DOCSLIB.ORG

Sacrilegious Aspect of Javanese Gamelan : Past and Future

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sacrilegious Aspect of Javanese Gamelan : Past and Future 56 HARMON\A. \, , o\un\el?<, No. 1 / ]um 1WS INTRODUCTION influences. The temple was started under King Vishnu Dharmatunga (Sailendra dy- Indonesia, as a very religious count- nasty/kingdom) and it was finished by ry in which the people have believed in his successor King Samaratunga in 825 AD. God, has well known throughout centu- In addition, Mantle Hood mentioned that ries, especially throughout the jou rney of "Bas-reliefs of the 81h-century Borobudur its development as a country and as a na- and early East Javanese temples document tion. Indonesia as a country was not well the existence of prototypes of all instru- known and recognized by the inte r natio- ments of Gamelan Sekati long before the nal world until the end of World War II arrival of Islam in the waning years of the when the country was established as an Majapahit Empire" (Hood 37). The name, independent nation. Also, the current In- Gamelan Sekati, was not known at the time donesian language was not being used na- because the religious change and political tionally and it did not exist until well after application directly influenced the name the country was formed. Nevertheless, the given for the gamelan instrument. At this importance of Indonesia in the history of point, Buddhism influenced Indonesian the international world began far before empire and we do not know what they cal- Indonesia was established as an indepen- led it. The important thing is that gamelan dent nation. instrument was being used and was intro- The first religious kingdom was cal- duced already at this point. Furthermore, led Dvipantam or ]awa Dwipa is known the strength of this kingdom was shown through the reports of Indian scholars in by the defeat of the Chenla kingdom (today 100 AD that mentioned the kingdom was Cambodia) under king Indra in 790 AD. By located on the islands of Java and Sumatra. the time of King Samaratunga passed away, The Javanese writing system was also de- his throne was taken from his son Balaput- veloped during this period by the influen- ra by his daughter's father in law named ce of Indian script, Sanskrit. As a result Patapan from the Sanjaya Dynasty. And Pa- of the Indian influences, Hinduism also tapan turned the kingdom to Buddhism in became a part of the early civilizations of 835 AD. After being succeeded by his son the kingdom in Java and Sumatra. The in- Pikatan, Balaputra tried to take the kingdom fluence of Hinduism in the Javanese King- back but he failed. As, a result, he escaped dom reached its climax during the Taruma to Sumatra and was enthroned in Sriwijaya Kingdom in West Java around 400 AD. On kingdom in about 850 AD. Later on, King top of Hinduism, the influence of Budd- Balitung of the Sanjaya Dynasty was well hism was also introduced around 425 AD. established in central Java around 898 AD During this period, the Arabs, Persians, in Mataram. After King Daksa succeeded Greeks, Romans, and Chinese knew the him, Hinduism became dominant again in kingdoms in Indonesia, again, especially 910 AD. The Prambanan temple was built in Java and Sumatra. The first strong and during this period. The evident of the use widespread kingdom established was the of Gamelan instruments is also shown at Sriwijaya Kingdom, which was established the temple's relief such as cylindrical ken- on Sumatra around 500 AD. This kingdom dang, cymbals, other shapes of kendangs, later invaded the kingdoms surrounding and wooden flute. Kendang is the main it, including the Malayu kingdom, and double sided percussion instrument that many kingdoms in Java around 686 AD. is functioned to give rhythmic guidance Because of the strong religious in- for Gamelan ensembles. After several ot- fluence, many kingdoms in Java were her successors, Mpu Sendok of Sanjaya was converted to Buddhism around 770 AD. enthroned in 929 AD. During this time, the The building process of the great Borobu- empire was moved to East Java. This was dur Temple that is located in Yogyakarta, probably due to the eruption of the Mount Central Java, evidences of this religious' Merapi in about 929 AD. Henry Susan t o Pranoto, Sacrilegious Aspect Of Javanese Gamelan: Past And Future 57 The next important successor was The Islamic influence became greater Dharmawangsa. He became the king of Ma- and greater aroundl400 AD. This influen- taram in 985 AD. In the same year, he con- ce caused the shifting of the major religion quered the Balinese kingdom and moved to Islam in places such as Aceh (located his kingdom to Kalimantan. Beside his am- on Sumatra). The decline of the Majapahit bitions as an invader, he was also known kingdom also contributed to the switch. as an important person who commanded The main denomination of the Islamic re- the translation of Mahabarata works into Ja- ligion that was widely believed was the vanese. This is a collection of Hindu stories school of Shafi'i also called Madhhab . Its that make up part of the literature of Indo- influence can still be seen in today Indone- nesia. Later on, it was also used for deve- sia. Unfortunately, the Islamic influences loping the stories used in gamelan music. in the established kingdoms never brought The most important king of Sanjaya Dynas- any peace with any other religions. In fact, ty was King Airlangga. He was the founder many Hindu people had to move from of a new kingdom called Kahu r ipan in 1019 Java to Bali in 1468 AD to escape from Ma- AD. He is also known , today, as the basic japahit during the rule of Suraprabhawa. model of Indonesian tolerance concerning Because of this, Bali is the central Hindu religion. In his time he protected both Hin- territory in Indonesia, even today. After duism and Buddhism while he also made the establishment of Demak as the main a peace agreement with the Sriwijaya king- court of Majapahit kingdom under Raden dom, which was the other major kingdom Patah, the Islamic kingdom was well estab- at that time. Then, he also united the two lished by 1478 AD. Therefore, the in first kingdoms through marriage in 1030 AD. direct contact with European countries, be- In 1222 AD, Ken Arok founded the ginning with Portuguese conquest in 1511 new kingdom of Singosari because of the se- AD, Indonesia was known as being enga- paration from the main kingdom. His next ged in the Islamic religion. Even the use important successor was Kertanegara who of Islamic terms, such as the titles sultan, ruled in 1268 AD. He promoted the mix- wali, and so forth, was enforced. ture between Hinduism and Buddhism. The influence of Islamic leaders was Marco Polo was visited Sumatra and Java very important in the cultural, social, and during his rule. The strength of his empire political arenas of Indonesia as a whole. was proven by the failure of the Mongol The most important was the influences of invasion under Kublai Khan who sent 1000 Wali Songo (Nine Islamic religious leaders ships to Java in about 1292 AD. Unfortu- entitled as wali). The most influencial wali nately, the allied forces of Mongol and was Wali Kalijogo. Besides being a religio- Wijaya, who was the founder of Majapahit us leader, "he was also known as an artist dynasty under the name of King Kertara- at the time, to compose a number of Java- jasa ]ayau>ardhana, in 1293 AD, overthrew nese songs/tunes to interest the people this dynasty. During the period around in speeches on Islamic teachings made by 1330 AD of the Majapahit dynasty, Patih various Islamic leaders coming to Demak Gajah Mada had a very significant position. Kingdom for that purpose" (Hood 36). As Almost all of Indonesia today was united an adaptation of the gamelan instruments during his lifetime. In 1350 AD, during the into Islamic activity, they might have gi- rule of Rajasancgara, the Islamic kingdoms ven the name Gamelan Sekati as it was fun- that started developing in 1297 in Sumatra ctioned to accompany the Sekaten Festi- under Sultan Malek Saleh, who was the first val during Sekaten week. In fact, Gamelan Muslim ruler in Indonesia. He overthrew Sekati will only be played for the ritual of the Majapahit kingdom. Under the ruler this religious purpose. Therefore, it is very Hayam Wuruk, the Majapahit kingdom was sacrilegious instruments. Through this broken down totally as was the remnant of sample of musical activity, we know that the Sriwijaya dynasty in 1377 AD. in any elements of Indonesian people's life 58 HARMONIA, Volume 13, No. 1 / Juni 2013 Gamelan music is often used as the main INTERA C TION WITH CATHOLICISM musical instruments especially in Java. The first interaction between Indo- Even though we admit that Javanese Ga- nesia and Catholicism was around 1546 melan is the traditional instrument of Java, AD when Portuguese missionaries under we know that the music of Gamelan has St. Francis Xavier came to visit the eastern its influence from India as the source of part of Indonesia in areas such as Moro- Hinduism and Buddhism for many Indo- tai, Ambon, and Ternate. Then, the Dutch nesian kingdoms as mentioned in many started to come in to Indonesia with the temples of religious heritages such as Bo- business motivations around 1590 AD. robudur, Prambanan, ]ago, Ngrimbi, Kedaton, Since their rebellion from the King of Spain Suknh, Tegawangi, and so forth in which all in 1581 AD the Dutch were free to travel of them contains relief of Gamelan instru- more. The Dutch defeated the Portugue- ments mainly kendang.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Concise Ancient History of Indonesia.Pdf
    CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDONESIA CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY O F INDONESIA BY SATYAWATI SULEIMAN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION JAKARTA Copyright by The Archaeological Foundation ]or The National Archaeological Institute 1974 Sponsored by The Ford Foundation Printed by Djambatan — Jakarta Percetakan Endang CONTENTS Preface • • VI I. The Prehistory of Indonesia 1 Early man ; The Foodgathering Stage or Palaeolithic ; The Developed Stage of Foodgathering or Epi-Palaeo- lithic ; The Foodproducing Stage or Neolithic ; The Stage of Craftsmanship or The Early Metal Stage. II. The first contacts with Hinduism and Buddhism 10 III. The first inscriptions 14 IV. Sumatra — The rise of Srivijaya 16 V. Sanjayas and Shailendras 19 VI. Shailendras in Sumatra • •.. 23 VII. Java from 860 A.D. to the 12th century • • 27 VIII. Singhasari • • 30 IX. Majapahit 33 X. The Nusantara : The other islands 38 West Java ; Bali ; Sumatra ; Kalimantan. Bibliography 52 V PREFACE This book is intended to serve as a framework for the ancient history of Indonesia in a concise form. Published for the first time more than a decade ago as a booklet in a modest cyclostyled shape by the Cultural Department of the Indonesian Embassy in India, it has been revised several times in Jakarta in the same form to keep up to date with new discoveries and current theories. Since it seemed to have filled a need felt by foreigners as well as Indonesians to obtain an elementary knowledge of Indonesia's past, it has been thought wise to publish it now in a printed form with the aim to reach a larger public than before.
    [Show full text]
  • Peran Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono Xii Dalam Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (1945-1949)
    PERAN SRI SUSUHUNAN PAKUBUWONO XII DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA (1945-1949) RINGKASAN SKRIPSI Oleh: M Arief Sasono 10406244038 PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA 2017 2 PERAN SRI SUSUHUNAN PAKUBUWONO XII DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN KEMERDEKAAN INDONESIA (1945-1949) Oleh: M Arief Sasono dan Dr .Aman, M.Pd ABSTRAK Proklamasi Kemerdekaan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 bukan akhir dari perjuangan Indonesia. Rakyat Indonesia masih berjuang dalam mempertahankan kemerdekaan. Tujuan dari penulisan Skripsi ini untuk: (1) mengetahui perjuangan masyarakat dan kondisi Surakarta pasca Kemerdekaan. (2) mengetahui latar belakang Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII (3). Mengetahui peran Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII dalam mempertahankan Kemerdekaan Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini menggunakan metodelogi yang ditulis oleh Kuntowijoyo. Metode Tersebut meliputi pemilihan topik, pengumpulan sumber, verifikasi, interpretasi dan Historiografi atau penulisan sejarah. Semua metode tersebut sudah dilakukan oleh penulis dalam menyusun skripsi ini. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu (1) Perjuangan di Surakarta melibatkan KNI, pemuda, tokoh, bangsawan dan Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII Dan pada akhirnya warga berhasil mengambil alih kekuasaan serta melucuti senjata tentara penjajah. (2) Pakubuwono XII lahir di Surakarta pada Selasa Legi tanggal 14 April 1925, dan diangkat menjadi raja di Keraton Surakarta pada usia yang sangat muda yaitu usia 20 tahun. Beliau juga dikenal dengan raja 3 jaman dengan lama memimpin 48 tahun. Atas pengabdiannya bagi Indonesia, maka Pakubuwana XII diberikan piagam penghargaan dan medali perjuangan angkatan ’45 yang ditetapkan oleh Dewan Harian Nasional Angkatan-45 di Jakarta. Piagam merupakan bukti kesetiaannya kepada Negara Kesatuan RI dan atas nasionalisme yang dalam di masa perjuangan kemerdekaan. (3) Peran PakuBuwono XII antara lain mengorbankan kekayaan keraton yang dimiliki seperti emas dan persenjataan yang sangat banyak, bahkan menyebabkan Keraton sendiri defisit.
    [Show full text]
  • Asia Society Presents Music and Dance of Yogyakarta
    Asia Society Presents Music and Dance of Yogyakarta Sunday, November 11, 2018 7:00 P.M. Asia Society 725 Park Avenue at 70th Street New York City This program is approximately ninety minutes with no intermission In conjunction with a visit from Hamengkubuwono X, the Sultan of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, Asia Society hosts a performance by the court dancers and musicians of Yogyakarta. The Palace of Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat is the cultural heart of the city. From generation to generation, the Sultans of Yogyakarta are the traditional governors of the city and responsible for passing on art and culture heritage. The entire royal family is involved in preserving these art forms, and the troupe must perform with a member of the royal family present. The dances from Yogyakarta will be accompanied by gamelan music native to Java. Program Golek Menak Umarmaya Umarmadi Dance Masked Dance Fragment (Wayang Wong) “Klana Sewandana Gandrung” Bedhaya Sang Amurwabhumi About the forms: Golek Menak The golek menak is a contemporary example of the seminal influence exerted by the puppet theater on other Javanese performing arts. This dance was inspired by the stick–puppet theater (wayang golek), popular in the rural area of Yogyakarta. Using the three dimensional rod-puppets, it portrays episodes from a series of stories known as menak. Unlike the high-art wayang kulit (shadow puppets), it is a village entertainment, and it did not flourish at the court. As a dance drama, golek menak focuses on imitating this rod-puppet theater with amazing faithfulness. Human dancers realistically imitate the smallest details of puppet movement, right down to the stylized breathing of the puppets.
    [Show full text]
  • I KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI SULTAN HAMENGKUBUWANA I DI
    KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI SULTAN HAMENGKUBUWANA I DI KASULTANAN NGAYOGYAKARTA HADININGRAT TAHUN 1755-1792 M SKRIPSI Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Adab Dan Ilmu Budaya Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta Untuk Memenuhi Sebagian Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S.Hum) Oleh: Karunia Anas Hidayat NIM.: 12120049 JURUSAN SEJARAH DAN KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA 2018 i Motto: “Bila Kau Tak Tahan Lelahnya Menuntut Ilmu, Maka Kamu Akan Menanggung Perihnya Kebodohan” (Imam Syafi’i) Tuhan mengajarkan kita untuk terus belajar dan berusaha guna menggapai kesuksesan, dengan sabar dan tawakal. Kegagalan merupakan sebuah pembelajaran yang sangat keras untuk tetap berusaha hingga sukses dan tak mengulangi lagi arti sebuah kegagalan. (penulis) v PERSEMBAHAN Untuk: Bapak/ Ibu tercinta serta keluarga besarku Terimakasih atas dukungan dan doanya yang tak kunjung putus, selalu mendoakan saya hanya dengan ridha ayah dan ibu, serta ridha Allah swt., semuanya bisa terasa lebih ringan dan mudah dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. Untuk Almamater Tercinta Jurusan Sejarah Dan Kebudyaan Islam Fakultas Adab Dan Ilmu Budaya Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta vi KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji bagi Allah swt. Tuhan semesta alam yang telah memberikan nikmat yang sempurna, rahmat, hidayah, dan kekuatan kepada penyusun sehingga dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir penyusunan skripsi untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana strata satu di bidang Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Fakultas Adab Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Shalawat dan Salam senantiasa tercurahkan kepada junjungan kita Nabi Muhammad saw., keluarga, serta sahabat yang telah membawa perubahan bagi peradaban dunia dengan hadirnya agama Islam sebagai agama dan peradaban bagi seluruh manusia hingga akhir zaman. Atas jasa dan jerih payahnya kita bisa menikmati iman dan merasakan indahnya Islam dan senantiasa kita tunggu syafaatnya di hari kiamat.
    [Show full text]
  • Tenaga Dalam Volume 2 - August 1999
    Tenaga Dalam Volume 2 - August 1999 The Voice of the Indonesian Pencak Silat Governing Board - USA Branch Welcome to the August issue of Tenaga Dalam. A lot has occurred since May issue. Pendekar Sanders had a very successful seminar in Ireland with Guru Liam McDonald on May 15-16, a very large and successful seminar at Guru Besar Jeff Davidson’s school on June 5-6 and he just returned from a seminar in England. The seminar at Guru Besar Jeff Davidson’s was video taped and the 2 volume set can be purchased through Raja Naga. Tape 1 consists of blakok (crane) training and Tape 2 has about 15 minutes more of blakok training followed by a very intense training session in various animal possessions including the very rare Raja Naga possession. Guru Besar Davidson and his students should be commended on their excellent portrayal of the art. Tape 1 is available to the general public, but due to the intense nature of tape 2 you must be a student. It is with great sadness that I must report that Guru William F. Birge passed away. William was a long time personal student of Pendekar Sanders and he will be missed by all of the people that he came into contact with. 1 Tribute to Guru William F. Birge Your Memory Will Live On In Our Hearts. 2 DJAKARTA aeroplane is a lead-coloured line of sand beaten by EX ‘PEARL OF THE EAST’ waves seeping into a land as flat as Holland. The Dutch settlers who came here in 1618 and founded The following is a passage from the wonderful Batavia must have thought it strangely like their book Magic and Mystics of Java by Nina Epton, homeland.
    [Show full text]
  • 73 Suksesi Kepemimpinan Kraton Ngayogyakarta Dalam Dualitas Struktur
    Wahyuni Choiriyati, Suksesi Kepemimpinan Kraton Ngayogyakarta Dalam Dualitas Struktur 73 Suksesi Kepemimpinan Kraton Ngayogyakarta dalam Dualitas Struktur Wahyuni Choiriyati Dosen Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Gunadarma Jalan Margonda Raya No. 100 Depok 16424, Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Email: [email protected] Abstract King declaration was delivered by Sultan Hamengkubuwono X exposing his princess for next in order to be crowned in Yogyakarta’s palace.This raised contentious among Sultan Hamengkubuwono and his brothers. This was wrapped in cultural communication practicess in high level of context that was not easy to understand especially for society in general. This writing is to focus signifying king declaration in society in line to deep structure and culture. By phenomenology approach with critical paradigm, data gathered by in depth interviews and observation. Results of research found that king decralation was perceived as high context communication practices. This tended to economic political nuances. Nowdays, King has not dedicated to serve the society yet, but he tended to want to be respected. Power structure was maintained to secure the power legitimation including reveneu of land taxes and royal familiy businesses in palace. Each of them played the significant roles to secure and maintain in inner cirlce of power in the palace. Keywords: succession of leadership, structure, power, culture and communication Abstrak Sabdaraja yang disampaikan oleh Sultan Hamengkubuwono X mengungkapkan bahwa putri sulungnya akan diangkat menjadi penerus tahta kraton Yogyakarta. Hal ini menimbulkan ketegangan antara sultan Hamengkubuwono X dengan adik-adiknya. Semua ini dikemas dalam praktik komunikasi budaya konteks tinggi yang tidak mudah diterjemahkan masyarakat awam. Fokus tulisan ini adalah menggambarkan pemakanaan masyarakat Yogyakarta terkait sabdaraja dan segala hal yang berkaitan dengan struktur kekuasaan dan budaya yang melingkupinya.
    [Show full text]
  • Menyiapkan Sultan Perempuan: Legitimasi Langit Dan Efektivitas Rezim Sultan Hamengkubuwono X1
    DDC: 321.5 MENYIAPKAN SULTAN PEREMPUAN: LEGITIMASI LANGIT DAN EFEKTIVITAS REZIM SULTAN HAMENGKUBUWONO X1 Bayu Dardias Departemen Politik dan Pemerintahan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta Email: [email protected] Diterima: 17-3-2016 Direvisi: 29-3-2016 Disetujui: 4-4-2016 ABSTRACT Sultan Hamengkubuwono (HB) X of Yogyakarta has chosen his eldest daughter as his successor in a traditionally patrilineal Sultanate. This paper discusses the controversy surrounding Sultan HB X’s decision by measuring the impact of his proclamations and orders for the Sultanate’s long-term regime effectiveness. I argue that Sultan HB X’s proclamations and orders based, which were based on mysticism and a sense of divinity, have been ineffectual for maintaining regime effectiveness inside and outside of the Sultanate. Within the Sultanate, the Sultan’s siblings have argued that his decisions contradict the Sultanate’s centuries-long tradition of rules (paugeran). Outside the palace walls, broader society has been divided over Sultan HB X’s choice. One group supports Sultan HB X’s decision, while the other group is determined to hold on firmly to their patriarchal cultural and historical traditions. While Sultan HB X’s proclamations and orders have been ineffectual in maintaining the Sultanate and its influence, his decisions have even brought about an enormous challenge to the survival prospects of the Sultanate itself. Keywords: political legitimation, regime, Sultan Hamengkubuwono, Yogyakarta Sultanate ABSTRAK Pada 2015, Sultan Hamengkubuwono (HB) X mengeluarkan empat kali Sabda dan Dawuh Raja yang berkaitan dengan suksesi kepemimpinan di Kasultanan Yogyakarta. Tanpa memiliki putra laki-laki, Sultan HB X menunjuk putri sulungnya sebagai penerus takhta yang menganut patrilineal.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivated Tastes Colonial Art, Nature and Landscape in The
    F Cultivated Tastes G Colonial Art, Nature and Landscape in the Netherlands Indies A Doctoral Dissertation by Susie Protschky PhD Candidate School of History University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia Contents Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………….. iii List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………….. v List of Plates …………………………………………………………………… vi F G Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 1 Part I — Two Journeys Chapter 1: Landscape in Indonesian Art ……………………………………….. 36 Chapter 2: Dutch Views of Indies Landscapes …………………………………. 77 Part II — Ideals Chapter 3: Order ………………………………………………………………. 119 Chapter 4: Peace ………………………………………………………………. 162 Chapter 5: Sacred Landscapes ………………………………………………… 201 Part III — Anxieties Chapter 6: Seductions …………………………………………………………. 228 Chapter 7: Identity – Being Dutch in the Tropics …………………………….. 252 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….. 293 F G Glossary ……………………………………………………………………….. 319 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………... 322 ii Acknowledgments First, I would like to express my gratitude to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of New South Wales for granting me an Australian Postgraduate Award between 2001 and 2005. The same Faculty funded two research trips abroad, one to the Netherlands in 2004 and another to Indonesia in 2005. Without these sources of funding this thesis would not have possible. In the Netherlands, I must thank Pim Westerkamp at the Museum Nusantara, Delft, for taking me on a tour through the collection and making archival materials available to me. Thanks also to Marie-Odette Scalliet at the University of Leiden, for directing me toward more of her research and for showing me some of the university library’s Southeast Asia collection. I also appreciate the generosity of Peter Boomgaard, of the KITLV in Leiden, for discussing aspects of my research with me. Thanks to the staff at the KIT Fotobureau in Amsterdam, who responded admirably to my vague request for ‘landscape’ photographs from the Netherlands Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • UNESCO World Heritage Site Yogyakarta 57454 Indonesia
    Candi Perwara, Bokoharjo, Prambanan, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa UNESCO World Heritage Site Yogyakarta 57454 Indonesia unesco | 1 PRAMBANAN THE LEGEND The astonishing temples of Prambanan, believed to be the proof of love from Bandung Bondowoso to Princess Loro Jonggrang, are the best remaining examples of Java’s extended period of Hindu culture. Located 17 kilometers northeast of Yogyakarta, the temples boast of a wealth of sculptural detail and are considered to be one of Indonesia’s most phenomenal examples of Hindu art. Legend says that there were once a thousand temples standing in the area, but due to a great earthquake in the 16th century, accelerated by the treasure hunters and locals searching for building material, many of the temples are gone now. Initiatives to restore the temples have been conducted to some extent, though many stand in ruin today. The UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Prambanan Temple Compounds. PHOTO BY MICHAEL TURTLE prambanan | 2 prambanan | 3 CONSTRUCTION The Prambanan temple is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the first building was completed in the mid-9th century. It was likely started by Rakai Pikatan as the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty’s answer to the Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty’s Borobudur and Sewu temples nearby. Historians suggest that the construction of Prambanan probably was meant to mark the return of the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty to power in Central Java after almost a century of Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty domination. The construction of this massive Hindu temple signifies that the Medang court had shifted its patronage from Mahayana Buddhism to Shaivite Hinduism.
    [Show full text]
  • Taman Sari Sebagai Objek Wisata Di Yogyakarta
    Domestic Case Study 2018 Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta TAMAN SARI SEBAGAI OBJEK WISATA DI YOGYAKARTA Edith Stein Anindita Shasmaya 172974 Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta Abstract: The results of research and discussion show that Taman Sari is a tourist attraction that has the attraction and potential that needs to be developed. Given the efforts to rebuild damaged buildings and retrieve them can be one way to increase the number of visits. With these efforts indicate that Taman Sari has experienced an increase in tourist arrivals. With the limited space or area that is one of the barriers to the development of Taman Sari, other businesses that can be done is the addition of attractions at night or an increase in service to tourists. With the existence of marketing and development of Taman Sari tourism object, the tourism object will be widely known by the public and with the development that has been implemented will attract many tourists to visit and increase the number of visits. Keywords: Taman Sari; Tourism Destination; Buildings 1. Pendahuluan Yogyakarta atau beberapa orang menyebutnya Yogya atau Jogja adalah kota yang terkenal dengan sejarah dan warisan budayanya. Yogyakarta merupakan pusat kerajaan mataram (1575–1640) dan sampai sekarang masih ada keraton atau istana yang masih berfungsi. Kota tersebut juga memiliki banyak candi berusia ribuan tahun yang merupakan peninggalan kerajaan–kerajaan besar jaman dahulu [1,2]. Selain warisan budaya Yogyakarta juga memiliki panorama alam yang indah. Hamparan sawah nan hijau menyelimuti daerah pinggiran dan gunung Merapi tampak sebagai latar belakangnya. Pantai–pantai yang masih alami dengan mudah dapat ditemukan disebelah selatannya.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Geographical Names
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42465-3 — The Worlds of the Indian Ocean Volume 2: From the Seventh Century to the Fifteenth Century CE Index More Information INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Abaya, 571 309, 317, 318, 319, 320, 323, 328, Akumbu, 54 Abbasid Empire, 6–7, 12, 17, 329–370, 371, 374, 375, 376, 377, Alamkonda (kingdom), 488 45–70, 149, 185, 639, 667, 669, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384, 385, 389, Alaotra (lake), 401, 411, 582 671, 672, 673, 674, 676 390, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, Alasora, 414, 427 Abyssinia, 306, 317, 322, 490, 519, 400, 401, 402, 409, 415, 425, Albania, 516 533, 656 426, 434, 440, 441, 449, 454, 457, Albert (lake), 365 Aceh, 198, 374, 425, 460, 497, 498, 463, 465, 467, 471, 478, 479, 487, Alborz Mountains, 69 503, 574, 609, 678, 679 490, 493, 519, 521, 534, 535–552, Aleppo, 149, 175, 281, 285, 293, Achaemenid Empire, 660, 665 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 569, 294, 307, 326, 443, 519, 522, Achalapura, 80 570, 575, 586, 588, 589, 590, 591, 528, 607 Achsiket, 49 592, 596, 597, 599, 603, 607, Alexandria, 53, 162, 175, 197, 208, Acre, 163, 284, 285, 311, 312 608, 611, 612, 615, 617, 620, 629, 216, 234, 247, 286, 298, 301, Adal, 451 630, 637, 647, 648, 649, 652, 653, 307, 309, 311, 312, 313, 315, 322, Aden, 46, 65, 70, 133, 157, 216, 220, 654, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 443, 450, 515, 517, 519, 523, 525, 230, 240, 284, 291, 293, 295, 301, 668, 678, 688 526, 527, 530, 532, 533, 604, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, Africa (North), 6, 8, 17, 43, 47, 49, 607 309, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 50, 52, 54, 70, 149, 151, 158,
    [Show full text]
  • Bab Ii Biografi Singkat Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono Ix
    BAB II BIOGRAFI SINGKAT SRI SULTAN HAMENGKU BUWONO IX Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX adalah Tokoh nasional yang banyak berjasa dalam perkembangan dunia kepanduan di negeri ini. sosok Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono begitu melekat di hati para Pramuka. Tokoh nasional yang sempat menjabat sebagai wakil presiden RI ini pun disebut-sebut sebagai bapak pramuka Indonesia. A. Geneologi Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX Berdasarkan silsilahnya Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX adalah seorang putra keturunan raja-raja Mataram Islam. Menurut HRM. Tirun warsito SH. bahwa beliau mempunyai seorang pendamping hidup di bidang spiritual keagamaan yaitu GBPH Prabuningrat sementara beliau lebih banyak menekuni dibidang pemerintahan.22 Berkat nasehat beliau, salah satu buktinya yaitu dengan adanya pengajian keagamaan dilingkungan keraton. Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX lahir pada masa pemerintahan Belanda. Beliau dilahirkan di Dalem Pakuningratan kampung Sompilan Ngasem pada hari Sabtu Paing tanggal 12 April 1912 atau menurut tarikh Jawa Islam pada tanggal Rabingulakir tahun Jimakir 1842. Beliau merupakan anak kesembilan dari BRM. Sujadi, yang selanjutnya diangkat menjadi pangeran dengan gelar Gusti Bendoro Pangeran Haryo Purboyo, kemudian 22Wawancara dengan : HRM. Tirun Warsito SH. D.a. GBPH Prabuningrat, Taman Kraton, Yogyakarta, pada tanggal 7 Desember 1992. Dalam Husnah, “Kepemimpinan Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX : Studi Tentang Perkembangan Pemerintahan Kesultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat 1940-1950”, (Skripsi, IAIN Sunan Ampel Fakultas Adab, Surabaya, 1993). 33-34. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 20 diangkat menjadi putra mahkota keraton dengan gelar KGP. Adipati Anom Hamengku Negoro, yang akhirnya dinobatkan menjadi Sultan Hamengkubuwono VIII.
    [Show full text]