DOCSLIB.ORG

Front Matter and Table of Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Front Matter and Table of Contents DANGEROUS MINDS Political Psychiatry in China Today and its Origins in the Mao Era Human Rights Watch and Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry Copyright © August 2002 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-278-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2002109978 Cover photo: Inside the Tianjin Ankang institute for mentally disordered offenders. There is no credit/copyright for anonymity reasons. Cover design by Rafael Jiménez Addresses for Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor, New York, NY 10118-3299 Tel: (212) 290-4700, Fax: (212) 736-1300, E-mail: [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 500, Washington, D.C. 20009 Tel: (202) 612-4321, Fax: (202) 612-4333, E-mail: [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, Second Floor, London N1 9FP, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail: [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To subscribe to the Human Rights Watch news e-mail list, send a blank e-mail message to [email protected]. Addresses for Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry P.O. Box 2182 1200 BG Hilversum, The Netherlands Tel.: (31) 35 6838727, Fax (31) 35 6833646, E-mail [email protected] Zenevos Iniciatyva Psichiatrijoje Oginskio 3, 2040 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel: 00370-2-715760, Fax: 00370-2-715761, E-mail: [email protected] Zhenevska Iniciativa v Psihiatriata 1, Maliovitsa Str., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria Tel/fax:+359 2 987 78 75, E-mail:[email protected] HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. Our reputation for timely, reliable disclosures has made us an essential source of information for those concerned with human rights. We address the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law, and a vigorous civil society; we document and denounce murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, discrimination, and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Our goal is to hold governments accountable if they transgress the rights of their people. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Europe and Central Asia division (then known as Helsinki Watch). Today, it also includes divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Middle East. In addition, it includes three thematic divisions on arms, children’s rights, and women’s rights. It maintains offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, London, Brussels, Moscow, Tashkent, Tblisi, and Bangkok. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations worldwide. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. The staff includes Kenneth Roth, executive director; Michele Alexander, development director; Reed Brody, advocacy director; Carroll Bogert, communications director; John T. Green, operations director, Barbara Guglielmo, finance director; Lotte Leicht, Brussels office director; Michael McClintock, deputy program director; Patrick Minges, publications director; Maria Pignataro Nielsen, human resources director; Malcolm Smart, program director; Wilder Tayler, legal and policy director; and Joanna Weschler, United Nations representative. Jonathan Fanton is the chair of the board. Robert L. Bernstein is the founding chair. The regional directors of Human Rights Watch are Peter Takirambudde, Africa; José Miguel Vivanco, Americas; Mike Jendrzejczyk (Acting), Asia; Elizabeth Andersen, Europe and Central Asia; and Hanny Megally, Middle East and North Africa. The thematic division directors are Joost R. Hiltermann, arms; Lois Whitman, children’s; and LaShawn R. Jefferson, women’s. The members of the board of directors are Jonathan Fanton, Chair; Robert L. Bernstein, Founding Chair, Lisa Anderson, David M. Brown, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Gina Despres, Irene Diamond, Fiona Druckenmiller, Edith Everett, Michael Gellert, Vartan Gregorian, Alice H. Henkin, James F. Hoge, Jr., Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Wendy Keys, Bruce J. Klatsky, Joanne Leedom - Ackerman, Josh Mailman, Joel Motley, Samuel K. Murumba, Jane Olson, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Peratis, Catherine Powell, Bruce Rabb, Sigrid Rausing, Orville Schell, Sid Sheinberg, Gary G. Sick, Malcolm Smith, Domna Stanton, John Studzinski, Maureen White, Maya Wiley. Emeritus Board: Roland Algrant, Adrian DeWind, and Malcolm Smith. GENEVA INITIATIVE ON PSYCHIATRY Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry is the main development agency working in mental health care in Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States (CCEE/NIS), and it focuses its efforts on the principle of empowerment of local mental health reformers and their organizations. Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry engages in a wide spectrum of mental health related work: pilot projects, policy development, structural projects, training and publication programs, NGO development and exchange of experience and know-how between mental health reformers in the CCEE/NIS. Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry collaborates, internationally, with mental health organizations such as the World Health Organization and the World Psychiatric Association, and strives, at local level, to promote and deepen cooperation between mental healthcare facilities and their users, family members and user organizations. Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry monitors the human rights situation in mental health in all countries where it operates, and combats the political abuse of psychiatry wherever it is found to occur. Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry General secretary: Robert van Voren The international foundation Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry sprang to life in 1980 to combat the political abuse of psychiatry which at that moment was widely used as a tool of repression in the Soviet Union and in a number of Eastern European countries. Its campaigns helped to force the Soviet All-Union Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists (AUSPN) to withdraw from the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) in early 1983. In 1989 the situation was changing dramatically in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. In the preceding two years, virtually all political prisoners had been released from prisons, camps, exile and psychiatric hospitals, the latter group being the last ones to be set free. When increasing numbers of Soviet psychiatrists contacted the organization with the request to assist them in reforming mental health care in their country, it felt it had a duty to respond positively and to help end the legacy of Soviet totalitarian psychiatry. In 1993, the Network of Reformers in Psychiatry was established, which developed into a support group and think tank for mental health reform for countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States (CCEE/NIS). It now unites some 600 mental health reformers in 29 countries. It is multi-disciplinary: among its members are psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, social workers, sociologists, lawyers, relatives of the mentally ill as well as a growing number of users. More than a hundred non-governmental mental health organizations in the CCEE/NIS are linked to the Network. Geneva Initiatives strives to improve the lives of the users of mental health care services, users being both consumers and their relatives and dependents alike. However, Geneva Initiative also strives for a structural improvement of their situation, and thus tends to concentrate on programs with a structural nature, such as policy reform, institutional reform, care program reform and educational reform. In addition, we try to combine the positive sides of pioneering and taking risks with the need to achieve sustainability – daring programs do not make sense if there is no chance of future funding from regular financial sources. However, at the same time, without daring programs the barrier of stagnation and inertia often cannot be overcome. Board of Directors Prof . Robin Jacoby (UK, Chairman); Drs. Robert Van Voren (NL, General Secretary); Drs. Rudi Rust (NL, Treasurer); Dr. Jim Birley (UK, Past President); Prof. Richard Bonnie; Drs. Gerard Doornkate (NL); Dr. Ray Freebury (CDN); Dr. Dorothea Holman (UK); Ms. Pien de Lange (NL); Mr. Lars Olof Ljungberg (S); Ms. Ellen Mercer (USA); Ms. Jane Salvage (UK); Mr. Joel Slack (USA); Drs. Conny Westgeest (NL). GIP Staff Hilversum: Robert Van Voren (Director); Jan Veldmeijer; Maaike Hooghoudt; Mariska Kools; Rob Keukens, Ella Terburg; Cisca Goedhart. Vilnius: Dana Migaliova (Director); Irena Kuldos; Alexander Avramenko. Sofia: Elena Dimitrova (Director);
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China
    Entropy 2014, 16, 6313-6337; doi:10.3390/e16126313 OPEN ACCESS entropy ISSN 1099-4300 www.mdpi.com/journal/entropy Article Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China Xixi Chen 1, Tao Hu 1, Fu Ren 1,2,*, Deng Chen 1, Lan Li 1 and Nan Gao 1 1 School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129, Wuhan 430079, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (T.H.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (N.G.) 2 Key Laboratory of Geographical Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 129, Wuhan 430079, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel: +86-27-87664557; Fax: +86-27-68778893. External Editor: Hwa-Lung Yu Received: 20 July 2014; in revised form: 31 October 2014 / Accepted: 26 November 2014 / Published: 1 December 2014 Abstract: Hubei Province is the hub of communications in central China, which directly determines its strategic position in the country’s development. Additionally, Hubei Province is well-known for its diverse landforms, including mountains, hills, mounds and plains. This area is called “The Province of Thousand Lakes” due to the abundance of water resources. Geographical names are exclusive names given to physical or anthropogenic geographic entities at specific spatial locations and are important signs by which humans understand natural and human activities. In this study, geographic information systems (GIS) technology is adopted to establish a geodatabase of geographical names with particular characteristics in Hubei Province and extract certain geomorphologic and environmental factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Eugenics, Nazi and Soviet Psychiatry Jason Luty
    Advances in psychiatric treatment (2014), vol. 20, 52–60 doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.112.010330 ARTICLE Psychiatry and the dark side: eugenics, Nazi and Soviet psychiatry Jason Luty Jason Luty is consultant in restrict liberty, that tends towards abuse if not SUMMARY addictions psychiatry at Borders regulated by the legal or political system. In the Health. He has published in the Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz fought coercion past, there have been abuses of psychiatrists’ addictions field and trained at (compulsory detention) and denied that mental the Maudsley Hospital, London powers to detain people, but these have been illness existed. Although he was regarded as a and spent 8 years as consultant instigated at the direction of governments such maverick, his ideas are much more plausible when in addictions at the South Essex as that in Nazi Germany (leading to genocide of Partnership University NHS one discovers that between 1939 and 1941, up to Foundation Trust. He has a PhD in 100 000 mentally ill people, including 5000 children, mentally ill people) and the USSR (where political pharmacology following a study were killed in Nazi Germany. In the course of the dissidents were detained with a diagnosis of of the molecular mechanisms Nazi regime, over 400 000 forced sterilisations took ‘sluggish schizophrenia’). of receptor desensitisation and place, mainly of people with mental illnesses. Other tolerance. He is a wobbly member of the English Conservative Party. countries, including Denmark, Norway, Sweden Psychiatry and eugenics and Switzerland, had active forced sterilisation Correspondence Dr Jason Luty, The science of eugenics emerged during the Borders Addiction Service, The programmes and eugenics laws.
    [Show full text]
  • 28. Rights Defense and New Citizen's Movement
    JOBNAME: EE10 Biddulph PAGE: 1 SESS: 3 OUTPUT: Fri May 10 14:09:18 2019 28. Rights defense and new citizen’s movement Teng Biao 28.1 THE RISE OF THE RIGHTS DEFENSE MOVEMENT The ‘Rights Defense Movement’ (weiquan yundong) emerged in the early 2000s as a new focus of the Chinese democracy movement, succeeding the Xidan Democracy Wall movement of the late 1970s and the Tiananmen Democracy movement of 1989. It is a social movement ‘involving all social strata throughout the country and covering every aspect of human rights’ (Feng Chongyi 2009, p. 151), one in which Chinese citizens assert their constitutional and legal rights through lawful means and within the legal framework of the country. As Benney (2013, p. 12) notes, the term ‘weiquan’is used by different people to refer to different things in different contexts. Although Chinese rights defense lawyers have played a key role in defining and providing leadership to this emerging weiquan movement (Carnes 2006; Pils 2016), numerous non-lawyer activists and organizations are also involved in it. The discourse and activities of ‘rights defense’ (weiquan) originated in the 1990s, when some citizens began using the law to defend consumer rights. The 1990s also saw the early development of rural anti-tax movements, labor rights campaigns, women’s rights campaigns and an environmental movement. However, in a narrow sense as well as from a historical perspective, the term weiquan movement only refers to the rights campaigns that emerged after the Sun Zhigang incident in 2003 (Zhu Han 2016, pp. 55, 60). The Sun Zhigang incident not only marks the beginning of the rights defense movement; it also can be seen as one of its few successes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1987
    ТаІИНPublishtd by tht Ukrainian National A5sociation Inc.. a fraternal non-profit associationу| Vol. LV No.9 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, MARCH 1.1987 25 cent5 Treblinka survivors' testimony begins Gen. Petro Grigorenko dies NEW YORK - Petro Hryhorovych in Demjanjui( trial's second week Grigorenko, a founding member of Special to Svoboda and The Weekly said, wore black uniforms, while the both the Moscow and Ukrainian Hel­ Germans were dressed in green. He sinki monitoring groups, and a former JERUSALEM - Two survivors of recalled his experiences in the camp Red Army general, died here at Beth the Treblinka death camp testified this dramatically and emotionally as he had Israel Hospital on Saturday, February week at the war crimes trial of John done in German and American courts, 21. He was 79. Demjanjuk, and both identified the at legal proceedings against, among A tireless defender of human and retired autoworker as "Ivan of Tre­ others, Feodor Fedorenko and Mr. national rights until his death, Gen. blinka" in dramatic appearances. Demjanjuk. Grigorenko was confined for nearly six During cross-examination of both Mr. Epstein pointed at Mr. Demjan­ years (1963-1964, 1969-1974) in Soviet witnesses, the defense pointed out juk and shouted, "This is the man, the psychiatric hospitals in retaliation for inconsistencies in each witness's own man sitting over there," in identifying such activities. testimony given at various times as well him as a guard at Treblinka named In 1978, while in the United States for as discrepancies between the testimo­ Ivan. Some of the spectators at the trial medical treatment, he was stripped of nies of both men.
    [Show full text]
  • Palacký University Olomouc Faculty of Education Institute of Education and Social Studies
    Palacký University Olomouc Faculty of Education Institute of Education and Social Studies The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 ZHANG Lijuan, ME.d Supervisor doc. Mgr. Štefan Chudý, Ph.D Olomouc, Czech Republic 2018 ZHANG Lijuan The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 Declaration of Originality I, ZHANG Lijuan (Student number 80062329) declare that this dissertation entitled “The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom, 1991-2015” submitted as partial requirement for Ph.D. study programme of Education is my original work and that all the sources in any form (e.g. ideas, figures, texts, tables, etc.) that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged in the text as well as in the list of references. _____________________ _________________ Signature Date I ZHANG Lijuan The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 Acknowledgement My doctoral study at Palacký University will come to an end soon. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to many people who supported me during my study. First and foremost, I would like to express my great appreciation and sincere thanks to my supervisor, doc. Mgr. Štefan Chudý, Ph.D. You have provided me with good suggestions and instructions in my study. Especially when I lost my confidence, your encouragement and support gave me so much power and really cheered me up. I would like to thank Doc. PhDr. Hana Marešová, Ph.D., Doc. PhDr. Zdeněk Novotný, CSc., Doc. Mgr. Miroslav Dopita, Ph.D., Danping Peng and other members of the academic committee for your comments and suggestions on my research.
    [Show full text]
  • Protection and Utilization of Confucian Temple in Southern Shaanxi from the Perspective of Cultural Heritage
    Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2020, 8, 225-237 https://www.scirp.org/journal/jss ISSN Online: 2327-5960 ISSN Print: 2327-5952 Protection and Utilization of Confucian Temple in Southern Shaanxi from the Perspective of Cultural Heritage Hongdan Guo School of Literature and Media, Ankang University, Ankang, China How to cite this paper: Guo, H. D. (2020). Abstract Protection and Utilization of Confucian Temple in Southern Shaanxi from the As a precious historical and cultural heritage, we should not only pay attention Perspective of Cultural Heritage. Open to protection and inheritance, but also fully consider how to develop and utilize Journal of Social Sciences, 8, 225-237. the Confucian temples. For this purpose, we carried out field research on the https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.812017 remaining Confucian temples in southern Shaanxi, where social attention is Received: November 10, 2020 low. After investigation, it was found that: the situation of surviving Confucian Accepted: December 15, 2020 temples in southern Shaanxi is different. There are some Confucian temples Published: December 18, 2020 where the ancient buildings are relatively well preserved, or got seriously dam- aged but have been restored or rebuilt. There are also some Confucian temples Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. where only a few buildings or a single building exist, or even no physical build- This work is licensed under the Creative ings in the ruins. In terms of the utilization of the existing Confucian temples, Commons Attribution International except for some Confucian temples, which are now integrated with museums License (CC BY 4.0).
    [Show full text]
  • Silencing Complaints Chinese Human Rights Defenders March 11, 2008
    Silencing Complaints Chinese Human Rights Defenders March 11, 2008 Chinese Human Rights Defenders (CHRD) Web: http://crd-net.org/ Email: [email protected] One World, One Dream: Universal Human Rights Silencing Complaints: Human Rights Abuses Against Petitioners in China A report by Chinese Human Rights Defenders In its Special Series on Human Rights and the Olympics Abstract As China prepares to host the Olympics, this report finds that illegal interception and arbitrary detention of petitioners bringing grievances to higher authorities have become more systematic and extensive, especially in the host city of the Olympic Games, Beijing. ―The most repressive mechanisms are now being employed to block the steady stream of petitioners from registering their grievances in Beijing. The Chinese government wants to erase the image of people protesting in front of government buildings, as it would ruin the meticulously cultivated impression of a contented, modern, prosperous China welcoming the world to the Olympics this summer,‖ said Liu Debo,1 who participated in the investigations and research for this report. Petitioners, officially estimated to be 10 million, are amongst those most vulnerable to human rights abuses in China today. As they bring complaints about lower levels of government to higher authorities, they face harassment and retaliation. Officially, the Chinese government encourages petitions and has an extensive governmental bureaucracy to handle them. In practice, however, officials at all levels of government have a vested interest in preventing petitioners from speaking up about the mistreatment and injustices they have suffered. The Chinese government has developed a complex extra-legal system to intercept, confine, and punish petitioners in order to control and silence them, often employing brutal means such as assault, surveillance, harassment of family members, kidnapping, and incarceration in secret detention centers, psychiatric institutions and Re-education through Labor camps.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction the Spiritual Atom Bomb and Its Global Fallout
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05722-7 - Mao’s Little Red Book: A Global History Edited by Alexander C. Cook Excerpt More information 1 Introduction The spiritual atom bomb and its global fallout Alexander C. Cook Once Mao Tse-tung’s thought is grasped by the broad masses, it becomes a source of strength and a spiritual atom bomb of infinite power. Lin Biao, foreword to the second edition This introduction is not so much about Mao’s quotations themselves, but rather the effusive foreword that introduced Chinese and foreign readers to Quotations from Chairman Mao at the height of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Credited to Lin Biao, Mao’s top military man and tireless promoter of the Little Red Book, it described how the written word could transform ideas into a material force for revolution. According to the foreword, the Little Red Book was a weapon of mass instruction – the intercontinental delivery system for a potentially world-shattering ideological payload: “Once Mao Tse-tung’s thought is grasped by the broad masses, it becomes a source of strength and a spiritual atom bomb of infinite power.”1 Lin Biao’s metaphor was an adulatory exaggeration, of course, but it should not be dismissed as only that. I will show, through an extended exegesis, that the spiritual atom bomb was in fact a coherent concept within its own Maoist intellectual context. More broadly, I will argue that the spiritual atom bomb was also a telling symptom of anxieties about the Cultural Revolution in China, about the Sino-Soviet split within the socialist world, about the larger Cold War between capitalism and socialism, and about the global confrontation with the real prospect of nuclear Armageddon.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Politics of Taiwan's February 28
    The History and Politics of Taiwan’s February 28 Incident, 1947- 2008 by Yen-Kuang Kuo BA, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taiwan, 1991 BA, University of Victoria, 2007 MA, University of Victoria, 2009 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History © Yen-Kuang Kuo, 2020 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee The History and Politics of Taiwan’s February 28 Incident, 1947- 2008 by Yen-Kuang Kuo BA, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taiwan, 1991 BA, University of Victoria, 2007 MA, University of Victoria, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Zhongping Chen, Supervisor Department of History Dr. Gregory Blue, Departmental Member Department of History Dr. John Price, Departmental Member Department of History Dr. Andrew Marton, Outside Member Department of Pacific and Asian Studies iii Abstract Taiwan’s February 28 Incident happened in 1947 as a set of popular protests against the postwar policies of the Nationalist Party, and it then sparked militant actions and political struggles of Taiwanese but ended with military suppression and political persecution by the Nanjing government. The Nationalist Party first defined the Incident as a rebellion by pro-Japanese forces and communist saboteurs. As the enemy of the Nationalist Party in China’s Civil War (1946-1949), the Chinese Communist Party initially interpreted the Incident as a Taiwanese fight for political autonomy in the party’s wartime propaganda, and then reinterpreted the event as an anti-Nationalist uprising under its own leadership.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 China Xi'an-Ankang Railway Construction Project
    China Xi’an-Ankang Railway Construction Project (1)-(3) (CXVII-P73, CXVIII-P73, CXIX-P73) External Evaluator: Mitsue Mishima (OPMAC) Field Survey: October 2004 1. Project Profile and Japan’s ODA Loan Mongolia Beijing North Korea China South Korea Project site Xian Nepal Ankang Bhutan India Taiwan Myanmar Vietnam Laos Project site location map (Xian-Ankang, Shannxi Province) Qingcha Tunnel 1.1 Background The project site (Xian- Ankang) is located in the southern part of Shaanxi Province where the 3000-meter high Qinling Mountains extend over 1500 kilometers, and was therefore undeveloped due to difficulties in transportation and remoteness from cities. Southwest of the project site is Sichuan Province, the largest province with a population of 110 million accounting for 10% of the population of China. However, as there is no other transport route to Sichuan Province than taking a detour around the Qinling Mountains, there were only limited routes to transport energy and everyday commodities from the north. Railway transport from other regions to Sichuan Province depended on Baoching Line (Baoji-Chengdu) from the north and Xiangyu Line (Xiangfan-Ankang-Chongquing) from the east, and both lines were operating to full capacity. It was particularly difficult to double-track Baoching Line, which takes a detour to avoid the Qinling Mountains because of 1) long distance of transport, 2) large cost to transport on a gradient at an angel of 3%, and 3) the topographical problem. The opening of the electrified single track of Xian-Ankang Line not only helped increase the transport capacity within Shaanxi Province but also shortened the traveling distance to Chongquing and eased the transportation load on Baoching Line.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arts of Making Do and Working out in Beijing, China
    What are friends for?: The arts of making do and working out in Beijing, China Michelle Yang Zhang Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 Michelle Yang Zhang All Rights Reserved Abstract What are friends for?: The arts of making do and working out in Beijing, China Michelle Yang Zhang Through a second look at the now twenty-five-year-old literature on guanxi, a form of reciprocal relationship making and using in China, I examine how the kinds of opportunities and challenges possible for young people intersect with who they know and how this has changed (with its own set of reflections on and consequences for a still-rapidly changing China) since China’s rural to urban transition. My dissertation project examines how young people in contemporary urban China form and produce guanxi ties (resource-full relationships) through the theoretical lens of practice and possibility, inspired by de Certeau’s conceptualization of practice, productive consumption, and strategies versus tactics (1984). Drawing on qualitative data gathered through participant observation and unstructured interviews, I sought to both describe and analyze when, where, and how social networks became consequential. Central to my methodology is an emphasis on people and their practices rather than the common sense categories used to describe them. The people in my field research were predominantly aged 18- 30 and came from a range of ethnic, professional, and education backgrounds. In so doing, I was able to examine the moments and contexts within which some people have opportunities and others do not, as well as when some are vulnerable while others are less so.
    [Show full text]
  • Laogai Handbook 劳改手册 2007-2008
    L A O G A I HANDBOOK 劳 改 手 册 2007 – 2008 The Laogai Research Foundation Washington, DC 2008 The Laogai Research Foundation, founded in 1992, is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization [501 (c) (3)] incorporated in the District of Columbia, USA. The Foundation’s purpose is to gather information on the Chinese Laogai - the most extensive system of forced labor camps in the world today – and disseminate this information to journalists, human rights activists, government officials and the general public. Directors: Harry Wu, Jeffrey Fiedler, Tienchi Martin-Liao LRF Board: Harry Wu, Jeffrey Fiedler, Tienchi Martin-Liao, Lodi Gyari Laogai Handbook 劳改手册 2007-2008 Copyright © The Laogai Research Foundation (LRF) All Rights Reserved. The Laogai Research Foundation 1109 M St. NW Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (202) 408-8300 / 8301 Fax: (202) 408-8302 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.laogai.org ISBN 978-1-931550-25-3 Published by The Laogai Research Foundation, October 2008 Printed in Hong Kong US $35.00 Our Statement We have no right to forget those deprived of freedom and 我们没有权利忘却劳改营中失去自由及生命的人。 life in the Laogai. 我们在寻求真理, 希望这类残暴及非人道的行为早日 We are seeking the truth, with the hope that such horrible 消除并且永不再现。 and inhumane practices will soon cease to exist and will never recur. 在中国，民主与劳改不可能并存。 In China, democracy and the Laogai are incompatible. THE LAOGAI RESEARCH FOUNDATION Table of Contents Code Page Code Page Preface 前言 ...............................................................…1 23 Shandong Province 山东省.............................................. 377 Introduction 概述 .........................................................…4 24 Shanghai Municipality 上海市 .......................................... 407 Laogai Terms and Abbreviations 25 Shanxi Province 山西省 ................................................... 423 劳改单位及缩写............................................................28 26 Sichuan Province 四川省 ................................................
    [Show full text]