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Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath PHD Crossing Identities and the Turkish Military: Revolutionists, Guardians and Depoliticals A comparative historical analysis on Turkish military culture and civil-military relations Onen, Hakki Goker Award date: 2016 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 Crossing Identities and the Turkish Military: Revolutionists, Guardians and Depoliticals A comparative historical analysis on Turkish military culture and civil-military relations Hakkı Göker Önen 4/14/2016 A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Politics, Languages & International Studies COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with the author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author. This thesis may be made available for consultation within the University Library and may be photocopied or lent to other libraries for the purposes of consultation with effect from................... Signed on behalf of the Faculty/School of................................. Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...........................................................................10 1.3 WHY THE RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT ...................................................11 1.3.1 Why Military Culture? ............................................................................11 1.3.2 Why Turkey? ..........................................................................................18 1.3.3 Why Huntington? ...................................................................................21 1.4 WHAT ARE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS RESEARCH? ...................25 1.4.1 Propositions ............................................................................................25 1.4.2 Contributions ..........................................................................................31 1.5 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................36 1.5.1 Comparative Historical Analysis ............................................................36 1.5.2 Analytical Framework ............................................................................37 1.6 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................38 CHAPTER 2: DEFINITION OF MILITARY CULTURE: THEORIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................41 2.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................41 2.2 DEFINITION OF MILITARY CULTURE....................................................43 2.2.1 Main Characteristics of Military Culture .................................................46 2.3 HUNTINGTON’S CONTRIBUTIONS .........................................................52 2.3.1 Huntington and Professional Ethic ..........................................................53 2.3.2 Huntington and Military Culture .............................................................56 2.3.3 The Ways of Civilian Control .................................................................58 2.3.4 Main Criticisms of Huntington ...............................................................59 2.4 ALTERNATIVE THEORIES .......................................................................62 2.5 ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................70 2.5.1 Why Huntington? ...................................................................................70 2.5.2 Propositions ............................................................................................72 2.6 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................78 CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF TURKISH MILITARY CULTURE ........83 3.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................83 3.2 TURKISH MILITARY AND OFFICER ETHOI: IDEAS, RITUALS, SYMBOLS AND LIFE IN THE BARRACKS ....................................................84 3.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................84 3.2.2 Ideas, Rituals, Ethoi and Symbols ...........................................................86 i 3.2.3 Personal Observations in the Military Barracks .......................................91 3.3 MILITARY AND IDENTITY: THE LEGACY OF ATATÜRK ...................93 3.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................93 3.3.2 Three Different Identities: Revolutionism, Guardianship, Depolitical .....94 3.3.3 Atatürk’s Legacy and the Military ..........................................................99 3.4 MILITARY AND SOCIETY: THE CONCEPT OF MILITARY-NATION . 114 3.4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 114 3.4.2 Historical Background and Atatürk’s Contributions .............................. 117 3.4.3 The Impacts of Compulsory Military Service........................................ 122 3.4.4 Public Support ...................................................................................... 124 3.5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 125 CHAPTER 4: CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF ATATÜRK’S PRINCIPLES AND MILITARY’S RHETORIC ................................................................................... 128 4.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 128 4.2 FIRST PRINCIPLE: SECULARISM .......................................................... 130 4.2.1 Conceptual Clarification: ...................................................................... 130 4.2.2 Secularism in Turkey ............................................................................ 135 4.3 PRINCIPLE: NATIONALISM ................................................................... 146 4.3.1 Conceptual Clarification ....................................................................... 146 4.3.2 Nationalism in Turkey .......................................................................... 151 4.4 OTHER PRINCIPLES: (-Republicanism, Statism, Populism, Reformism-) . 161 4.4.1 Republicanism ...................................................................................... 161 4.4.2 Statism ................................................................................................. 163 4.4.3 Populism .............................................................................................. 166 4.4.4 Revolutionism ...................................................................................... 168 4.5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 169 CHAPTER 5: Case Study I: Major Cultural Transformation in the Turkish Military “From Traditionalism to Revolutionism” (1908-1945) .......................................... 172 5.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 172 5.2 THE FOUNDATION AND RISING YEARS OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1299-1699) ...................................................................................................... 174 5.2.1 Early Turkish States and the Origins of Military Nation Idea ................ 174 5.2.2 The Ottoman Empire: Early Years (1299-1699) .................................... 176 5.3 THE DECLINE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1699-1908) ............................. 178 5.3.1 The Legacy of the Nineteenth Century Reform Attempts (1789-1876) .. 181 5.3.1.1 The Era of Mahmud II (1808-1839) ................................................... 183 5.3.1.2 The Tanzimat Era (1839-1876) .......................................................... 187 5.3.1.3 The First Constitutional Monarchy (1. Mesrutiyet) Era (1876-1878) .. 188
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