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Lessons Learned Regional Project for Promotion of Forest Rehabilitation in Cambodia and Vietnam through Demonstration Models and Improvement of Seed Supply System: Lessons Learned Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... iii Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................................... vi 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Global Policy Development on Forest Restoration ............................................................................. 7 2.2 Policies, Laws and Regulations on Forest Restoration in Cambodia ................................................. 9 4.0 Project Interventions and Lessons Learned ......................................................................................... 11 4.1 Models for Forest Restoration and Lessons Learned ....................................................................... 11 4.1.1 High Density Planting of Mixed Species .................................................................................... 11 4.1.2 Direct Seeding to Restore the Grasslands ................................................................................. 15 4.1.3 Direct Seeding Plots on Former Agricultural Land ..................................................................... 18 4.1.4 Direct Seeding in Kbal Chhay Watershed.................................................................................. 22 4.2 Seed Sources Establishment and Lessons Learned ........................................................................ 23 4.2.1 Identification of Seed Sources in the Natural Forests ................................................................ 23 4.2.2 Establishment of Seed Production Area .................................................................................... 28 4.3 Establishment and Operation of the Cambodia Tree Seed Laboratory (TSL) .................................. 37 5.0 Seed Production and Supply Analysis .................................................................................................. 38 References .................................................................................................................................................. 48 List of Figures Figure 1. Basal diameter (cm) of three-year old Mixed-planted species .................................................... 13 Figure 2. Total height (M) of three-year old mixed planted species............................................................ 14 Figure 3. Basal diameter (cm) of two-year old direct seeding trees ........................................................... 15 Figure 4. Total height (M) of two-year old direct seeding trees .................................................................. 16 Figure 5. Diameter (DBH) of the 10 species planted using direct seeding at 7 years old (cm) .................. 19 Figure 6. Total height of the 10 species planted using direct seeding after seven years (m) .................... 20 Figure 7. Diameter of the different species/planting materials .................................................................... 20 Figure 8. Total Height of different species/planting materials ..................................................................... 21 Figure 9. Average DBH (cm) of nine-year old direct seeded trees in Kbal Chhay ..................................... 22 Figure 10. Average total height (M) of nine-year old direct seeded trees in Kbal Chhay ........................... 23 Figure 11. Diameter at breast height (cm) of different species planted in Kbal Chhay watershed ............. 36 Figure 12. Total height (M) of the species planted in Kbal Chhay watershed SPA (m) ............................. 36 Figure 13. Overall model structure .............................................................................................................. 41 Figure 14. Total Seed demand and export demand of seeds ..................................................................... 42 Figure 15. Total seeds supplied and demand ............................................................................................. 43 List of Tables Table 1. Tree species planted in the demonstration plot ............................................................................ 12 Table 2. Result of ANOVA for diameter of indigenous species .................................................................. 18 Table 3. Result of ANOVA for total height of indigenous species ............................................................... 19 Table 4. Seed source classification ............................................................................................................ 24 Table 5. List of seed sources in natural forests with contact persons (updated in 2019) .......................... 26 Table 6. DBH and Total Height of two-year-old A. auriculiformis and A. mangium .................................... 30 Table 7. DBH and Total Height of planted three-year old indigenous species ........................................... 32 List of Photos Photo 1. Direct seeding planted Syzygium cumini planted in 2017 ............................................................ 17 Photo 2. Plantation of Acacia auriculiformis after two years of planting ..................................................... 29 Photo 3. Stands of Acacia mangium after two years of planting ................................................................ 30 Photo 4. Removal of Acacia mangium trees manifesting undesirable traits (epicormic branching) ........... 31 Photo 5. Seed production area of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Kampong Chnnang ................................ 31 Photo 6. Planted Toona sureni with galls developed at the shoot tips injured by shoot borers ................. 33 Photo 7. Some standing Toona sureni trees not attacked by shoot borers ................................................ 34 [Date] i Photo 8. Replacing the empty spot of Toona sureni plantation with Heritiera javanica seedling ............... 34 Map Map 1. Location of Seed Sources in natural forests in 2016 ...................................................................... 25 Map 2. Location of Dalbergia oliveri mother trees in Kampong Chnnang Province ................................... 53 Annex Annex 1. List of Seed Production Area ...................................................................................................... 50 Annex 2. Case Study of a Seed Collector in Kampong Chnnang Province ............................................... 51 Annex 3. Issues and lessons learned ......................................................................................................... 54 Annex 4. Formula for the Systems Dynamics Model .................................................................................. 57 [Date] ii Executive Summary A sustainable supply of germplasm or planting material is crucial for restoration project which defines the future of the condition of the forest stands of Cambodia. The benefit of using good quality seeds from selected parent trees assures successful forest development and improved quality of forest stands. Globally, several policies have been adopted in support of the forest and genetic conservation. Several Cambodian laws and polices also support the restoration and genetic conservation of Cambodian forests. These include the Forestry Law of 2002, Sub-Decree on Community Forestry Management of 2003, National Forest Programme 2010-2029; National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) 2014-2018; Cambodia Energy Sector Strategy; and National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of 2002. The Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development (Cambodia) and the Research Institute for Forest Ecology and Environment (Vietnam) has jointly implemented a Regional Project: “Promotion of forest rehabilitation in Cambodia and Vietnam through demonstration models and improvement of seed supply system” that aims to promote reforestation and rehabilitation of degraded forests in Cambodia through demonstration of good practice of forest restoration and improvement of tree seed supply. Several interventions were implemented which include identification of seed sources of priority species in natural forest, tree species and seed suppliers. Early works on the conservation of genetic resources of Cambodia can be credited to the Danida’s Cambodia Tree Seed Project (CTSP). Some seed sources were established and currently became the sources of planting materials. These include seed sources of Dalbergia cochinchinensis in Banteay Srei, seed production area in Kbal Chhay watershed, and seed source in Phnom Kravanh district. Guidelines on the selection of mother trees and the collection of seeds have been well established. However, the proper seed collection is often compromised during seed actual seed collection. There are indications that many seeds used in Cambodia for restoration are improperly collected from mother trees of dubious traits. The project conducted demonstration of restoration using high density planting and direct seeding trials in the selected sites. The preliminary result of high density planting showed promising result for species like Khaya senegalensis, Delonix regia and Lagerstroemia
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