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Palacký University Olomouc Faculty of Education Institute of Education and Social Studies Palacký University Olomouc Faculty of Education Institute of Education and Social Studies The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 ZHANG Lijuan, ME.d Supervisor doc. Mgr. Štefan Chudý, Ph.D Olomouc, Czech Republic 2018 ZHANG Lijuan The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 Declaration of Originality I, ZHANG Lijuan (Student number 80062329) declare that this dissertation entitled “The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom, 1991-2015” submitted as partial requirement for Ph.D. study programme of Education is my original work and that all the sources in any form (e.g. ideas, figures, texts, tables, etc.) that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged in the text as well as in the list of references. _____________________ _________________ Signature Date I ZHANG Lijuan The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 Acknowledgement My doctoral study at Palacký University will come to an end soon. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to many people who supported me during my study. First and foremost, I would like to express my great appreciation and sincere thanks to my supervisor, doc. Mgr. Štefan Chudý, Ph.D. You have provided me with good suggestions and instructions in my study. Especially when I lost my confidence, your encouragement and support gave me so much power and really cheered me up. I would like to thank Doc. PhDr. Hana Marešová, Ph.D., Doc. PhDr. Zdeněk Novotný, CSc., Doc. Mgr. Miroslav Dopita, Ph.D., Danping Peng and other members of the academic committee for your comments and suggestions on my research. I would also like to thank Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research, Germany for offering me a scholarship to carry out history textbook research. From here I found most of the history textbooks needed in my dissertation. Great thanks to the head of Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research, Dr. Falk Pingel for giving me so many specific advices on my dissertation. Great appreciations must be given to Professor Edmund Doragh at the University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany for always answering my questions patiently and providing valuable insight for my dissertation. I am very grateful to five professors at Sichuan Normal University. I would like to express my gratitude to professor Badeng Nima for offering me the opportunity to study aboard，and professor Wu Dingchu, my supervisor in China, for giving me academic guidance; additionally, professor Wang Chuan, Wang Xiaoyan, Chen Hui who has been supporting my research for many years. Moreover, I also wish to thank professor Huang Xiaoming, a warm-hearted and wise man for providing necessary help for my life and study in Olomouc. In addition, most notable thanks to my husband, Yi Ge. To him, I own debt of gratitude. Similar gratitude deserves to my parents and my lovely daughter Yi Ran. Your unlimited support empowers me to move ahead. II ZHANG Lijuan The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 Abstract Textbooks play a vital role in helping students to develop the national identity by providing them with “official knowledge” and conveying recognizable social values. Through analyzing the representations of China in other countries’ textbooks, we can know better about ourselves and others. The aim of the study is to examine the representations of China and China-related topics in history textbooks of the United Kingdom, 1991-2015. Based on the frequency statistics, this study taps on three themes, including Mao Zedong, the Second Sino-Japanese War and Tiananmen Square Event in 1989 to analyze how China was portrayed in history textbooks of the United Kingdom. Chapter 1 introduced the research background, including reasons for choosing the United Kingdom to analyze its representations of China, and reasons for targeting on 1991-2015 as the time duration, and reasons for choosing history textbooks as the research object. Then this dissertation briefly introduced the theoretical foundations, content, significance and aims of this study. Chapter 2 examined the relevant literatures about the research on China in history textbooks of the United Kingdom, Chinese studies in the United Kingdom, as well as the research on China in other countries’ history textbooks, together with the research on the “self” and “others” in history textbooks. Chapter 3 described research methodology. In total, thirty UK history textbooks have been chosen as research samples. Frequency analysis and discourse analysis were used to analyze how China was represented in UK history textbooks. Chapter 4 detailed how these three themes including Mao Zedong, the Second Sino-Japanese War, Tiananmen Square Event in 1989 were portrayed in UK history textbooks of the United Kingdom. Chapter 5 listed the features of the representation of China and discussed the factors which influenced the representation of China in history textbooks of the United Kingdom. Finally, recommendations for government and organizations, as well as history textbooks publishers and authors, and history teachers have been proposed. Key words: history textbooks, the United Kingdom, China, 1991-2015 III ZHANG Lijuan The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research background ........................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Reasons for choosing the United Kingdom ................................................... 1 1.1.2 Reasons for 1991-2015 .................................................................................. 4 1.1.3 Reasons for history textbooks........................................................................ 5 1.2 Research theoretical foundations ......................................................................... 7 1.3 Research content .................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Research significance ......................................................................................... 10 1.5 Research aims ..................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Outline of the dissertation .................................................................................. 10 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 12 2.1 Research on China in history textbooks of the United Kingdom ....................... 12 2.2 Research on China studies in the United Kingdom............................................ 14 2.3 Research on China in other countries’ history textbooks ................................... 16 2.4 Research on the “self” and “others” in history textbooks .................................. 19 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................................ 20 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................. 22 3.1 Research samples ............................................................................................... 23 3.1.1 Channels for collecting these textbooks ...................................................... 23 3.1.2 Reasons for choosing these textbooks as samples ....................................... 24 3.2 Frequency analysis ............................................................................................. 40 3.3 Discourse analysis .............................................................................................. 46 3.4 Summary ............................................................................................................ 50 4 RESEARCH RESULTS ........................................................................................... 52 4.1 Mao Zedong in history textbooks of the United Kingdom ................................ 52 4.1.1 The frequency analysis of Mao Zedong ...................................................... 56 4.1.2 The discourse analysis of Mao Zedong ....................................................... 62 4.1.3 Discussion and conclusions ......................................................................... 67 4.2 The Second Sino-Japanese War in history textbooks of the United Kingdom .. 73 4.2.1 The frequency analysis of the Second Sino-Japanese War ......................... 77 4.2.2 The discourse analysis of the Second Sino-Japanese War .......................... 80 IV ZHANG Lijuan The Representation of China in History Textbooks of the United Kingdom，1991-2015 4.2.3 Discussion and conclusions ......................................................................... 93 4.3 Tiananmen Square Event in history textbooks of the United Kingdom .......... 100 4.3.1 The frequency analysis of Tiananmen Square Event ................................ 103 4.3.2 The discourse analysis of the Tiananmen Square Events .......................... 106 4.3.3 Discussion and conclusions ....................................................................... 114 5 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 122 5.1 The features of the representation of China in history textbooks of the United Kingdom ................................................................................................................
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