Escravos River Discharge for dry season 19/12/2000 time(hr) height(m) 1.6 1.4 24 08 1.2 12 08 1 0.8 06 19 height(m) 0.6 18 15 0.4 0.2 0 Tidal Curve 06 19 12 08 18 15 24 08 time(hr) Ebb tide Flood tide Tidal curve Total Q =9,938.58m3/s Total Q =5893.62m3/s 18 Forcados River Discharge for dry season (22/12/2000) time(hr) height(m) 1.6 12 12 1.4 24 42 1.2 ) 1 m ( ht 0.8 g hei 0.6 05 38 18 52 0.4 0.2 0 05 38 12 12 18 52 24 42 time(hr) Ebb tide Flood Tidal curve Total Q Total Q =10,427.35m3/s =8,851.79m3/s 19 Forcados River Discharge for rainy season 26/07/2000 time(hr) height(m) 1.6 02 06 1.4 14 53 1.2 ) 1 m ( ht 0.8 g hei 0.6 20 36 08 43 0.4 0.2 0 02 06 08 43 14 53 20 36 time(m) Flood tide Ebb tide Tidal curve Total Q Total Q=10,513.48m3/s =10,421.38m3/s 20 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The near surface currents observed offshore in the western Niger Delta shows that long period of oscillating current was observed at Bin 22 (11.8m) when compared to other Bin 3 and Bin 7 The variation in the mixing level observed from the CTD plot show that the river discharge and tidal currents are forcing mechanism controlling the estuary circulation.
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