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Le Crépuscule Des Samouraïs Est Le Deuxième Volet De Notre Série De Mangas Historiques

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Le Crépuscule Des Samouraïs Est Le Deuxième Volet De Notre Série De Mangas Historiques Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 16:45 Page3 adaptation en bande dessinée de Sean Michael Wilson illustration de AKIKO SHIMOJIMA traduction de josette nickels-grolier adaptation au français de thierry plÉe Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 21/04/2020 15:52 Page4 Représentation artistique de la Bataille du camp de Saigô (Fusatane Utagawa). © Sean Michael Wilson et Akiko Shimojima, 2018, sous le titre The Satsuma Rebellion: Illustrated Japanese History – The Last Stand of the Samurai, North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, Californie, États-Unis d’Amérique. © Graph Zeppelin, 2020, pour la traduction française. Édité par Graph Zeppelin, France www.graphzeppelin.com PREMIÈRE ÉDITION • 1.1500.MP.05/20 « Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause est illicite. Il en est de même pour la traduction, l’adaptation ou la transformation, l’arrangement ou la reproduction par un art ou un procédé quelconque. » (Art. L.122-4 du Code de la Propriété intellectuelle) Aux termes de l’article L.122-5, seules « les copies strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » et, sous réserve que soient indiqués clairement le nom de l’auteur et la source, les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d’exemple et d’illustration, sont autorisées. La diffusion sur Internet gratuite ou payante, sans le consentement de l’auteur est de ce fait interdite. GRAPH ZEPPELIN est une marque éditoriale des Éditions de L’Éveil Imprimé et relié en UE par MultiPrint • Dépôt légal : 3e trimestre 2020 ISBN : 978-2-490357-05-5 Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 15:47 Page5 Préface de l’auteur Le Crépuscule des Samouraïs est le deuxième volet de notre série de mangas historiques. Il suit Funestes vaisseaux, à la fois d’un point de vue chronologique mais aussi pour les conséquences sociales et militaires qui se jouèrent entre 1860 et 1870 et qui sont en partie liées aux événements dramatiques des années 1850. Dans Funestes vaisseaux, Akiko Shimojima et moi-même avons choisi de porter notre attention sur le contre-amiral Perry ainsi que sur quelques grands noms de personnalités japonaises, tout en brassant plus largement la situation historique et culturelle du moment. Nous avons suivi la même approche avec ce volume, considérant le contexte, mais nous concentrant sur l’illustre Saigo Takamori, l’une des figures les plus célèbres de l’Histoire japonaise. Nous avons pris grand soin de ne pas tomber dans les clichés des films hollywoodiens en n’exagérant pas la violence des événements et en n’évoquant pas une quelconque romance qui n’a jamais existé. En revanche, nous avons porté nos efforts sur l’étude des mœurs de l’époque concernée, des habitudes vestimentaires, de l’architecture et de la réalité historique. Par pure coïncidence, la chaîne télévisée NHK diffusa en 2018 la série consacrée à l’Histoire du Japon, Segodon, centrée autour de Saigo Takamori, et évoquant la rébellion du clan Satsuma. Son succès nous confirma l’intérêt grandissant du public pour cette période. Chaque fois, je m’étonne à quel point la ville japonaise où je vis, Kumamoto – comme dans bien d’autres de mes bandes dessinées consacrées à l’Histoire ou aux arts martiaux japonais – occupe une place particulière dans mes sujets d’étude, et ce récit n’en fait pas exception : les rebelles Satsuma firent un long siège du château de Kumamoto au printemps 1877, et une bataille majeure, celle de Tabaruzaka, s’y déroula pendant huit jours faisant plus de 4 000 morts et blessés chez les protagonistes. Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 15:47 Page6 Takamori Saigō (1794-1858), samouraï de Shimazu Nariakira, le daimyō de Satsuma, est le personnage central de la Révolte de Satsuma et un héros japonais dont la statue trône dans les jardins du parc d’Ueno à Tokyo. Au Japon, un éditeur m’a dit un jour : « Pourquoi la rébellion du clan Satsuma a retenu votre attention et pourquoi êtes-vous convaincu qu’elle pourrait plaire aux lecteurs occidentaux. C’est en fin de compte un combat de perdants qui connut une triste fin. » Je m’intéresse fondamentalement à l’Histoire dans sa globalité, quel que soit le pays concerné. Vivant au Japon, il est donc naturel que mon intérêt se focalise sur les grands événements qui modelèrent la vie du Japon d’aujourd’hui. La première fois que le mot Satsuma éveilla mon attention, ce fut en Écosse. Encore enfant – je devais avoir une douzaine d’années – je mangeais une drôle de petite orange qui portait le nom de Satsuma. Je me souviens que je me suis dit : « C’est un mot étrange… sat-su- ma… qu’est-ce que ça peut bien vouloir dire ? » Ma mère me dit que c’était le nom d’une région du Japon. J’ai vérifié dans un livre d’Histoire et j’y ai découvert que Satsuma était le lieu d’un conflit majeur de l’Histoire japonaise : la fin des samouraïs ! Pour un enfant qui avait grandi avec la rébellion de Luke Skywalker contre les forces de L’Empire de Star Wars, cette histoire ne pouvait qu’attirer ma curiosité. C’est en souvenir de l’enfant que j’étais et de son amour pour la bande dessinée que j’ai la joie de vous offrir aujourd’hui, l’histoire de la Rébellion du clan Satsuma en manga. C’est peut-être une histoire triste de perdants, mais c’est une histoire de perdants qui le firent avec dignité, forts d’une passion ardente comme dans les belles histoires de chevalerie ou de science-fiction. — Sean Michael Wilson, Kumamoto, Japon. Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 15:47 Page7 Chapitre 1 Une maison dans la tourmente “Il existe aujourd'hui trois japons distincts qui vivent côte à côte : l'ancien, qui n'a pas entièrement disparu, le nouveau, à peine né si ce n'est en esprit, et la transition, traversant aujourd'hui ses plus terribles affres.” — James Stafford Ransome, 1899 Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 15:47 Page8 1873, Saigo Takamori avait échafaudé un plan ambitieux qui devait rassembler les nombreux samouraïs désœuvrés du Japon dans une grande invasion de la Corée, cette dernière s'étant, selon lui, comportée d'une manière insultante envers l'empereur du Japon et le nouveau gouvernement Meiji récemment établi. Dans quel but, Takamori-san ? Je me porte volontaire pour aller en personne en Corée. Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 15:47 Page9 “Je veux m'y rendre pour y créer volontairement des troubles.” “Je vais m'y comporter de manière si impolie…” “…Qu'ils se verront contraints de me tuer.” Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 15:48 Page10 Le Japon tiendra alors son casus belli… sa justification de la guerre. Les dignitaires du gouvernement Meiji étudièrent le plan. Ceux qui soutenaient Iwakura Tomomi étaient en majorité contre, seuls quelques autres, comme le Comte Itagaki Taisuke, y étaient favorables. Nous sommes Notre décision Pour marquer leur opposés à votre est que nous désaccord, Saigo et devons plan pour des Itagaki démissionnèrent raisons budgétaires. maintenant nous Nous ne sommes pas concentrer de leur poste au actuellement dans sur nos gouvernement, et Saigo une position assez affaires rentra dans son domaine forte pour lancer intérieures à Kagoshima. une invasion plutôt que victorieuse. de nous aventurer à l'étranger. De plus, la mission* récente d'Iwakura aux états- unis et en Europe nous a montré qu'il est malheureusement évident que nous sommes en retard dans bien des domaines. * La mission Iwakura (1871-1873) fut un effort diplomatique consenti par les Japonais aux États-Unis et en Europe. Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 15:48 Page11 Mais revenons en arrière un moment, pour faire le point Il en avait résulté la signa ture sur la situation historique de traités avec les Anglais, d'une manière plus les Russes, les Français et générale… d'autres nations qui décou - vraient un Japon favorable au contact avec le reste du monde contrairement à ce qui en avait été pendant presque 250 ans. Après l'arrivée des funestes bateaux noirs américains, dans les années 1850, le Japon connut des changements radicaux. Et les changements dans l'économie, la société et la psychologie japonaises furent profonds. Le Japon était en proie à un mélange L'une de ces moti va - instable de tions était le désir motivations de se moderniser en et d'in cli - suivant les modèles naisons. occidentaux ; leur inclinaison les portait à vouloir maintenir les mo - dèles tradi tion nels. deux tendances difficilement conciliables. Crepuscule-Samourai-interieur_Mise en page 1 19/04/2020 15:48 Page12 La faiblesse affichée dans les années 1850 et 1860 avait conduit Sa fin survint à la fin du relativement Shogunat rapidement… Tokugawa qui avait gouverné il s'effondra le Japon à peine 14 ans après depuis 1603. l'arrivée des funestes vaisseaux américains. Pendant cette période, le Japon connut des conflits entre les forces loyales aux Tokugawa et celles des nationalistes, les Ishin Shishi. Ces derniers comptaient dans leurs rangs certains des clans qui avaient été écartés après la bataille de Sekigahara (1600), comme les clans du sud-ouest, les Choshu et les Satsuma, dont le cri de ralliement était sonno joi, “Honorons l'Empereur, expulsons les barbares.” Mais la situation était compliquée, car tous les Ishin Shishi n'étaient pas opposés au Shogun et certains étaient favorables à la modernisation pour des raisons nationalistes.
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