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THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MODERN TURKEY

Metin Heper, Sabri Sayar

The Young Turks And The Committee Of Union And Progress

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203118399.ch3 Hasan Kayal Published online on: 22 Jun 2012

How to cite :- Hasan Kayal. 22 Jun 2012, The Young Turks And The Committee Of Union And Progress from: THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MODERN TURKEY Routledge Accessed on: 02 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203118399.ch3

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Service against Civil coup a of cacy hllGae aCrsinAa)adAbrFa(nOtmnJw.TeSociety The R Jew). Ahmed Ottoman from (an shifted Fua stance Alber its and and contested, Arab) movement remained Turk Christian Young (a the Ghanem within R Khalil organization (Osmanl Ahmed durable Society most 1895. Progress and after principal and the Union self- became Ottoman which or the forced in of backgrounds dership R ethno-religious Ahmed varied exile. of imposed journalists and establishment, religious with Abdülhamid contact o established of Res¸id. They Mehmed critics Circassian like-minded and secularism; positivist of champion e yMjrNyz e nMnsi,adte lob te o other by also then and Monastir, in Bey Niyazi Major by led eersosbefrteYugTr eouino uy10,wihluce h Second the launched de which and 1908, Defections July Empire. of provinces Ottoman European Revolution the the Turk of in Young Period headquartered the Constitutional corps for army responsible the were within clusters Unionist Clandestine I and I group, Albanians included the school of medical the founder in the nucleus The Temo, ranks. military and bureaucratic ree h rn iir adPsa etn tRvlbtenKn dadVIadTsar and VII Edward King between Reval at incumbent, meeting its sultanate, A the Pasha. remove it Said did con- vizier, nor grand level, the not grassroots was the restore the It even at revolution. to outburst a or Abdülhamid mass constituted a 1908 Sultan of whether forced result about argued the bands, have civilian Historians 1876. of of stitution cooperation the by bolstered Union and in Paris in held with Haniog elements 1957; anti-Hamidian system, and (Ramsaur, of 1907 centralists congresses administrative and the two 1902 Decentralization decentralized between through and division continued Initiative a The decentralists Private Cemiyeti). the of of favored League Merkeziyet program the faction Adem-i centralist group, ve generally S¸ahsi British (Tes¸ebbüs-ü liberal this the own to his Progress, to looked forming contrast Sabahaddin and Ottomans, In non-Muslim Abdülhamid. Union of and the removal statesmen the older for some intercession including followers, his aallognzto nta iycle h toa reo oit (Osmanl Society o both Freedom including Bey Ottoman and the movement activity. Unionist called revolutionary the domestic city of that hub (Vatan the in Liberty Cemiyeti) Salonika, and organization to Fatherland it parallel it transplant renamed A to (Vatan), sought Fatherland and called Hürriyet), ve group a joined Army, Fifth alrno tncmltaatvt Rmar 97 Haniog 1957; (Ramsaur, activity militia ethnic of cauldron o young a clusters activist as and Kemal, clandestine Mustafa other Damascus, were In there movement. Progress, Turk and Young Union the to within addition In cells. on ffi no n rges ihAmdR Ahmed with Progress, and Union h oetcbace fUinadPors eandsce,wt nognzto based organization an with secret, remained Progress and Union of branches domestic The il n nelcul infl intellectuals and cials — egdi 97wt no n rges(hc a tlzn h netdname inverted the utilizing was (which Progress and Union with 1907 in merged Blne,brie (Balance), — ” osiue yftr edr fteYugTr oeetarayatv within active already movement Turk Young the of leaders future by constituted tti ucue.Issce el gttdaanttergm ihnteMacedonian the within regime the against agitated cells secret Its juncture). this at h eodpae h eouino 1908 of Revolution the phase: second The fl ı oktehl hl ae nGnv,utlh cetdapaeo peace a accepted he until Geneva, in based while helm the took y apbihdtenewspaper the published za ı a nOtmno Ottoman an za, ecdb otmoayErpa oiltogt ebr fthe of members thought, social European contemporary by uenced h on uk n h CUP the and Turks Young The ’ uefo nodrgnrto fOtmn,including Ottomans, of generation older an from rule s ı anwislaiglgtaan i aervl ihnthe within rivals have did again, light leading its now za ˘ u 1995). lu, . hkSkt;Adla edt udadfuture and Kurd a Cevdet, Abdullah Sükuti; shak ffi ffi ili outr xl nPrs sue h lea- the assumed Paris, in exile voluntary in cial 27 esadcvlassc spsa mlyeTalat employee postal as such civilians and cers Mes¸veret ˘ ı za u 2001). lu, ’ Cnutto)i soito with association in (Consultation) tuc oiiimtwr advo- toward positivism staunch s ffi ’ sister. s ı esicuigMjrEvrand Enver Major including cers I . thtv eak Cemiyeti), Terakki ve ttihat fi n nurcinr actions insurrectionary ant “ Prince ” aaadnand Sabahaddin ffi ’ leadership s ı e nthe in cer “ Hürriyet Progress . brahim ff ected ff er Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:10 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203118399, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118399.ch3 ubeko ol a xiie h aeatcai ednisi a poe nisnemesis, its in opposed had period. it pre-revolutionary tendencies autocratic the same during the Abdülhamid, exhibited Sultan I War World of outbreak ulo rvlgdteMsi n uks lmns e ertra ossdrn h Balkan the during losses territorial New elements. 1912 Turkish of and Wars Muslim the privileged outlook a enpie oehneterfedm.A tn-igitcsget ftepplto still population the of non-Muslim that segments regime the ethno-linguistic a As showed con forsake freedoms. to also the their willing enhance and within as to expectations, supporters, poised European these been perennial and had belied their annexations by place The abetted integrity. took empire ’ populations, that now the ensure Young would that preserve order the secessions to parliamentary driving constitutional determination impulse a The a believed revolu- Bosnia-Herzegovina. been the and of of had background annexation aftermath the Turks Austrian immediate in Bulgaria the the remain witnessed and In to Turks Greece, 18). victory, 1969: Young election (Ahmad, the decisive scenes tion, a the behind after from even govern chose, It eff in statecraft. achievements in its all for Nonetheless, oiia at n noprtdmltr o military incorporated and party political ntenwprimn,btwslf u fteCUP the of out left CUP was the but relegated revolution themselves, parliament, the Unionists new R the of the Ahmed Among glow in role. regime. the secondary new a in the to basking vanguard in still CUP cadres the younger of the adversary political main the alds nhsatclyb aysget fOtmnsociety and Ottoman equality of and segments justice, freedom, many of by slogans enthusiastically high-sounding so such by hailed accompanied was which of iea at Arr,apeusro h iea net Hrie eI ve (Hürriyet Entente the Liberal founded movement the Turk of Young precursor the a in faction (Ahrar), decentralist had Party The Liberal movement Sabahaddin relationship. and the orien- liberal ideological in CUP evolving diverse cracks the Abdülhamid equally an ending and between of of years society objective honeymoon the vicissitudes 20 common of some the the segments School Once diverse decades Medical tations. struggle Imperial two the the into these in brought over counterparts their Yet, of before. those to similar objectives 1969). (Ahmad, o empire These the for transformative nonetheless were events 1908 July revolution the of impulse liberal the though Even censorship. press of lifting sphere lcin ntefl n h eupino alaetr oiis ihnls hnaya,h was he year, a to than way less ine the within and politics; opening cowed parliamentary July, his of of 23 resumption favor on the in constitution and deposed the fall the restore in to elections compelled was Abdülhamid Sultan lcin n lcoa oiisbt aietdadwdndthe widened and manifested both politics electoral and Elections 30 1997: (Kansu, 1908 July to prior escalated had disturbances of provincial issue may and the empire Empire, addressed the powers Ottoman of two the the in because ambitions for particularly Russian action, and “ to against once Unionists bulwark Russia the a triggered and as have England Britain between removing rapprochement thus the all, consolidated which II, Nicholas uk.I the In Turks. it nosdb h U rvie.Tenwcabr hc osse fdpte lce from elected deputies of consisted which chamber, new The prevailed. CUP the by endorsed lists reforms h on offi young The fl ffi ” uihdfloigtermvlo etitoso soitoa ciiyadteinitial the and activity associational on restrictions of removal the following ourished eshdsca n dctoa akrud,ielgcldvlpet,adpolitical and developments, ideological backgrounds, educational and social had cers hywse osemd nMcdna e,urs a enplal ndvreparts diverse in palpable been had unrest Yet, Macedonia. in made see to wished they – fi 3hree hsotokfrhr h U upesdisopsto n ythe by and opposition its suppressed CUP The further. outlook this hardened 13 s lcin,hl ntefl f10 eoetedpsto ftesla,electoral sultan, the of deposition the before 1908 of fall the in held elections, rst fi e fteepr nraigyidenti increasingly empire the of nes es mlmzdb ne n iai mre stehre fterevolution. the of heroes the as emerged Niyazi, and Enver by emblemized cers, h CUP The ’ osldto fpower of consolidation s ff culbohr emdRsa r 1909 Res¸ad (r. Mehmed brother, ectual ffi ı aasmdtepeiec fteCabro Deputies of Chamber the of presidency the assumed za esit h oiia edrhp(ufn 00 143 2000: (Turfan, leadership political the into cers aa Kayal Hasan cigtervlto,teCPlce edr honed leaders lacked CUP the revolution, the ecting ’ elrto fidpnec,Crete independence, of declaration s 28 ’ ru ne.Nwpltc eeldnew revealed politics New ended. group s ı ’ fi ne ice si osiue tefa a as itself constituted it as circles inner s dwt h eetait,teUnionist the decentralists, the with ed ertra nert,adte had they and integrity, territorial s ’ uorc a civd h brief the achieved, was autocracy s — ekndporsiey the progressively, weakened fi srsaogteYoung the among ssures . ia)ta mre as emerged that tilaf) — h proclamation the – 8.Tepublic The 18). ’ no with union s ’ ideological s – – 72). 72). 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Arab the of ag ffi nfre.Tegooiia aaiso h a pi along split war the of vagaries geopolitical The forces. an es ayo hmfre oot ftemltr leaders military the of cohorts former them of many cers, aa Kayal Hasan ff rn,otnseigyopstoa,trs The terms. oppositional, seemingly often erent, 32 ff s on uklaesi,adide the indeed and leadership, Turk Young use fl c fe h eouino 97 h CUP the 1917, of Revolution the after ict ı – ’ 2,wohdacne h hoein throne the ascended had who 22), ihsi araeaddvreby divorce and marriage in rights s ce by ected ı Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:10 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203118399, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118399.ch3 udn ihso nAa ainls h eta rp fwihbcm odmaino the of condemnation became which of trope central the 1971). nationalism (Cleveland, Arab CUP an Sat of Syrian lights the guiding as such movement, oee,btenteetn fti otniyadisdsusv iaoa ytesuccessor the disjuncture, by a disavowal remains discursive There its should East. and Turks o continuity Middle Young Arab this modern the Indeed, of that the the extent states. natural to of only the legacy is between preceding beginning potent it immediately however, period states, a the the successor bequeathed in Ottoman to ascendance have the their of subsequent of virtue formation by transformations political the Thus, 1830s. its ideological the as period. in and Tanzimat Turk well Young as institutional the era in the Eastern rooted Kemalist are down the rule, of brought single-party a them reformism at it among and state chief when Turkish tenets structures, the ideological juncture of founder the the the Constitutional Kemal Nonetheless, places at Second Mustafa CUP jealously the it the to organization from hand, during remove role other Progress army the leadership On the and autocracy. spurious in Hamidian Union Revolution a constitutionalist general 1908 ascribes the of Turk the historiography of rank within Young eve Turkish the the embraced Indeed, attained on only also He Period. Damascus not this. in but Kemal activities to generation Mustafa political attest His Republic. Turk 1908. Turkish Young before the objectives in the legacy to Turk belonged Young the regarding outlook ugdasgeto h noitlaes hl te noit eeasre nothe into absorbed were Unionists other Kemal while Mustafa Mustafa leaders, of of Unionist those historiography the of People execution of Republican the segment Turkey, a construc- Republican the purged In in Grand instrumental nation-state. were the Turkish Kemal CUP structures, the of the organizational of of cadres, membership outlook the tion core Thus, ideological 1923. and the in vision, (Müdafaa- Ankara constituted Rights socioeconomic in of convened Unionists Defense that the 1984). Assembly of National formation (Zürcher, the groups in parliament and the Hukuk) movement in resistance Anatolian resulting the deputies, in of super- contingent British another under former of parliament 139). many 1997: the exile 1919, (Zürcher, upon and in closure raid arrest elections a the held 1920 and new Ottomans March his vision the and in sultan prompting When the returned, by Pasha. up Unionists Ferid propped revived, Damad newly Unionists under the the itself, to cabinet opposition disbanded Liberal formally The CUP F roof. the new it (Teceddüd While end regime Party war. the constitutional of was the Renovation end Armistice of founded the nor The organization indeed exile. empire-wide nor into an established, sent as had and Progress tried, and British, Union of the neither by up rounded were Unionists ihntowes indteAmsieo urs eea U leaders CUP Several Mudros. of Armistice the signed weeks, two within eks iai1964 Niyazi Berkes, 2007 Sina Aks¸in, ha,Frz1969 Feroz Ahmad, I Ahmed general and statesman elder asked July, otePresent the to lrno Press. Clarendon h on ukea fcus,cam signi a claims course, of era, Turk Young The ohteognztoa tutr n h oa edrhpo h U lydapvtlrole pivotal a played CUP the of leadership local the and structure organizational the Both ’ iaswowr re o opiiyi h 96assiainatmtaanthim against attempt assassination 1926 the in complicity for tried were who rivals s e ok e okUiest Press. University York New York: New . ukyfo miet eouinr eulc h mrec fteTrihNto rm1789 from Nation Turkish the of Emergence the Republic: Revolutionary to Empire from Turkey h on uk:TeCmiteo no n rgesi uks Politics Turkish in Progress and Union of Committee The Turks: Young The eeomn fSclrs nTurkey in Secularism of Development ’ at,temisa fteKmls eie h ramn nTurkish in treatment The regime. Kemalist the of mainstay the Party, s ffi ’ usqetaed n h eayta a omtv o h e state. new the for formative was that legacy the and agenda subsequent s il n o and cials h on uk n h CUP the and Turks Young The ’ ’ eainhpt h U sidctv ftecon the of indicative is CUP the to relationship s lHsi rnia on ukeuao,ltrbecame later educator, Turk Young principal a al-Husri, i ffi Bibliography eswowr ntemisra fteYugTurk Young the of mainstream the in were who cers ı rkas ı erue noit n yptiesudra under sympathizers and Unionists regrouped ) 33 . ztPsat omanwgvrmn,which, government, new a form to Pasha zzet otel cilUiest Press. University McGill Montreal: . fi atsieo h hoooyo Middle of chronology the of slice cant fl dtecuty Other country. the ed xod The Oxford: . fl icted ’ s ı Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:10 02 Oct 2021; For: 9780203118399, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203118399.ch3 üdr ut2008 Fuat Dündar, 1971 L. 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