Jesus, the Sw, and Christian-Muslim Relations in Nigeria

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Jesus, the Sw, and Christian-Muslim Relations in Nigeria Conflicting Christologies in a Context of Conflicts: Jesus, the sw, and Christian-Muslim Relations in Nigeria Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum religionum (Dr. rer. rel.) der Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Rostock vorgelegt von Nguvugher, Chentu Dauda, geb. am 10.10.1970 in Gwakshesh, Mangun (Nigeria) aus Mangun Rostock, 21.04.2010 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Klaus Hock Chair: History of Religions-Religion and Society Faculty of Theology, University of Rostock, Germany Examiners Dr. Sigvard von Sicard Honorary Senior Research Fellow Department of Theology and Religion University of Birmingham, UK Prof. Dr. Frieder Ludwig Seminarleiter Missionsseminar Hermannsburg/ University of Goettingen, Germany Date of Examination (Viva) 21.04.2010 urn:nbn:de:gbv:28-diss2010-0082-2 Selbständigkeitserklärung Ich erkläre, dass ich die eingereichte Dissertation selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt und die den benutzten Werken wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Statement of Primary Authorship I hereby declare that I have written the submitted thesis independently and without help from others, that I have not used other sources and resources than those indicated by me, and that I have properly marked those passages which were taken either literally or in regard to content from the sources used. ii CURRICULUM VITAE CHENTU DAUDA NGUVUGHER Married, four children 10.10.1970 Born in Gwakshesh, Mangun, Plateau State, Nigeria September 1976 – July 1982 L.G.E.D Primary School, Gwakshesh, Mangun, September 1982 - July 1985 Mangu Commercial Secondary School, Mangu September 1985 – July 1987 School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Bukuru January 1989 – August 1990 ECWA Bible Training School, Kogum River, Kaduna State, Nigeria September 1990 – June 1994 Diploma in Bible, Theology, ECWA Bible College, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria June 1994 – September 1996 Pastor (full-time), Church of Christ in Nigeria (COCIN), Gwakshesh and Nyempang, Mangun, Nigeria September 1994 – September 1996 Christian Religious Instructor (part-time), Government Secondary School (GSS), Mangun, Nigeria September 1996 – May 2000 Bachelor of Divinity, Theology, Theological College of Northern Nigeria (TCNN) / University of Jos, Nigeria. Dissertation: Symbiosis as Antidote for the Church: A Critical Exegesis of 1Cor. 12:12-30 October/November 1998 West Africa Examination Certificate (WAEC), External August 2000 – May 2002 Master of Theology, Missiology, Theological College of Northern Nigeria (TCNN) / University of Jos, Nigeria. Dissertation: Ministry to the Social Outcasts in Jos-Bukuru Metropolis June 2002 – September 2005 Lecturer, Theological College of Northern Nigeria (TCNN) / University of Jos, Nigeria iii March 2003 – September 2005 Assistant Pastor, Church of Christ in Nigeria (COCIN), Topp, Jos, Nigeria September 2005 – August 2006 Msc in Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Dissertation: The Position of Christians under Islamic Rule in the First Three Centuries of Islam September 2006 – April 2010 Faculty of Theology, University of Rostock, Germany. Ph.D Thesis on "Conflicting Christologies in a Context of Conflicts: Jesus, the sw, and Christian-Muslim Relations in Nigeria" iv Zusammenfassung Nach dem Ende der Kriegszüge im Rahmen des sog. Fulani-jihâd unter Usman Dan Fodio konnten sich die Angehörigen der verschiedenen Religionen in Nigeria bis in die 70er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts hinein eines vergleichsweise friedvolle Zusammenleben erfreuen. Das änderte sich gegen Ende der Dekade und in den frühen 1980er Jahren, als es zu gewaltsamen Konfrontationen zwischen Christen und Muslimen kam, die – von inner-religiösen Unruhen begleitet – bis in die jüngste Gegenwart hinein unvermindert anhalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den gewaltsamen Zusammenstößen zwischen Christen und Muslimen sowie den daraus für die christlich-muslimischen Beziehungen erwachsenen Folgen innerhalb dieses Zeitraums. Von besonderem Interesse sind dabei die sog.sw, die bislang in der Forschung völlig vernachlässigt wurden. Bei den sw handelt es sich um eine Gemeinschaft, die aufgrund ihres besonderen Glaubens an Jesus und ihres Verständnisses der Nachfolge Jesu an den Rändern von Christentum und Islam sowie gewissermaßen zwischen beiden Religionen angesiedelt ist. Die Arbeit geht unter anderem der Frage nach, weshalb sich die sw nicht in die gewaltsamen Auseinandersetzungen haben hineinziehen lassen, obgleich sie stets äußerst verwundbar waren und denselben Auswirkungen der immer wieder aufkommenden Unruhen ausgesetzt sind. Um den Umschlag von relativ friedlicher Koexistenz zu gewaltsamen Konflikten zwischen Christen und Muslimen in Nigeria seit den 1980er Jahren begreifbar zu machen, werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit sowohl die hinter dieser Entwicklung stehenden tieferen historischen Prozesse diskutiert, als auch die den jüngeren Auseinandersetzungen zugrunde liegenden Konfliktszenarien untersucht, die immer wieder von neuem allen Bemühungen um ein friedliches Zusammenleben entgegenwirken. Aus der Analyse sowohl schriftlicher als auch oraler Quellen lässt sich der Schluss ziehen, dass die Konflikte zwar oft entlang religiöser Bruchlinien entstehen, letztlich aber ihren Ursprung im Zusammenwirken einer Vielfalt von Faktoren haben: historischen, sozio-kulturellen, ethnischen oder regionalen, ökonomischen, politischen, psychologischen und religiösen – einschließlich des Einflusses von Analphabetismus, v Unkenntnis der anderen (wie der eigenen) Religion, Vorurteilen und Stereotypisierungen sowie der bewussten Manipulation von Religion. Obgleich nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann, dass auch externe Faktoren und Einflüsse zur Eskalation der Situation beitragen, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit daran festgehalten, dass die nigerianischen Christen/-innen und Muslime/-innen selbst die Verantwortung dafür übernehmen müssen, ihre Beziehungen zueinander zu klären. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die These entwickelt, dass eine (Wieder-)Entdeckung Jesu als fundamentaler gemeinsamer Bezugspunkt im religiösen Denken und in der religiösen Praxis von Muslimen/-innen und Christen/innen, wie beispielhaft von den sw gelebt, auf lange Sicht hin einen konstruktiven Beitrag dazu leisten kann, über den gegenwärtigen Status quo hinauszugelangen. Indem die sw dogmatische Kontroversen über Jesus hintanstellen und sich vom Ethos, der mitleidvollen Nächstenliebe und dem pazifistischen Beispiel Jesu in ihrem Alltagsleben leiten lassen, heben sie sich deutlich von ihren vorschnell zu gewaltsamen Konfliktlösungen neigenden muslimischen und christlichen Nachbarn ab. Christen/-innen und Muslime/-innen können von den Einsichten der sw, aber auch von der großen Hochachtung gegenüber Jesu, wie sie in den klassischen und zeitgenössischen volkstümlichen islamischen Quellen zum Ausdruck kommt, vieles lernen, was für einen fruchtbaren Dialog und ein gedeihliches Zusammenleben zwischen den Angehörigen beider Religionen nutzbar zu machen ist. vi Theses 1. As the title of the dissertation indicates, this research project was embarked upon in the hope that the ever increasingly deteriorating state of relationship between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria due to years of violent conflicts would change for the better if both groups were to be true to the tenets of their faiths. Because Jesus occupies a central place in both faith traditions, it is proposed that a (re)discovery of Jesus as a fundamental common point of reference in Christian and Muslim religious thought and practice may contribute to reduce the violence in communal clashes and religious riots which are being experienced between the adherents of both faiths. At least the question whether this could be a case in point for improving Christian-Muslim relations calls for further investigation into the relationship between Muslim and Christian Christologies. 1.1. Our investigation into sw Christology as well as Islamic Christologies from both classical and popular Islamic sources reveals that although the hermeneutical differences between Muslims and Christians have brought about different Christologies, an investigation of both commonalities and differences may dispel misconceptions, ignorance, prejudice and stereotyping that have led to avoidable bloodshed. Furthermore, were both Christians and Muslims to be true to their belief and confession, bearing in mind the eminent position of Jesus to both faiths, the question of the violent clashes would have been minimal or non-existent. 1.2. The sw are a testimony to the fact that if both Nigerian Christians and Muslims held to their belief and profession concerning Jesus as enshrined in their sacred texts and other religious sources, there would be peace and harmony cutting across religious boundaries. This is predicated on the analysis that the conflicts are often rooted in a combination of other factors other than the religious garb that has always been the smoke screen. The violent clashes are not always fought in defense of religious truth by both groups. For if both groups were knowledgeable about the tenets of their faiths and the religion of each other, given the high esteem reserved for Jesus in both faith traditions, the effects would have trickled down to a more conciliatory relationship rather than the enmity and hostility being witnessed. vii 2. To be able to understand the background to the violent conflicts, on the
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