DOCSLIB.ORG

NON-FERROUS METALS a Survey of Their Production and Potential in the Developing Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NON-FERROUS METALS a Survey of Their Production and Potential in the Developing Countries OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] $mz4 NON-FERROUS METALS A Survey of their Production and Potential in the Developing Countries UNITED NATIONS NON-FERROUS METALS (COPPER, ALUMINIUM. TIN, LEAD AND ZINC î UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OLCANIZATION VIENNA jt NON-FERROUS METALS (COPPKR. Al (MINIUM. TIN, LEAD ANI) ZINC) A Su • ce y of their Production and Potentini in the Developing Countries jS Tí ~^> ^" UNITED NATIONS Ntm York, 1972 Millenni ¡M this publication may be freely quoted or repi mted. lint ncknowledKement is requested, tocctlicr with a copy <>f the publication contamine; th>' quotation or reprint. Il),SI UNITKI) NATIONS PI"ULK*ATIOX Sides No.: K. 72. li. IÏ. IS Price : Sl'.S. 4.011 (or equivalent in other currencies) Foreword The studies in the series "Industrial Branch Heports". of which this is the first to be published, were initiated by TNI DO with the objective of assessing the current position of the main industrial branches in the developing countries. In addition to this stock-taking function, these studies were also intended to help diagnose the issues and problems confronting sudi industries. A secondary objective was to appraise their growth potential and to surest ways and means of encou radimi this growth. Since the Second I'nitcd Nations Development Decade was inaugurated as a concerted effort in international development, the latter objective has become of primary importane»'. Emphasis has shifted towards the need to view industry in long-range per- spective, and the Development Decade has introduced a new dimension by providing a scale of reference for gauging the long term prospects of various industrial branches in the developing countries. It was considered desirable, therefore, to re-orient the industrial b.andi reports to include them as an essential part of the Second Development Decade acti\ ities of UNIDO. Hence, studies in this series have been integrated. whenever possible, into the new series of studies on "Perspectives for Industrial Development in the Second United Nations Development Decade,"1 Some studies, such as the present one. were at an advanced stage of preparation, however, and it was not desirable to incorporate them in the latri series. A companion study on the cement industry is also scheduled for publication in the industrial branch report series, which may be re-activated in the future should the circumstances require. The format and cover design adopted for the perspective studies are being used for the industrial branch reports to indicate their close relationship. The scope of the present paper i* limited to the live main non-ferrous metals, namely, aluminium, copper, lead, tin and /.inc. Part I explores the interrelationship between non-ferrous metal resources and economic develop- ment and Part II surveys non-ferrous metal resources and production in the developing countries. Part I was contributed by Mr. A. \V. Brace, consultant, economist and metallurgist for Metal Information Services Ltd. United Kingdom. Part II was prepared by the Non-ferrous Metals Informât ion Institute of the l'SSK fot UNIDO, with additions and revisions by Mr. Brace. The views and opinions are tho<e of the consultants and do not necessarily reflect the views of the l'NIDO secretariat. 1 See. tur eX(Uii|>!i'. I'irnpirtiiis tur I ml ustrini I h ri lupini ut in tin Si i unii I ' nitrii Kation* /hciltifiirtrnt Drm.li l'In /'-'</, lmln.ilni. I I > H.t l'MiX). \ev\ York, l'<7l. The authors, having selected tho material from many sources, acknowledge that they cannot ensure correct or uniform spelling for tho hundreds of place names reforrod to ami Accordingly disclaim responsibility for the spelling in cases where it could not bo established. The regional geographical groupings used are intended for the convenience of comparison in the field of non- ferrous metals. vi CONTENTS PART I NON-FERROUS METAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Pagi NoN-FKRROrs MKTALS AS A RESOURCE BASE 3 Metallic ores as an economic resource 4 Factors influencing development of metallic ore mining .... 4 Development economics and non-ferrous metal« f> Regional aspects ti PROBLEMS IN PROMOTING INVESTMENT IN NON-FERROUS METALS . 7 Assessment of national potential 8 Creation of a favourable» investment climate 9 Taxation anil legal factors 10 Finding a basis for partnership II INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION ON MARKET PROBLEM» 13 Tin 13 Copper 13 Lead and zinc 14 Aluminium 14 STATISTICS ON THE OVER-ALL METAL RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 15 Ore reserves 15 Mine production 17 Refined metal production 17 Consumption 17 PART II SURVEY OP COPPER, ALUMINIUM, TIN, LEAD AND ZINC PRODUCTION IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AFRICA 23 Central Africa 23 Burundi 23 Cameroon 24 The Central African Republic 28 Congo, The People's Republic of 27 Gabon 29 Rwanda 30 Zaire, Tho Republic of 31 Zambia 37 vn Page Last Afrir i 44 Kenya 44 Malawi 4r> Somalia 4,i Tan/ama. Thr l'iti« (I Republic of 47 I Vamla 4!> V/M' Maahreb ( 'oantrie.t ~>1 Algeria «r>l 'l'ho Libyan Arab Republic. So Morocco ;>'» Tunisia W> SorthE'iHt Africa «>- Kgypt «-' Kthiopia *iii The ¡Midan <>7 Souther» Air' a <>9 Botswana '»9 Swaziland 'O HVaí Africa 71 Dahomey 71 ( !i:ana 72 ( ¡iiint'ii 74 The Ivory Coast 77 Mali 77 Mauritania 78 The Niger HO Nigeria 81 Senegal 84 Sierra Leone 8.r» Togo 8<t The Upper Volta 8t¡ Tin-: AMKHM'AS 89 The Caribbean 8» The Dominican Republic 89 Haiti »0 Jamaica 91 Trinidad anil Tobago 93 Merico atitl ('entrai America 93 (V.stn Rica 93 Kl Salvador 9.r> ( ¡uut emala 9ti Honduras 97 Mexico 99 Nicaragua 104 Panama 1 Ott vili I',,.,, South Atneriru I<»7 Ardent inn I"" Rolivia Ill Brazil 114 Cliilc 1-0 Colombia 1-5 Keuador 1-7 (¡tiyana 1-8 Paraguay I '10 Peru . .'. I«-' Surinam • IM* Uruguay 140 Vene/líela 142 ASIA 14.t Soulhern and South-Kantern Asia I4H Afghanistan I4H Rurma 145 Ceylon 147 India 148 Indonesia 154 The Khmer Republic* 157 Laos 158 Malaysia !<)<> Pakistan 1<>4 The Philippines |(>(i Singapore 170 Thailand 171 Went Ania I i a Cyprus 175 Iran 17(» Iraq 180 Jordan 180 Lebanon 181 Saudi Arabia 182 The Syrian Arab Republic 183 Turkey 184 IX EXPLANATORY NOTKS For tli(« purpose of this report the term '•non-ferrous metals" implies the five principal metals namely, aluminium, copper, lead, tin and zinc. Other non- ferrous metals such as nickel etc. are not included. The data contained in this report are bused on published information available early in 1970. Because of the usual delays in publication of production unci trade statistics, such data are given only up to MMÌ8, but 19f>9 figures an« included where available. To provide a convenient ten-year period for comparisons, the year 1959 has been used as a base year and detailed figures are also given for the years 191)5 to 1908 as far a. possible. Reference to tons indicates metric tons (1,000 kg), unless otherwise specified. Reference to dollars ($) is to United States dollars. In the statistical tables a dash (--) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible. Throe dots (...) indicate that the data, are not available« or arc not separately reported. The following chemical s\ mbols are used as convenient abbreviations for compounds that are frequently referred to in the report: Al/), alumina SiO, ulica Fe,(), = iron oxide Ti(), titania The following abbreviations are used in this publication: CI PEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries EN AMI Empreba Nacional de Mineria (state-owned mines of Chile) IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ITC International Tin Council IYVNFMC International Wrought Non-Ferrous Metala Council LMK Loudon Metal Exchange LNG Liquefied natural gas MINDECO Mining and Industrial Development Company (Zambien govern- ment-owned holding company) MVA Megavoltampèro RCD Regional Co-operation for Development USAID United States Agency for International Development ZALIS Zinc and Lend International Service PART I NON-FERROUS METAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT XOX-KKKROl'S MKTALS AS A RKSOl'KCK BASK Non-ferrous metals are essential to an advanced industrial economy. It is difficult to envisage modern society without the availability of copper for multiplo applications in power generation and electrical machinery, of alu- minium for road and air transport, lead for batteries and building, zinc for die-east inn ¡nid the hot-di]) galvanizing of steel, or of tin for solders and tinplate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Assessment of Recent Changes in the Niger Delta Coastline Using Satellite Imagery Jimmy O
    www.ccsenet.org/jsd Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 3, No. 4; Decmber 2010 An Assessment of Recent Changes in the Niger Delta Coastline Using Satellite Imagery Jimmy O. Adegoke Department of Geosciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, MO 64110, USA E-mail: [email protected] Mofoluso Fageja, Godstime James & Ganiyu Agbaje National Space Research and Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria Temi E. Ologunorisa Centre for Climate Change and Environmental Research Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In Nigeria, there is dearth of studies on recent changes on accelerated marine processes along the national coastlines despite their importance as ports for navigation and marine commerce as well as a bridge for aquatic and terrestrial life. This study, which deals with a time series analysis of recent changes in the Niger Delta Coastline using Satellite Imagery is an attempt at filling this gap. Landsat TM images of 1986 and Landsat ETM+ of 2003 both covering the Niger Delta area of Nigeria were used for this study and the images were processed using Erdas Imagine Version 8.7 and Arc Info 9.1 for the GIS operations. The results of the analyses show among other things that coastline erosion was dominant over accretion of sediment deposition. Also that the total area of observed changes along the coastlines was 46.535sq.km. Of this, 27.65sq.km (59.43%) constitutes eroded area, and 40.57% representing 18.88sq.km of the area showed coastal sediment accretion. Keywords: Coastal processes, Marine erosion, Niger Delta, Satellite imagery, Accretion 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Petro-Violence and the Geography of Conflict in Nigeria's
    Spaces of Insurgency: Petro-Violence and the Geography of Conflict in Nigeria’s Niger Delta By Elias Edise Courson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Michael J. Watts, Chair Professor Ugo G. Nwokeji Professor Jake G. Kosek Spring 2016 Spaces of Insurgency: Petro-Violence and the Geography of Conflict in Nigeria’s Niger Delta © 2016 Elias Edise Courson Abstract Spaces of Insurgency: Petro-Violence and the Geography of Conflict in Nigeria’s Niger Delta by Elias Edise Courson Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, Berkeley Professor Michael J. Watts, Chair This work challenges the widely held controversial “greed and grievance” (resource curse) narrative by drawing critical insights about conflicts in the Niger Delta. The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has attracted substantial scholarly attention in view of the paradox of poverty and violence amidst abundant natural resources. This discourse suggests that persistent resource- induced conflicts in the region derive from either greed or grievance. Instead, the present work draws inspiration from the political geography of the Niger Delta, and puts the physical area at the center of its analysis. The understanding that the past and present history of a people is etched in their socio-political geography inspires this focus. Whereas existing literatures engages with the Niger Delta as a monolithic domain, my study takes a more nuanced approach, which recognizes a multiplicity of layers mostly defined by socio-geographical peculiarities of different parts of the region and specificity of conflicts its people experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of a Public Awareness and Public Participation Programme in Relation to Mangrove Depletion and Proposed Re-Forestation in Coastal Nigeria
    RESTRICTED Original: English IMPLEMENTATION OF A PUBLIC AWARENESS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME IN RELATION TO MANGROVE DEPLETION AND PROPOSED RE-FORESTATION IN COASTAL NIGERIA Technical report: Preliminary Report on the design of a questionnaire and extent of mangrove loss and documentation of the most impacted sites Prepared for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization Based on the work by Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP) Project Managers: C. Ibe/C. Ukwe United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overview Nigeria, the largest country in Africa with a total area of 923,769sq km (land 910,768 and water 13,000 sq km) is located between 4o and 14o latitude north and 2.30o and 14.30o degrees longitude east (Figure 2.1). It is bordered in the west by the republic of Benin, in the east by the Republic of Cameroon, in the North by Niger Republic and Chad in the northeast and the Gulf of Guinea of the Central Eastern Atlantic in the south. The Nigerian coastal and marine area is a narrow coastal strip of land bordered by the Gulf of Guinea of the Central Eastern Atlantic. The coastal areas stretch inland for a distance of about 15km in Lagos to about 150km in the Niger Delta and about 25km east of the Niger Delta. Mangroves are found to some extent in all the nine coastal states of Nigeria (Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Edo, Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom and Cross River). The major concentrations however are in the key Niger Delta states of Delta, Bayelsa and Rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Niger Delta: 'Petro Violence'
    Review of African Political Economy No.101:401-424 © ROAPE Publications Ltd., 2004 The Niger Delta: ‘Petro Violence’ and ‘Partnership Development’1 Anna Zalik This article examines the globalisation of corporate strategic philanthropy as played out in the Niger Delta of Nigeria – a region that has been marked by a history of state and petroleum industry collusion both in social repression and environmental destruction. Social control of the Delta has rested largely on what Watts (2001) conceptualises as ‘petro violence’, the joint security imposed by the Nigerian military and oil companies to police their installations and the environment of social unrest that surrounds petroleum extraction. In examining the extractive industry’s response to social dislocation, this study focuses on the adoption of a model of partnership and participatory development by Shell Nigeria. The implementation of the social stabilisation project promoted by Shell’s partnership model and facilitated by international donors and state institutions (understood in corporate strategy as a ‘leveraged buy in’), exemplifies the reciprocal formation of the corporate social governance projects and development assistance in the Nigerian context. Yet this new model’s attempt to achieve social consent is partially contradicted by the corporate requirement of profit maximisation served by rising prices associated with perceived and real threats to oil supplies. The oil companies’ pursuit of a social ‘licence to operate’ thus rests uneasily with an industry whose underlying logic profits from the upward movement of oil prices, dependent on instability and violence. They wanted me to implement the (major community project) through the CD (community development) model so that I would be responsible for 40 million Naira.
    [Show full text]
  • Kogi Reports Barging Study Completed
    ASX ANNOUCEMENT & MEDIA RELEASE 14 October 2013 KOGI REPORTS BARGING STUDY COMPLETED Highlights Niger River Barging Study Completed by Prestedge Retief Dresner Wijnberg (Pty) Ltd Five barging scenarios considered Use of the existing Warri Port for transfer and stockpiling provides the optimal operating and capital cost outcome Barging transportation will form the basis of the 5 Mtpa Scoping Study Australian based iron ore development company, Kogi Iron Limited (ASX: KFE) (“Kogi Iron” or the “Company”) is pleased to report the results of a Niger River Barging Study for its 100% owned Agbaja Iron Ore Project (“Agbaja Project”). The study was conducted by South African port and coastal engineering consultants, Prestedge Retief Dresner Wijnberg (Pty) Ltd (“PRDW”). PRDW was appointed by Kogi’s 100% owned Nigerian subsidiary KCM Mining Ltd to investigate the feasibility of using river barges to transport iron ore concentrate via the Niger River from Agbaja to the coast near the Warri Port, then transhipment to larger ocean-going vessels (“OGV”) moored offshore. The study proposes a number of alternatives, each of which was assessed and compared to select the optimal solution for incorporation into the Scoping Study. Concept 1 – Warri Stockpile This option considered the use of a stockpile facility at Port Warri. It assumed the use of existing port infrastructure and the continuous delivery of iron ore concentrate by river barges from a barge loading facility at Banda on the Niger River, proximal to the Agbaja Project. A separate fleet of deeper draft sea-going barges makes use of the deeper river channels 50 nautical miles (“NM”) from Warri via the Chanomi Creek to the Escravos River mouth, and a further 18 NM to the transhipment site to load the OGV.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Nigeria History of N I G.E Ria
    HISTORY OF NIGERIA HISTORY OF N I G.E RIA By A. C. BURNS," c.M.G. Deputy Chief Secretary to the Government of Nigeria LONDON GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD MUSEUM STREET FIRST I'UBLISBED IN 1929 A.U rights festm~e4 I'RINTED IN GREAT BRitAIN BY UNWIN BII.OTBERS LTD,, WOJUNG TO PETER PREFACE WHEN I first arrived in Nigeria, in 1912, Northern. and Southern Nigeria were still separate administra~ tions, with different traditions and distinct histories. Those Europeans who were interested in one Pro­ tectorate knew little of the other, and wasted no sympathy on their neighbours, while among the inhabitants of the country the .lack of a uniform sy2tem of government had accentuated the already existing differences of race, religion and culture. In no way was the difference between Northern and Southern Nigeria more marked than in the quality of their bibliographies. Several excellent books had been written on Northern Nigeria, and the history of the Protectorate was easily available to those who wished to study it. Of Southern Nigeria, on the other hand, there was not a single complete history, and information about the people of the country, and the early British administration on the Coast, was almost impossible to find. Still more impossible was it to obtain, in a single volume, a history of Nigeria as a whole, and the amalgamation of the Ist January, 1914, made a book of this sort more than ever necessary. Some years ago I began to collect the necessary materials for a history of Nigeria, but before this could be completed I was tran~ferred to the· Bahamas, where I languished for five years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hydrodynamic Fluxes of the Escravos and Forcaods
    THE HYDRODYNAMIC FLUXES OF THE ESCRAVOS AND FORCADOS RIVERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT AND CIRCULATION PATTERNS OFF THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA BY IBITOLA MAYOWA PHILIPS MASTER OF SCIENCE PHYSCIAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND APPLICATIONS , FACULTY SCIENCE & TECHHIQUE UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI,COTONOU REPUBLIC OF BENIN NOVEMBER 2009 1 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Escravos and Forcados River estuaires are distributaries of the Niger River located in the western Niger Delta Niger River These river systems are interconnected Escravos River flowing at an average distance of 129km ending at the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea where they open and discharge into the Atlantic ocean The River estuaries from a complex system where seawater is diluted with freshwater from Escravos River land runoff (Dyer 1997) Forcados River The dilution process takes place at different mixing level due to many forcing mechanism like tides, tidal currents,currents, waves induced motion Forcados River The River estuaries had served as navigation route for vessels and commercial activities of oil companies who have their terminal stations Bight of Benin along the River channel Bight of Benin Due to periodic increase of navigation and commercial activities in the Rivers their water Atlantic ocean fluxes are affected this influencing the hydrodynamics of the River system 2 AIMAIM ANDAND OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to evaluate water fluxes in Escravos and Forcados River estuaries OBJECTIVES ARE: To analyse for current velocity and direction offshore western Niger Delta To analysis the water circulation from the Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) profiles (CTD) profiles To investigate the tidal fluxes influence on the river discharge.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Transportation in the Economic Development of Nigeria
    THE ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA by MATTHEW 0GUIK- B. A., Xavier University, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of science Department of Geology and Geography KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1963 Mppr <2jM Major Professor \HbZ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ill INTRODUCTION 1 TRANSPORTATION IN PRE-WAR II NIGERIA 3 TRANSPORTATION DURING THE POST-WaR DECADE 11 TRANSPORTATION SINCE INDEPENDENCE 27 FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS PROPOSED 41 CONCLUSION 45 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 48 FOOTNOTES 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY 50 lii PREFACE Because of tha lack of transportation and the resultant absence of the communication facilities, most of the African countries developed tribes and groups with many languages containing various dialects* without trans- portation many Africans grew very limited in their knowledge of what other people were liket their food habits, their anxieties, and their aspirations, and in short in their economic development. Many socially rooted evils — suspicion of the neighbors, distrust, and the like — developed In every section because one group of people did not resemble the others physically or did not live as others did, economically. However, when the transportation cam*, many changes — political, social, and economical — accompanied it. i hen in 1830, the Landers proved that the delta was the mouth of the Niger, a succession of British commercial ex- peditions began gradually to enter far into the interior through the Niger river waterway* That was how the economic role of the rivers came to be important. Different political orientation was brought in by transportation through the railways and rivers at the turn of the century, and *ith the railways' growth and road expansion traveling became an everyday affair.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Changes Along the Shoreline of the Arcuate Niger Delta from Parts of Delta State to Akwa Ibom State Between 1986 and 2016
    Morphological Changes along the shoreline of the arcuate Niger Delta from Parts of Delta State to Akwa Ibom State between 1986 and 2016 Gordon Tami Amangabara1* Obinna Michael Onyewuchi2 Abstract This study analyzes the morphological changes occurring at the arcuate Niger Delta shoreline by identifying factors that contribute to erosion-induced shoreline changes and the rate of shoreline change from Forcados (Delta State) to Ibeno (Akwa Ibom State). Shoreline changes were compared from 1986 to 2016 as well as among western, central and eastern sections of the arcuate Niger Delta using Landsat satellite imagery within Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. In the assessment of the entire shoreline, accretion was 5,477.814Ha (1.2%) in 1986 and 19181.53Ha (4.1%) in 2016. For erosion, it was 48,400.03 (10.3%) in 1986 and 68398.84Ha (14.5%) in 2016. This indicates that accretion increased by 2.91% and erosion also increased by 4.25% in 30 years. The major accretion was detected within Brass (Bayelsa State), Bonny (River State), Andoni (River State) and Ibeno (Akwa Ibom State). Forcados South Point (Delta State), Sombreiro River mouths and eastern Obolo recorded the highest level of shoreline erosion. For land use/land cover (LULC), vegetation was 27.4% in 1986 but reduced to 22.9% in 2016; a change I attributed to massive conversion of vegetative cover for anthropogenic activities in the area. The study concluded that major erosion cases are due to the changing climate and the velocity of flow of major estuaries into the ocean. The activities that contribute to the shoreline change aside the challenging natural factors are sand mining, hard and engineered structures on the shore and other commercial and social activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Qit Pipeline Spill, Nigeria
    Paper ID#76, 1999 International Oil Spill Conference RAPID OPERATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESPONSE TO THE IDOHO-QIT PIPELINE SPILL, NIGERIA O. T. Olagbende Mobil Producing Nigeria Ultd. Mobil House, Lekki Expressway, Victoria Island PMB 12054, Lagos, Nigeria G. O. Ede L. E. D. Inyang Mobil Producing Nigeria Ultd. PMB 1001 Eket, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria ABSTRACT: The 12 January 1998 rupture of a 24-inch habitats, and a study of any socioeconomic and human pipeline from the IDOHO platform to the Mobil Qua Iboe health effects. terminal resulted in the release of approximately 40,000 bbl of light Nigerian crude oil. Because of rapid westerly transport, dispersants were the method of primary DISCUSSION response, with approximately 250 barrels being applied. Also, because more than 90% of the oil was dispersed Introduction offshore, heavy shoreline oiling was limited and localized. However, due to westward transport by nearshore currents, 2Q0RQGD\-DQXDU\DUXSWXUHLQD´SLSHOLQH remnants of the spill tracked 5-10 km offshore from the NPRIIVKRUHEHWZHHQWKH,GRKRSODWIRUPDQGWKH0RELO4XD spill source were observed at Lagos harbor, about 900 km ,ERH 7HUPLQDO 4,7 IDFLOLW\ UHVXOWHG LQ WKH UHOHDVH RI away. Oiling of interior sensitive mangrove habitats was DSSUR[LPDWHO\EEORI1LJHULDQFUXGHRLO,QUHVSRQVH limited to a few locations. Exposed sand beaches self- WR WKH VSLOO FOHDQXS DQG FRQWDLQPHQW HTXLSPHQW ZHUH cleaned within 2-3 weeks. Cleanup of heavily impacted LPPHGLDWHO\ GHSOR\HG &OHDQ 1LJHULD $VVRFLDWHV &1$ shoreline areas recovered approximately 1000 bbl of oily RWKHURLOFRPSDQLHVDVZHOODV1LJHULDQDQGIRUHLJQH[SHUWV waste. A national and international team of scientists was ZHUHLQYLWHGWRDVVLVWLQWKHFOHDQXSDQGWKHDVVHVVPHQWRI activated within 24 hours and directed toward measuring WKHVSLOO¶VLPSDFWRQRIIVKRUHDQGFRDVWDODUHDV impact on environmental resources important to local 7KH1LJHU'HOWDUHJLRQRI1LJHULDLVRQHRIWKHPDMRURLO human activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport and Developing Countries
    www.shahrsazionline.com TRANSPORT AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Why do images of the Third World involve impassable roads, crowded railways, inefficient ports and congested cities—why are these associated with lack of development? These links are examined, first in theory and then in practice, for road, rail, air and water transport. Widely drawn examples illustrate good practice and bad and demonstrate there are no universal solutions to transport problems. The introductory chapter examines the contrast between mobile and immobile societies, the links between transport and spatial organisation, the ways in which transport may influence development processes and the theories advanced to explain the relationship between the two. In the following chapters attention is directed to the individual modes, the form of their organisation and the ways in which they are able to influence the broader issues of spatial organisation and development. The illustrative examples are selected to provide a balanced regional coverage. A concluding chapter identifies the main themes for the future in the evolving relationship between transport and development processes. A pervasive theme of the book is the provision of transport services and facilities which are appropriate to defined development aspirations and the importance of always planning with particular conditions, locations and populations in mind. The book, therefore, will be of relevance to academics of all disciplines concerned with development problems and will also provide a wider context for those involved with the planning and development of transport projects of all kinds. David Hilling, Member of the Chartered Institute of Transport, was formerly Lecturer in Geography at the University of Ghana and Senior Lecturer at Bedford College and Royal Holloway, University of London.
    [Show full text]
  • The Burden of OIL Social Deprivation and Political Militancy in Gbaramatu Clan, Warri
    NIGER DELTA ECONOMIES OF VIOLENCE WORKING PAPERS Working Paper No. 15 THE BURDEN OF OIL Social Deprivation and Political Militancy in Gbaramatu Clan, Warri South West LGA Delta State, Nigeria Elias E. Courson Department of Philosophy Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island Bayeslsa State, Nigeria 2007 Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, USA The United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC, USA Our Niger Delta, Port Harcourt, Nigeria 2 THE BURDEN OF OIL: SOCIAL DEPRIVATION AND POLITICAL MILITANCY IN GBARAMATU CLAN, WARRI SOUTH WEST LGA, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA Elias Courson1 Let us examine with some latitude whether the state of development is to any extent commensurate with a tint of the bulk of the already tapped mineral and agricultural resources…...Therefore, remember your seventy-year-old grandmother who still farms before she eats; remember also your poverty stricken people; remember too your petroleum which is being pumped out daily from your, veins, and then fight for your freedom2. - Isaac Adaka Boro History is a notoriously slippery creature. Governments may mould it to fit official purposes, historians’ reinterpret it to give it a new life and human memory may distort it when the truth is too painful. And so it has been of Warri3. - J.O.S Ayomike INTRODUCTION The state of crisis in the Gbaramatu territory to the south-west of Warri, Delta State is dire and escalating. Since 1997, this oil-rich territory of Warri has been embroiled in political violence. The decade old crisis has claimed many lives and rendered more than 30,000 homeless (including internally displaced persons).
    [Show full text]