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MANUAL LAOGAI 劳 改 手 册 2007 - 2008 La Laogai Research Foundation Washington, DC 2008 1 La Laogai Research Foundation, fundada en 1992, es una organización sin fines de lucro, exenta de impuestos [501 (c) (3)] incorporado al el Distrito de Columbia, EE.UU.. El propósito de la Fundación es reunir información sobre los chinos Laogai - el sistema más generalizado de los trabajos forzados campos en el mundo de hoy en día - y difundir esta información a los periodistas, activistas de derechos humanos, funcionarios de gobierno y público en general público. Directores: Harry Wu, Jeffrey Fiedler, Tienchi Martin-Liao LRF Régimen: Harry Wu, Jeffrey Fiedler, Tienchi Martin-Liao, Lodi Gyari Laogai Manual 劳改 手册 2007-2008 Copyright © Laogai Research Foundation (LRF) Todos los Derechos Reservados. Laogai Research Foundation 1109 M St. NW Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (202) 408-8300 / 8301 Fax: (202) 408-8302 E-mail: [email protected] Sitio web: www.laogai.org ISBN 978-1-931550-25-3 Publicado por la Fundación de Investigación Laogai, octubre de 2008 Impreso en Hong Kong EE.UU. $ 35,00 2 Nuestra Declaración Our Statement No tenemos derecho a olvidar a We have no right to forget those las personas privadas de libertad deprived of freedom and life in the y de la vida en la Laogai. Laogai. 我们没有权利忘却劳改营中失去自由及 Buscamos la verdad, con la We are seeking the truth, with the 生命的人。 esperanza de que esas horribles e hope that such horrible and 我们在寻求真理, inhumanas prácticas pronto inhumane practices will soon 希望这类残暴及非人道的行为早日 dejarán de existir y la voluntad de cease to exist and will never 消除并且永不再现。 在中国，民主与劳改不可能并存。 que nunca se repitan. recur. En China, la democracia y la In China, democracy and the Laogai son incompatibles. Laogai are incompatible. LAOGAI RESEARCH FOUNDATION 3 Tabla de Contenidos Tema Página Code Page Prefacio ……......................................................................... 7 15 Región Autónoma del Interior de Mongolia................. 142 Introducción …….................................................................. 9 16 Provincia de Jiangsu…..............................................152 Términos y abreviaturas 17 Provincia de Jiangxi……............................................ 166 Laogai............................................................................... 29 18 Provincia de Jilin…................................................... 172 Guía de lectores ……………...................................................... 30 19 Provincia Liaoning ………............................................181 Mapa de la República Popular de China................................... 31 20 Ningxia Aut. Región................................................. 197 01 Provincia de Anhui ................................................... 32 21 Provincia de Qinghai….............................................. 200 02 Beijing Municipio ..................................................... 41 22 Provincia de Shaanxi ............................................... 209 03 Municipio de Chongqing………......................................47 23 Provincia de Shandong.............................................216 04 Provincia de Fujian....................................................51 24 Distrito de Shanghai …….......................................... 235 05 Provincia de Gansu .................................................. 62 25 Provincia de Shanxi.................................................245 06 Provincia de Guangdong............................................ 70 26 Provincia de Sichuan............................................... 253 07 Aut Guangxi............................................................ 85 27 Municipio de Tianjin................................................ 268 08 Provincia de Guizhou................................................ 87 28 Región Autónoma de Uigur……………............................ 271 09 Provincia de Hainan…................................................93 29 Xizang Aut. Región (Tibet)……………............................ 10 Provincia de Hebei....................................................95 30 Provincia de Yunnan................................................ 278 11 Provincia de Heilongjiang………..................................101 31 Provincia de Zhejiang .............................................. 283 12 Provincia de Henan..............................................….111 13 Provincia de Hubei..................................................116 Aviso Publicado por el Ministerio de Finanzas y de la Oficina 14 Provincia de Hunan.................................................128 Nacional de Ingresos Públicos……................................... 291 4 5 Prefacio China revelan que en muchas de las medidas de una gran nación - Recientemente, China se encuentra frecuentemente en la protección del medio ambiente y el desarrollo sostenible, la vanguardia del escenario internacional, especialmente como país igualdad de oportunidades económicas y el acceso al bienestar anfitrión de la 2008 Juegos Olímpicos de Verano. Los líderes chinos social, la salud pública, las condiciones laborales justas, y así habían esperado mucho tiempo esta oportunidad de mostrar la sucesivamente- China está a la altura de los estándares cara nueva de China –moderna, próspera y orgullosa. Pero internacionales. Y con respecto a los derechos humanos en mientras que Beijing logró dar actuaciones impresionantes, tanto particular, China ha sido sin lugar a dudas no cumplió con sus en los eventos deportivos y en las ceremonias olímpicas, la imagen expectativas Olímpicas. de una "armoniosa" nación que deseaba proyecto fue socavado por otros acontecimientos importantes que llamaron la atención de la La Laogai, sistema brutal de China de campos de trabajo forzados, comunidad internacional. sigue siendo uno de las fallas más evidentes en el registro derechos humanos de China. Aunque el término Laogai (reforma a En marzo de 2008 el mundo vio como China respondió de manera través del trabajo) fue sustituido de uso oficial con Jianyu (prisión) enérgica y generalizada a manifestaciones difundidas en áreas en 1994, con el fin de sugerir a los países occidentales que el tibetanas, con indiscriminada represión contra la comunidad sistema penal chino no era tan diferente que el de ellos, la tibetana, incluyendo monjes y monjas. Otro incidente fue la verdadera naturaleza de la Laogai no ha cambiado. El lema Laogai reacción de China ante el terremoto que devastó partes de Sichuan "Primero reformar, producción después" sigue apareciendo en la el 12 de mayo. Las condiciones en los informes, que eran puerta de la prisión y los millones de Laogai presos siguen inicialmente muy libres después del desastre, se volvieron soportando "reforma" ejercicios que implican trabajo forzado, rápidamente limitadas después de que las historias comenzaron a adoctrinamiento político, y, a menudo, abuso físico y mental. Por emerger de los padres en duelo que culpaban de la muerte de sus otra parte, el Laojiao (re-educación a través de trabajo) hijos a la deficiente construcción de los edificios escolares. China componente del sistema Laogai, que reapareció en principios de la también ha frustrado, en los últimos años, a la comunidad década de 1980, permite el arresto y detención de pequeños internacional con su continuo apoyo a otros regímenes delincuentes de hasta tres años sin acusación formal ni juicio, no dictatoriales, en Sudán, Myanmar y Zimbabwe. China no sólo ha es ni siquiera considerado por el gobierno chino para calificarse proporcionado a estos regímenes la protección diplomática, sino como una prisión. Más bien, se considera como una forma de que también les ha facilitado armas. Además, aunque China aún se detención administrativa y se emplea a menudo en contra de mantiene como campeón en el campo de las exportaciones políticos y religiosos disidentes. baratas, la salud y la seguridad estándares de sus productos, fue Además de servir como un instrumento de represión de la Laogai cuestionada el año pasado cuando consumidores en los EE.UU. y también funciona como una empresa comercial, la explotación de en todo el mundo descubrieron que había hecho la compra de su gran oferta de mano de obra gratuita para generar ingresos alimentos venenosos y tóxicos juguetes de China. para los funcionarios de la cárcel y para el Partido Comunista Chino Por lo tanto, a pesar de una intensa ofensiva de propaganda de (PCCh). De acuerdo con el Manual de la Reforma Penal emitido por China, el mundo exterior se las arregló para vislumbrar varios de la Ministerio de Justicia en 1988, la Laogai "organiza criminales en los considerables desafíos enfrenta su liderazgo autoritario. En el trabajo y la producción, de este modo crea riqueza para la efecto, para un observador objetivo, las noticias que llegan desde sociedad." Los presos están involucrados en una amplia gama de 6 esfuerzos económicos, incluyendo la manufactura, la agricultura, la década de esfuerzos, el término Laogai se añadió al Diccionario de minería, la construcción, etc. Se ven obligados a trabajar hasta 14 Inglés de Oxford en 2003, al Diccionario alemán Duden en 2004, y horas al día, a menudo en condiciones peligrosas con equipo de al diccionario Universale italiano en 2006. La inclusión de Laogai en seguridad inadecuado y con insuficiente cuidado en comida, estos léxicos fue un gran logro para LRF y otras luchas para crear descanso y salud. Los presos que no cumplen con las cuotas conciencia sobre el Laogai. Estas definiciones aclaran que, a pueden enfrentar castigos físicos. Los productos son vendidos
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