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Breakdown When Our Efforts Fail and Our Systems Collapse Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science DUJS WINTER 2014 | VOL. XVI | NO. 2 BREAKDOWN When our efforts fail and our systems collapse Global Climate Superluminal Game of Change Neutrinos Chess Featuring Erich Osterberg, Ph.D. Mistakes from the 21st Century The Revenge of Deep Blue p. 3 p. 9 p. 43 Photo credit: m00osfoto/Shutterstock The Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science aims to increase scientific awareness within the Note from the Editorial Board Dartmouth community by providing an interdisciplinary forum for sharing undergraduate research and enriching scientific knowledge. Dear Reader, EDITORIAL BOARD President: Derek Racine ‘14 We have always celebrated humanity’s accomplishments. And, indeed, there is much to praise; Editor-in-Chief: Rui Shu ‘15 within just the past century, we have uncovered the secrets of relativity, designed vaccinations Managing Editors: Steven Chen ‘15, Scott that protect us from innumerable diseases, and created a global system of computer networks that Gladstone ‘15, Barry Chen ‘16, Shinri Kamei ‘16 connects the entire human race. We celebrated these achievements in earnest and elevated the Assistant Editors: Tessa Streeter ‘14, Yi (Annie) innovators behind these discoveries and inventions to the statuses of champions. But in glorifying Sun ‘16, Na Oh ‘16, Stephanie Alden ‘16 Design Editors: Jocelyn Shyong ‘16, these moments of triumph, we often obscure the mountain of failures that served as stepping Rebecca Xu ‘15 stones toward each success and misrepresent the road to success as one that is simple and smooth Web Development Team: Steven Chen ‘15, in its progression. In reality, the road to success is winding, difficult—often with no clear end in Shawn (Yifei) Xie ‘16 Director of Publicity: Carrie Wolf ‘15 sight and very little sense of progress. But if humanity’s past successes are any indication, it is Directors of Programming: Miguel Peña ‘16, that we must not lose heart—that if we grapple long enough in the dark, we are bound to find Michael (Siyang) Li ‘16 something. Nothing exemplifies this more than Thomas Edison, who famously said, “I have not Communications: Harrison Han ‘16 Essay Contest Directors: Josephine Coury ‘15, failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Rebecca Burten ‘16 Cartoon Artist: Jenny (Yuying) Liu ‘16 As a reminder of the rocky nature of scientific progress, our articles in this issue of theDUJS look STAFF WRITERS past the often lauded successes and explore what happens instead when our efforts and systems Ali Siddiqui ‘17 breakdown. Kartikeya Menon details the flaws behind the experiments that sought to prove Eric Tao ‘16 the existence of faster-than-light neutrinos. Ali Siddiqui describes the history behind Einstein’s Hae-Lin Cho ‘17 cosmological constant, what Einstein mistakenly proclaimed to be his “biggest blunder.” Merritt Hirsh Elhence ‘17 James Howe VI ‘17 Losert analyzes the factors that led to the 2011 meltdown of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. Jessica Barfield ‘16 Matthew Jin recounts the dark history of lobotomy. Yvette Zou reports on how a single point Jingya Qiu ‘16 mutation can lead to the devastating cystic fibrosis. Stephanie Alden explores the effects of Joshua C. Wan ‘16 Kartikeya Menon ‘16 autoimmunity, and Joshua Wan takes us back to the recent government shutdown and its impact Katie Billings ‘16 on science. This issue’s faculty interview features Erich Osterberg, PhD, a climatologist and Kimberly L. Mei ‘17 assistant professor of Earth Sciences at Dartmouth College. Dr. Osterberg explains the present Matthew Jin ‘17 scientific research behind global climate change and the importance of scientific communication. Melvin King ‘16 Merritt Losert ‘17 Na Oh ‘16 This issue of the DUJS also features three external, original research submissions. Raymond Scott Gladstone ‘15 Maung, Rian Chandra, and Jake Hecla present findings that shed new light on the behavior Stephanie Alden ‘16 Yi He ‘17 of Farnsworth-type reactors. Quang Nguyen reviews the pharmaceutical potential of patulin, Yi (Annie) Sun ‘16 highlighting the intricate relationship between poison and remedy. And finally, Dartmouth Younji Lee ‘17 student James Brofos presents the riveting history behind artificial intelligence and the computer Yvette Zou ‘16 science of chess engines. DESIGN STAFF Jocelyn Shyong ‘16 This issue of the DUJS would not be possible without the diligence and dedication of the writers, Rebecca Xu ‘15 editors, staff members, and faculty advisors. We would like to thank all of those involved in ADVISORY BOARD maintaining the DUJS’s continued success as an outstanding undergraduate scientific journal. Alex Barnett - Mathematics David Bucci - Neuroscience Thank you for reading theDUJS , and we hope you enjoy this issue. Marcelo Gleiser - Physics/Astronomy David Glueck - Chemistry Carey Heckman - Philosophy Sincerely, David Kotz - Computer Science The DUJS Editorial Board Richard Kremer - History Maria Laskaris - Undergraduate Admissions William Lotko - Engineering Jane Quigley - Kresge Physical Sciences Library Roger Sloboda - Biological Sciences Leslie Sonder - Earth Sciences SPECIAL THANKS DUJS Dean of Faculty Hinman Box 6225 Associate Dean of Sciences Dartmouth College Thayer School of Engineering Hanover, NH 03755 Provost’s Office (603) 646-8714 R.C. Brayshaw & Company http://dujs.dartmouth.edu Undergraduate Admissions [email protected] Copyright © 2013 The Trustees of Dartmouth College The Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science aims to increase scientific awareness within the Dartmouth communityTable by providing of Contents an interdisciplinary forum for sharing undergraduate research and enriching scientific knowledge. Faculty Spotlight: Erich Osterberg 3 EDITORIAL BOARD President: Derek Racine ‘14 Scott Gladstone ‘15 Editor-in-Chief: Rui Shu ‘15 Managing Editors: Steven Chen ‘15, Scott Gladstone ‘15, Aaron Koenig ‘14. Tessa Streeter Superluminal Neutrinos: ‘14 Assistant Editors: Shinri Kamei ‘16, Annie (Yi) A Scientific Anomaly and Costly Mistake 9 Sun ‘16, Na Oh ‘16, Barry Chen ‘16 Kartikeya Menon ‘16 Design Editors: Jocelyn Shyong ‘16, Rebecca Xu ‘15 Web Development Team: Derek Racine ‘14, Shawn (Yifei) Xie ‘16 Director of Publicity: Carrie Wolf ‘15 Einstein’s Greatest Mistake Directors of Programming: Miguel Peña ‘16, or Universe’s Greatest Mystery? 13 Michael (Siyang) Li ‘16 Communications: Harrison Han ‘16 Ali Siddiqui ‘17 Essay Contest Directors: Josephine Coury ‘15, Rebecca Burten ‘16 Cartoon Artist: Jenny (Yuying) Liu ‘16 Failure at Fukushima: What Went Wrong? 18 STAFF WRITERS Abigail Chen ‘17 Merritt Losert ‘17 Alex Przeslawski ‘17 Ali Siddiqui ‘17 Alexandra Dalton ‘16 Clara Guo ‘17 The Rise and Fall of Lobotomy 22 Eric Tao ‘16 Esther Wu ‘16 Matthew Jin ‘17 Hirsh Elhence ‘17 James Howe VI ‘17 Jessica Barfield ‘16 John Steward ‘15 Cystic Fibrosis: Jonathan Huang ‘17 Julia Isaacson ‘15 From Point Mutation to Systems Failure 26 Kartikeya Menon ‘16 Katie Billings ‘16 Yvette Zou ‘16 Kristen Flint ‘14 Matthew Jin ‘17 Melvin King ‘16 Merritt Losert ‘17 When the Immune System Fails: Autoimmunity 30 Nancy Wu ‘16 Olivia Dahl ‘14 Stephanie Alden ‘16 Pranav Vangala ‘17 Stephanie Alden ‘16 Yi He ‘17 Yvette Zou ‘16 Government Shutdown: What Happens to Science? 34 DESIGN STAFF Joshua Wan ‘16 Jocelyn Shyong ‘16 Rebecca Xu ‘15 SUBMISSIONS ADVISORY BOARD Alex Barnett - Mathematics Patulin: A Mycotoxin or an Anti-Cancer Chemical? 37 David Bucci - Neuroscience Marcelo Gleiser - Physics/Astronomy Quang Nguyen, Duke University David Glueck - Chemistry Carey Heckman - Philosophy David Kotz - Computer Science Richard Kremer - History Investigation of Neutron Emission from a Maria Laskaris - Undergraduate Admissions William Lotko - Engineering Farnsworth IEC Fusion Reactor 39 Jane Quigley - Kresge Physical Sciences Library Roger Sloboda - Biological Sciences Raymond A. Maung, Rian N. Chandra, Jake J. Hecla Leslie Sonder - Earth Sciences SPECIAL THANKS Dean of Faculty Man vs. Machine: The Rivalry in Chess 43 Associate Dean of Sciences Thayer School of Engineering James Brofos ‘15 Provost’s Office R.C. Brayshaw & Company Undergraduate Admissions 2 DARTMOUTH UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE DARTMOUTH SPOTLIGHT Erich Osterberg: Understanding Global Climate Change Photo courtesy of Erich Osterberg BY SCOTT GLADSTONE Introduction in 2007. In an interview with the Dartmouth Undergraduate , Osterberg describes his climatology research Dr. Erich Osterberg is an assistant professor of Earth Journal of Science and shares some of his thoughts on global climate change, the Sciences at Dartmouth College, an ice core climatologist and breakdown between scientific information and environmental glaciologist, and a member of several national scientific advisory policies, and teaching Earth Science at Dartmouth College. boards. Working with both the U.S. Ice Core Working Group and his research team based in Hanover, NH, Osterberg focuses on exploring the signatures and causes of past climate change Global Climate Change and training the next generation of polar ice researchers. One of the driving themes of many of the classes you Osterberg places a strong emphasis on examining teach at Dartmouth is the importance of acknowledging regional—as opposed to global—climate change. His efforts are humankind’s impact in causing global climate change. currently directed toward understanding the dynamics and What are the trends in global climate change right now? mechanisms influencing meteorological conditions and glacial We can think of global climate change as the combination
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