Economic Analysis of Fethiye-Göcek Special Environmental Protection Area
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T.C.T.C. ÇEVREÇEVRE VEVE ŞEHİRCİLİKŞEHİRCİLİK BBAKANLIĞIAKANLIĞI Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Economic Analysis of Fethiye-Göcek Special Environmental Protection Area T.C.T.C. ÇÇEVREEVRE V VEE Ş ŞEHİRCİLİKEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞIBAKANLIĞI Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Economic Analysis of Fethiye-Göcek Special Environmental Protection Area 1 Strengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey Project 2013 Prepared by: Camille Bann & Esra Başak © 2013 Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets (GDPNA) Mustafa Kemal Mah. Eskişehir Devlet Yolu (Dumlupınar Bulvarı) 9. km (Tepe prime Yanı) Çankaya/ANKARA Tel: +90 312 222 12 34 Fax: +90 312 222 26 61 http://www.csb.gov.tr/gm/tabiat United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Birlik Mahallesi 415. Cadde No. 11 06610 Çankaya/Ankara Tel: +90 312 454 1100 Fax: +90 312 496 1463 http://www.tr.undp.org Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profi t pur- poses without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. GDPNA or UNDP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale of for any other commercial purpose what- soever without permission in writing from GDPNA or UNDP. For bibliographic purposes this text may be referred as: Camille Bann & Esra Başak (2013). Economic Analysis of Fethiye-Göcek Special Environmental Protection Area. Project PIMS 3697: The Strengthening the System of Ma- rine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey. Technical Report Series 11: 56 pp. This publication is prepared within the framework of large scale “Strengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey Project” which is funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and executed by the General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets of the Turkish Ministry of Environ- ment and Urbanization and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in partnership with the General Directorate of Fisheries & Aquaculture of the Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Live- stock and the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) of the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Technical Report Series: 11 Editing & Layout Design Corrections: Gülhan Badur Özden, Güner Ergün & Harun Güçlüsoy Cover and Layout Design: Evren Çağlayan Cover Photos: 1. Paragliding from Babadağ, Harun Güçlüsoy 2. Kelebekler Valley, GDPNA Archive 3. Fethiye, GDPNA Archive Photos: 1-12. GDPNA Archive This document should not be considered as an offi cial Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, GEF and United Nations document. ii Economic Analysis of Fethiye-Göcek Special Environmental Protection Area and harbors; establishes procedures and principles Foreword for use of protection and use of such areas; carries out other integral coastal management activities and urkey is a country surrounded by the sea on strives to minimize risks that threaten such assets. three sides. Turkey’s nature and climatic con- T Protection of marine and coastal resources being a ditions adorn it with a signifi cant biodiversity in its global priority, Marine Protected Areas are fast de- coastal areas. However, there are also problems that veloping and expanding as a concept. Turkey is no touch these regions and that become more imminent exception to this rule where considerable aware- everyday. Urbanization, industrialization, tourism, ness raising efforts are being carried out. other residential areas and activities alike that leads to irregular and unplanned development that have Through the large scale GEF Project entitled severe impacts on coastal and marine areas. ‘Strengthening Turkey’s Marine and Coastal Pro- tected Areas’ covering the term between 2009-2013 Developments, especially in the economy also in- and with the UNDP as the implementing partner, crease marine transportation and dependency on the General Directorate has taken a very fi rst step the use of marine and coastal areas for develop- for devising a long term solution for the protection ment, housing, commerce, recreational activities of marine biodiversity in Turkish coastal waters; and basic needs. Furthermore, the pressure of fast for the restructuring of marine and coastal protect- urbanization and settlement activities on coast- ed areas database and to guarantee effectiveness al areas leads to many problems including loss of and sustainability of ecological service functions. dunes, salt beds and marshes; marine and coastal pollution, deterioration and loss of coastal ecosys- A series of technical reports that are prepared as a tems. Biodiversity and fertility of coastal and ma- part of the project on economic analysis, socio-econ- rine areas are faced with this increasing pressure, omy of fi sheries in coastal areas, together with other leading to damages that cannot be undone. efforts on the identifi cation of marine sensitive ar- eas, integration of economic principles to planning These coastal and marine areas are one of the most processes, ensuring fi nancial sustainability, mitiga- precious assets we have and we must protect them. tion of pollutants from marine vessels and determi- In order to alleviate these pressures and overcome nation of alternative livelihood resources are expect- these challenges, relevant structures and infrastruc- ed to yield the following project outcomes: tures for effective implementation and surveillance to ensure that these areas are sustainably managed, - Responsible institutions have the capacities and preserved and protected without being deteriorat- internal structure needed for prioritizing the es- ed and with a balanced approach between use and tablishment of new MCPAs and for more effec- protection. In this regard, all related agencies and tively managing existing MCPAs. institutions have to go under a capacity building - MCPA fi nancial planning and management process to meet the demands of the required struc- systems are facilitating effective business plan- tures and infrastructures; cooperation and coor- ning, adequate levels of revenue generation and dination between all parties have to be improved cost-effective management. and an effective and effi ciently operating work program and a model for fi nancial resources have - Inter-agency coordination mechanisms in place to be developed. to regulate and manage economic activities within multiple use areas of the MCPAs. In its responsibility area covering a coastline that extends over some 8,592 km, General Directorate Documents covering the three main outcomes of for Protection of Natural Assets carries out research the Project so far mentioned are submitted to your activities for the protection and study of threat- perusal. ened and endangered species and habitats that are Osman İYİMAYA duly specifi ed in the national legislation as well as General Director in international conventions that Turkey is a party; carries out research activities on the biodiversity of marine and coastal environments; determines the marine surface vessel capacity of important bays Strengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey iii Table of Contents 1. Introduction . 1 Objective . 1 Approach. 2 Layout of report . 2 2. Background on site . 3 Ecological Overview . 4 Pressures . 5 Socio-economic characteristics of site . 9 3. Qualitative Assessment of Ecosystem Services . .10 Marine Ecosystem Services Typology . .10 Provisioning services . .11 3.1.1. Food . .11 3.1.2. Raw materials . .11 Regulating services . .11 3.1.3. Regulation of GHGs . .11 3.1.4. Micro-climate stabilization . .13 3.1.5. Disturbance Regulation . .14 3.1.6. Waste remediation . .14 Cultural Services . .14 3.1.7. Spiritual, religious and cultural heritage . .14 3.1.8. Education and research . .15 3.1.9. Recreation and Tourism . .15 3.1.10. Landscape and amenity . .15 3.1.11. Biodiversity non-use . .15 3.1.12. Option value . .15 4. Valuation of Ecosystem Services . .16 Provisioning Services . .17 4.1.1. Fish. .17 4.1.2. Valuation . .17 Regulating services . .18 4.1.3. Carbon sequestration . .18 4.1.4. Protection against coastal erosion . .19 4.1.5. Waste treatment . .20 Cultural Services - Tourism and recreation . .21 4.1.6. Background . .21 4.1.7. The value of tourism . .24 Summary of Valuation . .28 iv Economic Analysis of Fethiye-Göcek Special Environmental Protection Area 5. Opportunities to increase revenue fl ows from Fethiye-Göcek SEPA . .30 Finance mechanisms . .31 5.1.1. Fiscal instruments . .31 Market-based charges . .31 5.1.2. Tourism related revenues and charges. .31 5.1.3. User fees . .31 5.1.4. Marine Carbon Markets . .31 5.1.5. Payments for Ecosystem Services. .32 5.1.6. Biodiversity offsets . .32 6. Conclusions and Recommendation . .33 Conclusions . .33 Recommendations . .34 7. References . .36 Annex 1 – Interviews during fi eld visit (24-27 March 2012). .39 Annex 2 – Göcek Gulf & Göcek-Dalaman Bays Conservation and Use Principles . .40 List of Tables Table 1. Overview of Pressures in Fethiye-Göcek SEPA . 8 Table 2. Fethiye – Göcek SEPA Regional Population in 2009 . 9 Table 3. Qualitative assessment of marine ecosystem services and benefi ts at Fethiye-Göcek SEPA . .12 Table 4. Global averages and standard deviations of the carbon sequestration rates and global ranges for the carbon pools by habitat type . ..