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Asghar Ali Engineer's Concept on Women Liberation Naskah Publikasi ASGHAR ALI ENGINEER’S CONCEPT ON WOMEN LIBERATION (AN ISLAMIC RESPONSE) Hasna Safarina Rasyidah Fakultas Agama Islam, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta email: [email protected] Abstract It is something natural, when women argue their ideas to liberate their selves to be treated equally like men did. It might be self-defense from the oppression they saw, from the limitation they had because they are the object itself. But how did men see this thing? This is one reason, why this research is limited on Asghar Ali Engineer (India, 1939-now) as one of male feminists who is also reformist thinker of the contemporary Muslim world. He paid his great attention to the question of women liberation such as: equality, marital rights, concept of jilbab, and women as head of state while some answers are afforded to solve those problems above, based on the interpretation of Qur’an taken from Tafsir al Mishbah written by M. Quraish Shihab (Indonesia, 1944-now), which is a representative interpretation to see women liberation from the sight of Islam for it was written in the same era as the thought of women liberation raised. As a qualitative study, this research is based on a pure library research which the collected data is described, and afterwards analyzed and criticized by Islamic framework. Interpretation of Qur’an should pass the right methodology before using ratio and reason, because it was the only way to gain the right concept of every sphere in life. Keywords: Women, Liberation, Tafsir al Mishbah, Equality 1. INTRODUCTION contemporary Muslim world. His views on Discourses about women’s movement, issues of reform in the Muslim world is especially with reference to the feminists’ important contribution towards the process of thought of liberation from oppression are still rethinking aspects of Muslim law, politics controversial among society even less among and culture that had suffered an impasse and Muslim. The rise of such Muslim feminists: dogmatic rigidity under the treatment of Fatima Mernissi (Morocco, 1940-now), fundamentalist reassertions as found in many Amina Wadud-Muhsin (America, 1952- Muslim revivalist movements throughout the 1 now), Nawal El Saadawi (Egypt, 1931-now), world. Riffat Hassan (Pakistan, 1943-now), Asghar Engineer paid his great attention to the Ali Engineer (India, 1939-now), and other question of women, especially women’s thinkers, who claimed a number of various status that has acquired great importance interpretations of Qur’an and prophetic throughout the world and among all tradition, are evidenced that the women’s communities. But now, according to Asghar, movement is still there and concrete. many things changed especially the condition This research, to a certain extent, is of society. Therefore, the verses also need to limited on Engineer, who plays a big role in be changed. In the other meaning, he judged Islamic society. As what is quoted by Taib that Asghar is one of the most accessible and 1 Mohamed Imran Mohamed Taib. 2006. widely read reformist thinkers of the Religion, Liberation and Reforms. Indian Journal of Secularism Vol.10 No.3 Oct-Dec. 1 Naskah Publikasi that theory of divine law is no longer be entered into an agreement with an applicable to the institution of slavery. Either acceptable reason, including the right to thus, the scriptures will have to be abandoned divorce (talaq tajwiz). In fact, he asserts that and laws performed on a secular basis, or the Qur'an does not recognize the concept of they will have to be re-read and re- guardian. A woman is free to marry without interpreted to suit modern condition. guardian, if she chooses. In the case of widows and divorce, the most orthodox He doesn’t agree that the verse arrijaalu judges also agreed that women do not need a qawwamuuna ‘alannisaa2 is oppressing guardian and are free to marry their selves.” women and put them in the lower degree of 4 men, he rather thinks that the verse seems to be harsh on women but soon after, he sees on Those thoughts leave some contradictive its proper context that in those times women questions; the attack on Islam launched by were convined in their houses and men alone secular feminists who declared that the were their providers. The Qur’an takes this Islamic system is a curse on the status of reality into account and on this ground women under its law (or at least, that system accords men superiority over women. So he requires distortion), thus portraying Islam as notes that the Qur’an was not glorify such a an oppressor rather than as a liberator, and social stucture nor declare it to be normative. urging women to release themselves from the As social structure should and does change in shackles and constraints their religion by a social structure were women are adopting Western secular alternatives.5 Is the maintanence, or co-partners with men (our understanding of women liberation here social structure is tending towards this) in really a problem or a need, when one notices this respect, she should become equal or to the right interpretation of Qur’an and superior to men and should begin to play prophetic tradition? Whether women dominant role in the family as men does.3 liberation compatible to Islam or not? In the other example, in the case of In this research, some answers will be marriage, he confirmed the position of the afforded to solve those problems above, men and women in marriage, that both of based on Islamic literature and of course, the them, stand equal. Men do not have privilege right interpretation of Qur’an and prophetic over women, and vice versa, she has no tradition, which is taken from Tafsir al privilege over men. Mishbah written by M. Quraish Shihab “A woman has the right to hold a contract as (Indonesia, 1944-now). It is because, Tafsir she liked, as long as she doesn’t violate the al Mishbah seemed to be a representative requirements of God (hududullah). She can interpretation to see women liberation from the sight of Islam for it was written in the same era as the thought of women liberation 2 See, for instance, the Qur’an, chapter 4:34. The raised. translation of this verse is as follows: “Men are maintainers of women, with what Allah has made This study is purposed to know the some of them to excel others and with what they concept of women liberation according to spend out of their wealth. So the good women are Asghar Ali Engineer and Islam response on obedient, guarding the unseen as Allah has it. For it is known that society this day is guarded. And (as to) those on whose part you fear trapped in such confusion that a desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the beds and chastise them. So if they obey you, seek not a way against them. Surely Allah is 4 Maulana Wahiduddin Khan. 2000. Woman ever exalted Great.” between Islam and Western Society. Goodword 3 Asghar Ali Engineer. 1990. Islam and Books. New Delhi-India. p.173 Liberation Theology. Sterling Publishers Private 5 Haifaa A. Jawad. 1998. The Rights of Women in Limited. India. p.172 Islam. St. Martin Press. New York. p.viii 2 Naskah Publikasi contemporary problem, especially which is essence of Islamic teaching, if he puts related to women liberation, is spread widely aside the concept of socio-economic throughout muslim society. Therefore, this justice, gender equality, race and freedom, research is requested to give valuable and respect for human dignity. contribution so the society itself may use the interpretation that suit the problem they face in this modern era. Based on the reviews above, it is known that the work on this topic is not yet written. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND The difference between this research and the THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK previous research is the object that is used in Previous works on Asghar’s thought as the research. This research is focused on follows: Asghar’s thought about women liberation. 1. Islam dan Pembebasan (Studi Terhadap The quotes, which are gained from some Pembaharuan Asghar Ali Engineer); sources, about women liberation such: written by Armawanto (UMS, 2006). This 1. According to the free dictionary6, women thesis is studying Engineer’s thought on liberation is a movement directed towards Liberation in Islam. He concluded this the removal of attitudes and practices that kind of liberation as tawhid. For in this preserve inequalities based upon the research tawhid is not merely explained as assumption that men are superior to The Ones of God, but it is also meant as women. It is also called women's lib. the human unity, which could be reached 2. While according to digital encyclopedia7, only if there is a classless society. women liberation is a movement for the 2. Written by Muhammad Agus Nuryanto political, social, and educational equality on 2000 entitled “Asghar Ali Engineer of women with men; the movement has Views on Liberation Theology and occurred mainly in Europe and the United Women’s Issues in Islam: An Analysis”. States. It has its roots in the humanism of This thesis, which is fulfilled for his last the 18th cent. and in the Industrial assignment in Institute of Islamic Studies, Revolution. Feminist issues range from McGill University, Montreal Canada, access to employment, education, child analyzed liberation theology focusing on care, contraception, and abortion, to two issues; polygamy and the wearing of equality in the workplace, changing jilbab. In the conclusion, he stopped on family roles, redress for sexual the idea that Asghar is such a liberalist, harassment in the workplace, and the need critical and emancipative thinker, more for equal political representation.
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