~48 28 8eptembre 1948 2fS3 146- seanoo plemere ~ de It would co-operate loyally to the full extent of que l'AssemhIee r\jste fideIe a ses grands devoirs nne its power 80 that the Assembly might remain et a I'esperance ~es peuples. I le faithful to its great duty and to the hopes of ~ .le mankind. Enns He welcomed the appearance of human rights Il saIue I'entree des droits fondamentaux de luel among the principles to be internationally Iro­ l'homme dans la categorie des droits intema... I, la tected, as a great step forward which woul do tionalement r,roMges. Ce sera la un grand pro­ ater honour to the pl'esent generation. In his great gres, tout a 1honneur de la generation presentee B et and generous speech at the 139th plenary Dans le grand et genereux discours qu'il a pro­ :tats meeting Mr. Marshall had sFaken of the calvary nonce ala 139· seance pIeniere, le general Mar... r la of indidivualliberty in certain parts of the world shall disait recemment le calvaire des libertes 8 a which claimed to be civilized, and had pointed out individuelles dans certaines regions d'un monde .lson that those Members ofthe United Nations who sin­ qui se pretend civilise et il signalait que celiX ~ies. cerely tried to live in accordance with the Charter des Membres des Nations Unies qui s'efforcent lem-. were in fact the States who desired to protect and sincerement de vivre selon la Charte sont en .vOir uphold the dignity and integrity of the indi­ fait les Etats qui desir61nt maintenir et proteger Inte, vidual. Mr. Fernandez concluded by hoping la dignite et l'integrite de l'individu. Puissent par that the wishes Mr. MarBhall had expressed might les Y1BUX qu'il a formuIes, conclut M. Femandez, tleu­ he fulfilled. ~tre exauces. ~res­ The meeting rose at 1 p. m. La seance est levee a 13 heures. lans doit lont nces HUNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH CENT-QUARANTE-SEPTIEME ces PLENARY MEETING SEANCE PLEN'IERE e la gne. Held at the Palais de Clulilll]t, Paris, Tenue au Palais de Chaillot, Paris, r les on Tuesday, 28 September i948~ at: Bp. m. le maf,di 28 88ptembre 1948, a15 Mu"S. e la Prllsident : Mr. H. V. EVATT (Australia). President: M. H. V. EVATT (Australie). >ales. )UIS- ~cep- 27. Introduction to the General A~sem­ 27. Presentation a l'Assemblee generale bly of the Directors-General of the des Directeurs generaux du Bureau lItres International Labour Office, the Food international du Travail, de 1'0.­ Hini­ and Agriculture Organization of the nisation des Nations Unies pour l'aIi­ onde United Nations and the World Health mentation et l'agriculture et de ment Organization l'Organisation mondiale de la lJBD.I8 le la lu'ils The PRESIDENT introduced to the General Le PRESIDENT presente a l'AssemhIee generale nales Assembly Mr. David A. Morse, Director-General M. David A. Morae, Directeur general du Bureau of the International Labour Office, Mr. Norris international du Travail, M. Norris E. Dodd, mger E. Dodd, Director-General of the Food and Directeur general de l'Organisation des Nations .esses. Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agricuiture, et .Clpes and Dr. G. Brock Chisholm, Director-General of M. G. Brock Chisholm, Directeur general de epar the World Health Organization. I'Organisation mondiale de la sante. emps Igent Mr. MORSE (International Labour Office) wel­ M. MORSE (Bureau international du Travail) ades <.vllled the privilege of meeting the representa­ est heureux d'avoir l'honneur de rencontrer ~eurs. tives to the General Assembly and assured them les representants des Nations Unies a I'Assem­ that the International Labour Office would blee generale, et les assure que le Bureau in... pre­ maintain unchanged the policy of active co-opera­ temational du Travail poursuivra sa politique jour. tion with the United Nations which it had de cooperation active avec l'Organisation des I rap­ followed from the outset. Nations Unies, politique qui a ete aienne des le Idier. debut. Iltion, The fundamental importance of basing all Au cours des debats de l'AssemhIee genarale, }ment plans for world peace and security on the free­ on a constamment insiste sur le fait qu'il est avec dom and well-being of the ordinary citizev. had extr~mement important de fonder la pail: et la oyale­ been a recurrent theme in the debate of the securite mondiale sur h liberte et le bien~tre pour Assembly. There could be no peace without des simples citoyens. Il ne "Jeut y avoir de paix -_.~,-_. ------...... -.. 147th plenary meetinl 2IS4 28 September political stability, and no political stability with- sans stabilite politique, ni de stabilite poli- out economic security and social justice. To tiquesans securite economique et sans justice that task the ILO was dedicated. It worked in sociale. C'est it cette tAche qae se consa- the faith that all human beings, irrespective of cre 1'0rganisation internationale duo Travail. race, cl'eed or sex, had the right to pursue both L'Organisation travaille dans la conviction que theu' material well-being and their spiritual tout ~tre humain, s~ns distinction de race, de development in conditions of freedom and digni- croyance ou de sexe, a le droit de rechercher ty, of economic security and equal opportunity. son bien-Mre materiel et son developpement spi- The 11,0 had for thirty years promoted the attain- rituel dans des conditions de liberte, de dignite ment of the «better standards of life in (the) et de securite economique; et ce sur un pied larger freedom» envisaged by the Charter. It de parfaite egalite. Depuis trente ans, I'OIT was greatly encouraged in discharging its share cherche it «instaurer de meilleures conditions of the responsibility for attaining those objectives de vie dans une liberteflus grande», comme le by the extent to which it had fin&Hy become the preconise la Charte. C est un encouragement central preoccupation of statesmanship and of pour dLe, lorsqu'elle assume sa part de respon- higher policy. sabilites dans la pour~uite de ~es objectifs, de conatater ~.~ue cette preoccupation est maintenue it la base de tout programme de gouvernement et de toute politique en general. The International Labour Organisation's pled­ D~ par sa constitution m~me, l'Organisation ge of full co-operation with the United Nations internationale du Travail s'est engagee it cooperer in pursuance of those objectives was embodied sans reserve avec 1'0rganisation des Nations in its constitution. The measures it was taking Unies dans la poursuite de ces objectifs. Les to implement that pledge were indicated in mesures qu'elle prend pour remplir cet enga­ I detail in the comprehensive !'8Vlrts submitted gement sont exposees en detail dans les rapports i to the Assembly. The co-operation between qu'elle a presentes it I'Assemhlee. La coope­ the United Nations and the ILO was governed ration entre 1'0rganisation des Nations Unies et I by the agreement concluded between the two l'OIT est reglee par l'accord conclu entre lea (. organizations and by the successive decisions deux organisations, ainsi que par les decisions ! I taken in pursuance of the agreement by the prises ulterieurement par la Conference inter­ I International Labour Conference and the Govern­ nationale du Travail et son Comite directeur, I ing Body. Addressing the 92nd plenary en vue de l'application de cet accord. A la I meeting of the General Assembly in New York, 92- seance pleniere de I'Assemhlee generale I Sir Guilhaume Myrddin-Evans had defined that it New-York, Sir Guilhaume Myrddin-Evans co-operation as tt a partneriiihip of service". a defini cette cooperation comme une «asso.. Ii Mr. Morse regarded it in the same spirit and ciation de travail». M. Morse voit la chose SOUG f m~me I said the policy of the International Labour le angle et affirme qlle la ligne de con­ , Organisation would remain unchanged. It rested duite de 1'0rganisation internationale du Tra­ , upon the twin pillars of the autonore! of vail restera inchangee. Les deux piliers sur 1 the Intemational Labour Organisation with its lesquels elle s'app'lie sont la position indepen­ unique tripartite composition and the whole­ dante que confere it l'Organisation internationale hearted co-operation of the ILO in the common du Travail une composition tripartite qui n'existe· .effort organized by the United Nations. nulle part ailleurs, et la cooperation sincete ~u' alIe apporte it l'effort commun suscite par I Organisation des Nations Unies. The ILO was actively at work upon the various L'OIT s'attaque actuellement aux diverses task.8 with which it had been specially entrusted tAches qui lui ont ete confiees par l'Assemblee by the General Assembly and the Economic and generale et le Conseil economique et social. Social Council. The recent session of the Inter­ Lors de sa recente session a San-Frallcisco, la national Labour Conference at San Francisco Conference internationale du Travail t. adopte had adopted a Convention on: Freedom of Asso­ une Convention sur la liberte d'association· ciation based on the principles laid down by the fond,6e sur les prineipes poses par la Conference. Conference the preceding year and endorsed by de l'annee precedente et ratifies par I'Assem'1 the General Assembly at its last session.l The blee generale a sa derniere session 1. Cette. Convention represented the first international Convention, qui constitue le premier accord. agreement designed to embody in binding !egal international tendant it formul~r en termes juri... ·

. 1 See O.fficial Recorda Qf the ,8tXJnd ,,"ion oJthe General A,um- 1 Voir lea Docu11UJnt. officielB de la deuxidme ""ion ds I'All.: bly. Resolutions, No. 1~8 (11). bUssJnJrale, Resolutions, nO 128 (11). . 28 septeblbre 1948 2ISIS 11 seance plm.tere obligations one 01 the fundamental rights and diques rigoureux l'un des droits de l'homme human freedoms envisaged by the Charter, and ~t I'une des libertes fondamentales enonces had now been submitted to Governments for par la Charte, est maintenant soumise ala rati­ ratification. Mr. Morse hoped that it would be fication des Gouvernements. M. Morse est sdi' promptly and' widely ratified and urged the que cette ratification aura lieu sans delai ni representatives to the General Assembly to take reserve, et il conjure leB repr~sel).18nts aI'Assem­ all possible steps to that end. Such ratification blee generale de faire tout ce qui est en leur would give concrete proof to the world of the pouvoir dans ce sens. Cette ratification donne­ sincerity ~f Governments in making interna­ rait au monde la preuve concrete que les Gou­ tional action effective. The work of the ILO in vernements ont le desir sincere de voir reussir regard to that matter, and the other matters I'oouvre de cooperation internationale. L'OIT referred to it by the Economic and Social Council, poursuit avec energie I'accomplissement de sa stlch as the question of migration for employ­ tAche en ce domaine, ainsi qu'en d'autres do" ment, was being vigorously pursued. maines qui lui ont ete attribues par le Conseil economique et social, celui des migrations de la main-d'oouvre, par exem,ple. Important developments were taking place in Des developpements importants se produisent the scope and intensity of the ILO's regional dans le champ immense qui s'ouvre aI'activite activities. The Conferences held last year in de rOIT a 1'6,ch~ne regionale. Am: Conferences New Delhi and Istanbul had focused its atten­ tenues l'an dernier a la NouveUe-DeIhi et a tion upon the urgency of the social problems of Istamboul, son attention s'est concentree sur Asia and of the Near and Middle East. Impor­ l'ul'gence des prohlemes sociaux en Asie ainsi tant work was now being undertaken on the que dans le Proche et le Moyen Orient. Un basis of the recommendations of those Confer­ travail important est maintenant commence, sur ences and preparations were being made for la base des recommandations faites par ces Con­ afurther regional conference in China. The ILO ferences, et l'on prepare une nouveIle (~onferenoe also had along-standing tradition of regional co­ regionale en Chine. L'0IT a derriere eIle una operation in the Americas, and in March next longue tradition de cooperation regionale dans the fourth Labour Conference of American les deux Ameriques; en mars prochain se tiendra States wo.uld c(],nvene at Montevideo. The ILO a Montevideo la quatrieme Conference du Tra­ was also givinU close attention to the special vail des E18ts d'Ainerique. L'OfT oDserve aussi problem::; of Eu~rope, particularly in the field of de tres pres les problemes particuliers aI'Europe, man-power. In planning Hs regional activities dans le domaine de la main-d'oouvre pm- exemple. it was maintaining close contact with the United En etablissant le plan de ses activites regionales, Nations and the other specialized agencies. It I'0IT reste en contact etroit avee l'Organisation was co-operating with, and would welcome ces Nations Unies et avec les autres institutions further opportunities for developing its co­ specialisees. EBe accueillerait avec faveur toute operation with the regional Commissions of the oc?asion de developper .la. coope~tion deja United Nations and the Organization of Ameri­ eXls18nte avec les ComnusslOns reglOnales de can States. I'Organisation des Nations Unies et avec l'Orga­ nisation des Etats americains. The International Labour Organization attach­ L'0r&anisation internationale du Travail e&­ ed great importance to effective co-ordination time tres important de coordonner de maniere of the activities of the United Nations and the efficace les activites de I'Organisation des Nations specialized agencies, not merely with a view to Unies et des institutions specialisees, non sen­ the elimination of any duplication or o'V'erlapping lement afin d'eliminer les chevauchements et which might be found to exist, but 9.180 because doubles emplois qui ne manqueraient pas de se only by concerted effo1'ts would it he possible to produire, mais encore parce que seuls des efforts make a maximum contrihution towards eliminat­ concertes permettront de contribuer au maximum ing the want and despair which was so critical asupprimer la misere et le desespoir qui jOUf3renl a factor among the basic causes of war. In that un si grand role aux origines de la guerre. Soua connexion the Administrative Committee on Co­ ce rapport, le Comite administratif de coordi­ ordination, which consisted of the Secretary­ nation, qui comprend le Secretaire general de General of the United Nations and the Directors­ I'Organisation des Nations Unies et les diree­ General of the specialized agencies, could play teurs generaux: des institutions specialis3es, an important part in facilitating the discharge peut, dans une large mesure, aider le Conseil hy the Economic and Social Council and the economique et social et l'Assemhlee gename General Assemhly of the responsibilities con­ it assumer les responsahilites que leur a co. \flees ferred upon them by the Charter. la Charte.

··"~------I ·f

147th plenary meeting ~ 28 September 1948 Mr. Morse wished to take the opportunity of M. Morse veut salSir I'occasion qui lui est assuring the Secretary-General in public, as he offerte de repeter en fublic ce ~u'iI a deja dit ne had already done in private, that he proposed to au Secretaire genera en parttculier, et de -aVI follow the precedent set by his predecessor and l'assurer qu'iI a l'intention de suivre la voie tra.. ha to give his fullest personal co-operation to the cee par son predecesseur et d'apporter sa. co~la­ tel work of that Committee. He wanted th,') Com­ Loration entiere aux travaux de ce Comlte. 11 W() mittee to give increasing attention to questions souhaite que le Comite s'efforce de plus en plus tht of programme co-ordination which would ensure de mettre sur pied un programme de coordina­ W() that the General Assembly, the Economic and tion permettant a l'Assemblee generale, au Con­ Ne Social Council and the governing bodies of the seil economique et social. et aux comites direc­ .no various specialized agencies had an adequate teurs des diverses institutions specialisees d'avoir m( overall picture of the whole complex of interna­ une image exacte de I'ensemble des mes~res di! tional action in the economic and social fields on internationales a prendre dans les domames ne l which to base the decisions on programme ques­ e~onomique et social, et d'y trouver une base tions that fell within their respective compe­ qui leur permettrait de prendre les decisions tences. The General Assembly could rest as­ que reclament leurs attributions respectives. sured that he would co-operate constructively in L'AssembIee generale peut avoir la certitude that work which he believed could make a major qu'il apportera une aide constructive a cette pe] contribution to the efficient and economical reuvre, dont l'importance est capitale pour le wo discharge of the responsibilities which fell upon bon fonctionnement de I'ensemble. C'est en 25 all. It was by marshalling the total strength faisant appel atoutes les forces disponibles et wo available and working side hy side that the en travaillant en commun que l'on pourra le roil common objectives fcr lasting peace could be mieux realiser l'espoir commun en une paiv. loa more :readily achieved. durable.

Mr. DODD (food and Agriculture Organization) M. DODD (Organisation pour l'alimentation et COl asked the Assembly' b leave to speak before it of I'agriculture) s'excuse aupres de I'AssemhIee zat. such homely things as a loaf of bread., a bowl of d'aborder devant eUe des sujets aussi prosaiques gre rice~ a cup of milk in a child's hands. que le pain, le riz, le lait des enfants. Reduite a do Reduced to those simplicities, the subject des termes aussi simples, la question peut sem­ might seem scarce~ly worth the attention of bIer a peine digne de retenir l'attention de cet qu~­ that globe-encircling body. Yet the daily loaf organisme universel. Pourtant, du pain 1 of bread~ the bowr.of rice, and the other foods tidien, du riz, comme des autres denrees ah­ the m~me they typified were life itself to the 2.000 mil­ mentaires essentieHes du genre, depenci prl m~me lion men, women and children whom the Assem­ la vie des deux milliards d'hommes, de aga bly represented. femmes et d'enfants que l'AssembIee representee sen Two-thirds of the world's people worked Des minions de paysans, de bficherons et de wa: every day on the soil, in the forosts, or in the p,~cheurs, constituant les deux tiers de la popu­ fishing boats in order that all might have bread lation mondiale, travaillent chaque jour pour ~ and food" shelter and clothing. The work of assurer atous la nourriture, les v~tements et le the. other millions was devoted to preparing those logement. Des millions d'autres ~tres humains InS products and distributing them, or to making ont pour tAche de preparer et de repartir les hac the tools of food production. No man's wor}r~ produits de premiere necessite, ou se consacrent hm anywhere, would have any value without hread a la fabrication des instruments de production. tau and rice. Le travail de l'homme, on qu'iI se trouve, n'au­ me: rait aucune valeur s'il n'y avait ni pain ni riz. wh M. Dodd est profondement convaincu que urn Mr. Dodd expressed his heartfelt belief that nee the matters with which the Assembly deal:t were l'avenir de la civilisation depend essentiellement trul vital to the continuance of human civilisation. des problemes que traite I'AssembIee. Pourtant, cati Yet if the Assembly were convinced that there si l'Assemblee apprenait de source s·fire que le ~tre nOI1 would he no bread or rice for the world's break­ monde allait prive de pain du jour au len-. den fast tomorrow, it would instantly forget every demain, elIe oublierait instantanement tout autre sim other crisis which stirred its anxiety. motif d'angoisse. goo No such catastrophe would happen so sud­ 11 ne se produira pas de catastrophe si brutale denly and completely. Yet he felt obliged to on si totale. Pourtant, M•.Dodd se croit tenU report that it was happening little by little, like de signaler que la menace de disette se precise a creeping drought or a rising flood, to which peu a 'peu, comparable a l'approche de la 1 people too often did not pay heed until the secheresse on a la montee des inond&tions, nati hope of remedy had passed. dangers auxquels trop sonvent on ne prend hey garde que lorsqu'il est trop tarde togl .. t .!' ' •

28 septembre 1948 948 2ts7 1478 seance pIeniere It was known est only too well that there had On ne sait que trop qu'iI n'y a jamais never been enough eu l dit hread and rice to feed assez de pain et de riz pour assurer tous everyone properly. a une de For some, at times, there alimentation convenable. Il est arrive que had been only cel'­ traM famine and death. Even the tains hommes n'aient en d'autre perspective M terrible post-war hunger oHa crisis from which the que la famine et la mort. M~me la terrible crise ~~ world Il was emerging was of less importance than alimentaire que le mond~ d'apres-guerre the great vient plus hard fact behind it; the fact that the de traverser presente moins d'importance world had not que lina.. yet turned the tide against hunger. le fait hrutal et essentiel dont elle est l' Neither the expres­ Con.. care and develofment of resources, sion, et qui est que le monde n'a . nor the application pas encore lrec-- of modern science to the gagne la victoire dans la lutt9 contre la . increase of production, faim• flvolr nor the improvement of Ni la conservation et l'exploitation des ressources distribution, had lures kept pace with the growing natureHes, ni l'application de la science moderne . needs of a growing :nnes world. au developpement de la production, ni l'amelio­ base. ration de la repartitinn des produits n'ont suivi ~lOns le m~me rythme que Jes besoins croissants d'un Gives. monde en croissance. ltude Every new morning cette there were 55,000 more Chaque jour, il ya dans le monde 55.000 bou­ persons for breakfast than there had Ir heen in the ches de plus a nourrir que la veille, ce le world the qui previous day, adding up to 20 to represente a la fin de l'annee un excedent t en 25 million more people annually. But the de vingt a vingt-cmq millions d'~tres. Mais es et world was not producing 55,000 more cups of le monde ne produit pas en m~me temps ra le milk a day for . the new children: nor 55,000 more 55.000 tasses de lait ou 55.000 pains pan: loaves of hread, ou nor 55,000 more howls of rice. 55.000 bols de riz suppIementaires par jour. Looking hackward, the progress of mankind M. Dodd estime qu'en jetant un coup on et could be seen d'ooil as the slow development of civili­ en arriere, on constate que l'evolution de nblee zations which l'hu­ either had recognized and met the manite correspond a une lente succession lques great crises de of their times, or which, failing to civilisations, dont certaines ont su lite do reconnattre a so, had fallen hack and heen lost. et affronter les periodes de crj~-.:;, sem­ tandis que d'autres, ne l'ayant pas fait, dec7maient ou dis­ le cet paraissaient. quo­ , Among the great prohlems s ali­ which constituted Parmi les grands problemes qui sont la the crises of present a lpenii times, none had higher hase des crises actuelles, celui auquel on devrait priority than the necessity is, de to turn the tide s'attaquer en premier est celui de la lutte contre against hunger. Until )ente. that was done the pre­ la famine. Tant que cette lutte ne sera pas ter­ sent ciyiIization would et de not have proved that it minee, iI ne sera pas demontre que notre civi­ was able to pass successfully popu- through that crisis. lisation puisse sortir victorieuse de la crise. Two out pour of three of the world's people ­ Les peupIes sous-alimentes, qui the underfed forment les , et le - would agree with that if, at that deux tiers de l'humanite, se rallieraient instant, their voices a ce mains could he heard. Hunger jugement s'ils etaient en etat de faire entendre had once heen accepted ir les as the most inevitable of leur voix. La faim a autrefois ete reconnue comme human ills. One flcrent economic philosopher had le plus ineluctahle des IDaux qui nous afIligent. taught that war lction. and pestilence were the cruel Un economiste a soutenu que la guerre , mercies which et la nau- spared humanity from famine, peste etaient des :fIeaux utHes sans which must lesquels [li riz. otherwise reduce mankind to the I'humaniM, apres avoir epuise toutes limits of the les res­ 1 que world's food supply. No one sources alimentaires du monde, reduii~ needed serait ement to helieve any longer that that must he ala famine. Il n'est plus necessaire true. The de croire lrtant, potentialities which lay in the appli­ que cette theorie est exacte. On aper~oit cation clai­ Iue le of the physical and biological, the eco­ rement aujourd'hui les possihilites nomic que presente u len-, and social sciences, had heen too clearly l'application des sciences physiques demonstrated. et hiolo­ ;autre Pestilence, war and fami'ile were giques, economiques et sociales. La simply failures peste, la which good sense, good will and guerre et la famine ne sont que des good organization erreurs de Irutale could prevent. l'humanite, qu'un peu de confiance, de honne ~ tenu volonte et une organisation meilleure pour­ lrecise raient prevenir. The problem 'de la of food could be met if each Le prohleme des denrees aIimentail'es nation took action peut rxtions, for and within itself, and if, ~tre resoIu si chaque nation adopte individuel beyond that, the family .. prend ef nations took action lement les mesures qui s'imposent et si, together through the en United Nations and its outre, l'ensemble des nations agit conjointe- 17

fa ~•._------14.7th. plenary meeting 258 28 September 1948 specialized agencies. The existence ofthe Assem­ ment par l'internu3diaire de rOrganisation des bly proved that the world was awake to the Nations Unies et des institutions specialise~8. realit)' of the crisis. But action on. every front L'existence m~me de l'AssembIee montre que wai vital. le monde est conscient de la realite du danger; roais il faut absolument agir sur tous les fronts. ~ The F~od and Agriculture Organization had L'Organisation pour l'alimentation et l'agri­ been created by the united family of nations to culture a ete creee par la corrununaute des bet shoulder special responsibility in agriculture, nations afin d'assumer certaines responsabilites hut forestry, fisheries, nutrition and rural welfare. hien definies dans les domaines de l'agriculture, in 1 dar, des entreprises forestieres, des p~cheries, de l'alimentation et de I'amelioration du bien-~tre rural. 1 The nations had set a task for themselves En crean/; rOAA, les nations se sont impos~ 800 when they had established FAO. The task was une tAche, ceUe d'ameliorer la situation alimen­ the to raise levels of nutrition and standards of taire et d'elever le niveau de vie des peuples gre: living of the peoples under their respective dans le cadre de leurs legislations respectives, dot jurisdictions; to secure improvements in the d'intensifier la production et la distriblftion des it " efficiency of the production and distribution of produits alimentaires et des denrees agricoles, sidE an food and agricultural products; to better d'ameliorer la situation des populations rurales ~ the condition of rural populations, and thus to et de participer ainsi au developpement de soh: contribute toward an expanding world economy. l'economie mondiale. SUCI The fifty-seven member nations of FAO h.ad Les ~inquante-sept Etats Memhres qui ont sar) accepted that responsibility. But a plentiful adhere a rOAA ont accepte la responsahilite to and secure food supply, economic developnient, qui leur incombe. Mais une production alimen­ was monetary stability, labour welfm'e, health, order taire abondanta et stable, un developpement the and peace itself were indivisible parts of a whole economique satisfaisant, ~a stabilite monetaire, mal good world. Neither FAO nar any other agency le hien-~tre des travailleurs, la sante, i'ordre alb of the United Nations could achieve its program.. et la paix elle-m~me sont des elements inse­ me without the help of all the others. parables, indispensahles a l'etablissement d'un 11 monde heureux. Ni rOAA, ni toute autre insti­ situ tution dependant de rOrganisation des Nations mm Unies ne pent realiser ce programme sans {'aide buti de tous les autres organismes. ,1,..nre The world's food supply was too small and too La production mondiale des denrees alimen­ agel unevbuly produced. The (listrihution of food taires est trop faible et eUe est trop inegale­ was too unequ~ Dnd was impeded by too many ment repartie. La distribution des produits Il bottlenecks. The principles of nutrition were aussi est trop inegale; elle est freinee par de SUP] not beiug generally observed in planning for and trop nombreux obstacles. On ne tient pas new in utilizing food supplies. The resources from compte en general des principes rationnels de eon1 which food, clothing, shelter and much of the nutrition lorsqu'on organise la production ou year world's fuel and industrial materials must be l'utilisatioIl des denrees. On epuise inconside-. ent produced were being unnecessarily and far too rement, et aun rythme trop rapide, les ressources rapidly depleted. qui sont necessaires ala production des denrees v~tements, alimentaires, des des materiaux de T: construction et d'une grande partie du com­ opel bustible et des matieres premieres induBtrielles. tion Mr.. Domd stated that as long as those things M. Dodd declare qu'aussi longtemps que durera jrri~ were true, the world could not be well fed and cet etat de choses, I'humanite restera SGUS­ Con the situation would continue to deteriorate. The alimentee et la situation continuera empirer. a maD sense of urgency was accentuated by the increas­ Cette impression d'un danger imminent est year world population. Estimates indicated a encore accentuee par l'aug.lllentation rapide de ing and growth since 1938 of 200 million persons, an la population mondiale. On evalue 200 mil­ a year annual growth of 20 to 25 million persons, and lions de personnes raccroissem.~nt de l~ popu­ tion a present total of about two and a third thoqsand lation depuis 1938, a 20 on. 25 millions de million human beings. personnes son accroissement annuel; quant au chiJre actuel de la population du globe, il est d'environ 2 milliards et un tiers. The food production programmes of the lIes programmes de production alimentaire des divers pays, dans la mesure ou ils ont ete o various countries, in so far as they had been orm reported to FAO, indicated that the total output communiques arOAA, indiquent que - m~me

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28 septembre 1948 2159 1478 seance plwere 8 offoods by 1950-1951-assuming that no catas­ sans tenir compte de la possibilite d'une catas­ es trophe occurred - would probably not exceed the trophe - la production totale des denrees ro.i­ pre-war average, and that had not been largA mentaires en 1950-1951 ne depasserait pas le enough for the smaller pre-war population. la moyenne d'avant guerre, qui etait deja insuf­ r·, fisante pour une population pourtant moindre. ~s. Mr. Dodd wished to re-emphasize those facts M. Dodd desire signaler ces faits devant before the Assembly not as a prophecy of doom, l'AssembIee, non pas en tant que prophete es hut only to highlight the critical need for action de malheur, mais seulement pour bien faire es in the crisis in mankind's affairs whicL mankind ressortir combien it est urgent qu'une action ~e, ~e dare not disregard. soit entreprise pour resoudre une crise dont ;re l'humanite ne saurait se desinteresser. The achievements of science, the immense Les realisations de la science, les tresors de IS~ goodwill and organizing sense that had gone into honne volonte et le sens de l'organisation qui :n­ the creation of the instruments of human pro­ ont conduit a la creation des instruments du les gress such as the Assembly itself, showed beyond progres humain, tels que I'Assemhlee elle-m~me, BS, doubt that the challenge could be met, if only montrent sans conteste qu'on peut faire face les it was given the priority it must receive from all a la situation, a condition toutefois que tous es, sides. accordent acette tache la priorite qu'elle merite. les Mr. Dodd could offer no easy and painless M. Dodd ne peut proposer de solution qui de solution. Yet he could see the possibilities of soit facile et qui n'exige aucun effort. Il voit successful attack at several points.. The neces­ cependant une possil.ilite de succes sur plu­ sary actions would faH under three headings : sieurs points. L'action a entreprendre attait to increase food production and to reduce un triple ohjectil : augmenter la produ(~tion m- waste; to adopt effective programmes to improve alimentaire et reduire le gaspillage ; adopter mt the distribution and utilization of food; to des programmes efficaces en vue de l'amelio­ re, make the soil secure, for it was the hasis of ration de la distribution et de l'utilisation Ire all resources. des denrees alimentaires; assurer la conserva­ se­ tion du sol, base de toutes les ressources. un In Mr. Dodd'~ view, in order to improve the De l'avis de M. Dodd, si l'on veut ameliorer lti­ situation r~pidly and permanently, those actions la situation de fa~on rapide et permanent3, il ms must he taken concurrently, every nationcontr;.... faut viser a la fois ces trois objectifs~ cfiaque ide buting individually and all working together nation devant fournir individuellement ~a contri­ throu~h the United Nations and the specialized bution et toutes deVt.tnt travailler ensemble par en­ agencies. I'en~remise de I'Organisation des Nations Unies ae­ ainsi que des institutions specialisees. lits In the last century, enormous new food Au cours du siecle dermer, d'im,menses reser­ de supplies had been developed by the opening of voirs de produita alimentaires ont ete mis en ras new continents. Howe:ver, there were no new valeur grAce au developpement de nouveaux con­ de continents left. Furthermore, in the last ten tinents. Il n'y a, toutefois, plus de continents ou years a population equivalent to that ofa contin­ a decouvrir. En outre, au cours des dix der­ de-. ent had been added. nieres annees, une population qui equivaut a 'ces celle d'un continent est venue s'ajouter aux effec­ ees tits de l'humanite. de There were possibilities, though limitl,d, of Il n'est pas impossible, jusgu'a un certain lm­ opening new lands, and increasing the produc­ point, de mettre en valeur de nouvelles terres les. tion of lands already being used by means of et d'augmenter la production de tenes deja en era irrigation and drainage. The FAO Near East exploitation, au moyen de l'irrigati(J n et du drai­ us­ Conference had reported that in that region nage. La Conference du Proche-Orient de rer. many small irrigation projects could, in two I'OAA a signaM que, dans cette region, de est years, yield returns equal to their capital costs, nomhreux projets d'irrifJation d'importance re­ de and many o~hers could return their cost in ten duite pouvaientt en deax ans, fournir un rap­ nil­ years. Even more important, the level of nutri­ port egal aux capitaux engages et que beaucoup pu­ tion could be raised within that region. d'autres projets pouvaient, au hout de dix aDS, de avoir un rapport egal aux investissements neces­ au saires. Et ce qui est encore plus important, le est niveau d'alimentation pouvait ~tre amelior6 dans cette region. llire En dehors de ces p08sibilites, l'accroissement ete Other than such possibilities, the production de la production alimentaire dans le monde de- ~me of more food for the world rested upon increasing I i .

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..... --- i' -~.." ..... -- 18 14~7th plenary meeting 960 .28 September 1948 yidds from already developed lands. Mr. Dodd pend de l'augmentation du rendement des terres. 3J caHed on the Assembly to consider the following deja mises en valeur. M. Dodd demande a ye ilhilstration of the potentialities of a wider appli- I'AssembMe de reflechir aux virtualites qui caflon of advanced techniques : hybrid seed was reeident dans une application plus etendue. des esflllated to have increased North American techniques les plus modernes, dont voici un ma,'ze (corn) production by at least 20 per exemple: on estime que les semences hybrides cenl~ in a few years'time. Such an increase, if ont augmenH la production nord-americaine realized in Eurore through steps alreadf begun de mais d'au moins vingt pour cent en l'espace OIJ witjl,l the help 0 FAO, would mean 3 1/2 mil- de quelquee; annees. Une teUe augmentation, of liol1! metric tons more maize to increase milk and si eUe est realisee en Europe au moyen des meElt production. That was about one-third of mesures deja amorcees avec l'aide de l'OAA, se pe the approximately 9 1/2 million metric tons of chiffrerait a trois millions et demi de tonnes be coal"se grains Europe had imported annually metriques de mais, ce qui permettrait, par voie befcl·re the war and which it was estimated would de consequence, une augmentation de la pro- be :I'leeded by 1950-1951 to support agricul- duction de lait et de viande. Cela representerait ex] tural phl.ns. environ le tiers des neuf millions et demi de he. tonnes metriques de cereales brutes importees wo annuellement en Europe avant la guerre, quan­ 8tO tite qui, d'autre part, est estimee necessaire a tht la realisation des plans agricoles en 1950­ 1951. :Mr. Dodd considered that an indispensable De l'avis de M. Dodd, il faut de toute necessite attal:::k upon the problem of increasing produc­ s'attaquer au prohleme de l't.ccroissement de re(] tion was through the establishment, in the la production en crf~ant, dans tous les pays qui intl countries lacking them, of really adequate public en manquent, des organismes publics de re­ the syst[~m3 of agricultural research, education of cherchefl agricoles qui soient vrailuent satis­ pOl research workers and leaders, and agricultural faisants; iI fant egalement favoriser la formation foo extEiDsion or advisory services so that the advances de directeurs de recherches et de coHaborateurs, all( of s'l~ienee might be put to work by farmers. For ainsi que des services consultatifs, susceptibles the anc the very reason that that was a long-term attack1 de conseiUer les paysans et de faire appliquel it J'l.1u.st be put under way the sooner. dans les campagnes les techniques les plus effe modernes. Etant donne qu'il s'agit de mesures tive a long term.e, ii faut en entreprendre l'appli­ ed cation des que possible. whi ead As production improved, the mass of rural Lorsque la production se sera relevee, les WE." people must share in the ac.ditional proceeds of masses rurales devI'ont heneficier d'une part witl their labour. As they were better fed, housed des reye:nus suppIementa,res crees par leur and provided with more community services travail. Si elles sont mieux nourries, mieux which others enjoY(3d they would make a more logees et si eUes jouiss~:rut des avantages que effective and a more willing contribution to connaissent deja d'autl'es classes sociales, elles further advancement. In the matters of re­ contribueront d'une faf;on plus effective et plus II search, education and social welfare, ~ome help spontanee ala realisation de nouveaux progres. Le f could be given frO.al the outside, and FAO was Dans le domaine de la recherche, de la forma­ wou there to give such help. But the real progress tion professionneHe Pot des services sociaux, une mak must be built slowly from within, on each aide pourrait leur ~tre fournie de l'exterieur, scah nation's own foundation. et rOAA est tout a fait disposee a la fournir. werE Mais le veritable progres doit ~tre accompli long peu a peu par un effort interieur, qui s'inspire worJ des realites propres a chaque nation. spec whic A tragic amount of the vast effort which went Les efforts considerables qui ont ete faits en acut« into producing food needed by human beings vue de produire les denrees alimentaires neces­ was wasted. In the prF;~·~f\US year rats, insects saires aux ~tres humains ont ete trop souvent and fungi had destroyed as much bread grains depenses en pure perte, et cela est vraiment If and rice as went into world trade, some 33 mil­ tragiqu6. L'annee derniere, les rats, les insectes to p: lion tons. The loss of rice alone was estimated et les parasites ont detruit un volume de cereales ther~ at 12 million tons from all causes. That was panifiables et de riz comparable a celui dont a was 1 nearly twice as much rice as had been moved pu disposer l'ensemble du commerce mondial, cost annually in international trade before the war soit quelque trente-trois millions de tonnes. La tho

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28 septembl'6 1948 26t 1478 seance pleniere ~res and four times ~ the movement of the previous perte totale, pour a. year. le riz, a ete estimee adome qUi millions de t.onnes; cela represente If:i double des de la quantite de riz constituant annuellement un le commerce international avant la guerre, et des. quatre fois le montant des echanges del l'annee lme derniere. Not all those losses were preventable. lace But if Ces pertes sont en partie inevitahles, mais only 10 or 20 pdr cent of si .on, the 33 million tons seulement on avait pu sauver dix ou of hread grains and rice could vingt des have heen saved pour cent des trente-trois millions de tonnes - and that was quite practicahle de , se - millions of cereales panifiables et de riz - et c'etait people instead of millions parfai­ .nes of rats could have tement faisahle - on aurait pu . heen hetter nourished• ameliorer la rOle nourriture de millions d'hommes, au lieu de )ro­ nourrir des millions de rats. FAO had sponsored rait international meetings of L'OAA a patrolln~ des reunions experts on infestation internatio­ de of foodstuffs, offered the nales d'experts pOUl' etudier help of technicians, le prohleme de Gees and would soon launch a l'infestation des denr6es alimentaires; world rice conservation elle a lan­ campaign, in eHorts to offert l'aide de techniciens, et eRe stop foods' heing lancera hient6t 'e stolen from the very plates of une campagne mondiale a the world's hungry. pour st!uvegarder le 50- riz dans l'espoir de prevenir ce vol com-mis par les parasites au detriment d'une humllnite affamee. ',site Not only was national action necessary to 11 faut non seulement agir, dans chaque de reduce the losses of foodstuffs pays, . in storage, hut pour reduire les pertes en denrees alimentaire~ qm international agreement was required to prevent stockees, mais aussi conclure un accord inter­ re­ the transfer of harmful insects in cargoes from national pour eviter que des insectes nuisihles ltis­ port to port. Nor were the losses restricted to ne soient transporMs d'un port un autre Gion foodstuffs in storage and a avec in transit. Insect pests les cargaisons. Les dommages, d'ailleurs, urs, and plant diseases caused ne huge crop losses in se limitent pas aUI denrees stockees ou en bles the field. They demanded tran­ constant vigilance, sit. Les insectes et parasites causent des pertes [uet and fortuqately science had provided new and considerahles aux recoltes sur pied. Une vigi­ plus effective weapons against many of those destruc­ lance constante doit ~tre exercee. Heureusement, I tive agellts. International I ures co-operation was need­ la science a dote les hommes d'armes ed also to comhat nouvelles I )pli- the depredations of locusts, et efficaces contre un grand nomhre which took a heavy de cas I toll of the world's field crops agents de destruction. La cooperation each year. In that matter,too, inter­ memher nations nationale est egalement necessaire pour COI;1­ I les Wf. "e organizing themselves for common i action hattre les ravages causes par I part with FAO's help. les sauterelles, qui , chaque annee font .leur suhir des dommages consi- leux derahles ala recolte mondiale. Dans ce domaine que egalement, iI faut mentionner que les Etats s'organi~eni, ~nes Memhres avec i'aide de I'OAA, en vue d'une action commune. plus Ifthe world was to he hetter fed, there ~res. had to Si l'on veut que le monde s3it mieux nourri, be stahility of agricultural prices at levels which il ~ma­ faut stahiliser les prix agricoles des would encourage the a ni­ producers to continue veaux susceptibles d'encourager les producteurs, une making the investments necessary for large­ afin qu'ils continuent afaire les investissements eur, scale efficient production. . Those investments necessaires a une production rationnelle rlllr. were often heaYy et and had to he made for rather massive. Ces investissements sont souvent npIi long periods ahead. consi­ An increasingly urbanized derahles et doivent ~tre faits pour d'assez pire world could not iongues do without production from the periodeso Un monde de plus en specialized export-surplus plus urhanise producing areas in ne peut se passer des denrees provenant which the prohlems de ~ of instahility were most regions en acute. specialisees dans la production et ,ces­ l'exportation d'excedents de production; et vent c'est dans ces regions que les prohlemes de !'instabiliM sont les plus !lent If aigus. lctes the amount planted were always sufficient Si les quantites ensemencees to sont telles produce the plenty that the world needed, qu'elles suffisent toujours 'ales there would a prodllire I'ahon­ nt a he times and places when the harvest dance dont le monde a hesoin, was temporarily il y a egalement dial, too much for the market. The des periodes st des regions ou les cost of such situations recoltes sont .La should fiot he borne hy temporairemJnt trop importantes pour tho farmers in ~oUapsed le mar­ markets and at che. n ne faut pas que ce soient les exploitants w-..-z:----~------~-- ... ' , '" ".;/ ,. . ,J "...... , ,

28 September 1948 14i7th pi• .." meetb1g 261 les frais de cette situation, sous la ] ruinous pl"ioes.. For the benefit (j,l having qui fassent des marches et des I enough, the urbanized 'world had to help bear forme d'un eft'ondrement l'ahondance, le monde t the produoers, burden. prix. S'il veut jouir de des villes doit accepter sa part du fardeau qui ] pese sur le producteur. ( pas de production exc~ Il Mr. Dodd added that, having said that the M. Dodd ne parlera ainsi qu'il I a dit) le monde « world has never been well enough fed, he would dentaire, puisque, suffis~mment nourri. Ca qU'UD. Il not speak of surplus. What the ruined pro­ n'a jamais ete excedent n'est, en somme, [ ducer called surpluses were really the world's exploitant ruine appelle de l'incapacite du monde a failure to solve the problems of distribution and qu'un symhole rationnelle le probleme market~g in a rational way. resoudre d'une fa90n de l'ecoulement et de la repartition des produite. e~l vue d'accroitre la produc­ tl Programmes for increasing food production Tout programme et d'ameliorer la repartit.:.:.m 6 and improving distribution only postponed the tion alimentaire ne fait, en somme, que reculer l'echeance, SI reckoning so long as the uncontrolled destruction 'I degrader sans restriction SJ resources continued. Soil erosion - not tant qu'on continue a of soil Dans la plu­ rl - ac­ le sol et a epuiser ses ressources. , the removal of nutrients through cropping , c'est l'erosion du sol et non la . , counted for most of the loss of soil fertility part des cas, I nutritives du fait de I' caused by man's activity. Millions of acres were disparition des substances l'epllisement de la ff:rti­ si destroyed annually by erosion, lowering the pro­ la culture, qui explique l'activite de l'homme. Chaque ti duction potential of millions more, clouding lite du sol, dt1 a I d6truit des millions d'acres si streams, clogging reservoirs, causing floods. A annee, I'erosion les possibilites de pro­ oJ rising world population could not possibly be de terrain, diminue . d'acres additionnelo, rend les 1I fed from a disappearing resource. On the other duction de millions obstrue les reservoirs et Cl hand, soil, water and forest resources, if prop­ cours d'eau troubles, . Les ressources naturelles III erly handled, were renewable and could even provoque des crues. ne sauraient nourrir une be made more fruitful. enroie de disparition population mondiale croissante. Par contre, l'exploitation rationnelle du sol et des ressources en eaux et en for~ts permettrait de les renouveler et m~me de les rendre plus productives. qti'iI n'a pas l'inten.tion Mr. Dodd explained that he did not mean to M. Dodd explique la possihilite de developper d~l,Van­ neglect the possihilities of further developing de negliger alimentaires qu'offrent ies the food resources of the seas and inland waters. tage Jes ressources eaux interieures. L'etude et le deve­ Exploration and proper development of the pro­ mers et les de la preparation, du duction, the processing, the transportation and loppement appropries du transport et de l'utilisation des the utilization of fish foods could add immensely traitement, la p~che contribueraient dans une to the protein food supply, for which there was produits de augmenter les reserves alimen­ particular need. They could also help relieve large mesure a dont on a tant hesoin. lis the pressure upon land for food production. taires de proteine, egalement reduire l'exploi­ FAO was active in that field. He spoke chiefly contribueraient a en ce qui concerne la production it of the resources of the land because they were tation du sol L'OAA joue un r61e IJ

• Ldl 18 ~~~~MI9~ 2~ 147e seance plenibre brought la to the attention of, the Economic and derniere, rOAA a attire l'attention Social Council du Conseil' Las the need fol' co-ordinated action economique et social sur la necessite lde to meet the contj1l)uing d'entre­ food crisis (E/613 and prendre une action coordonnee pour .faire • E/666) and ~he Council face lID had asked FAO, in ala crise lliimentaire qui continue sevir (E/613 consultation with ~ppropriate a other specialized et E/666); le Conseil a alors demande ,c&­ agencies, to proyide informa~ion a rOAA upon the in­ de se mettre en rapport avec d'autres institu­ lde creases in iood production which might he tions I specialisees competentes afin de fournir UD, achieved and to indicate how the ohstacles des renseignements sur la possihilite d'intensifier ne, might he overcome by co-ordinated action. 1 a la production de denrees alimentaires et afin d'indiquer dans queUe mesure on pourrait sur­ me monter las obstacles par une The action concertee J. it9. world was slowly overcoming the damage L2 monde est en train de to agriculture se remettre graduel­ uc­ resulting from the war. The lement des ravages causes par _In 6utlook for la guerre. Les the coming year was favourahle for perspectives pour I'annee prochaine lce, stilI further gains. sont favo­ . In many countries, however, rabies et permettent d'escompter de nouveaux Ion shortages of farm machinery, fertilizers and seed progres. Cependant, dans de nombreux pays, llu­ retarded production.. Shortages of incentive la penurie d'outillage goods agl'icole, d'engrais et de . la to encourago production and of far.iIities semences ralentit la pr )duction. for transportation Le manque de dd were deterrent factors in some mm-chandises suscepti:;les de favoriser Irti­ situations. In many la pro­ places devel(,pment ofirriga­ duction, et la penurie de moyens de transport ~ue tion or drainage schemes might result in very sub­ sont egalement des facteurs defavorables. }res stantial increases in Dans production. The meeting heaucoup d~endroits, le developpement de plans ~ro­ of those needs in some cases required long-time d'irrigation ou de drainage peut conduire .les investments of considerable aune capital. In other augmentation tres appreciable de la production ~ cases only . et the establishment of fairly simple Dans certains cas, il faut investir lUes industrial it long terme facilities might he needed. des capitaux considerahles pour une faire face a ces besoins. Dans d'autres cas, ifsuffit .tre, d'installer un outillage industriel relativement simple• rces CertRin countries possessed great natural 1Jertains re~30urces pays possedent d'importan:tes res­ 'eler for the production of industrial as soqrces naturelles qui leur permettent well as agricultural d'assurer goods. Farmers particu­ une production industrielle et agricole. tion larly needed industrial Les goods in order to pro­ agriculteurs ont tout '!Jarticulierement besom van­ duce the food which the world :required. Not d'articles ma.nufactures only pour pouvoir fournir lea in the field of economic development and au monde les produits dont eye- stability, il a hesoin. Le hesoin hut in other matters important to de collahnration entre les institutions du lood production there specia­ was need for co-operation lisees se fait sentir non seulement dans des between thi3 specialized le agencies. domaine du developpement et de la stahilite une economique, mais egalement nen­ en ce qui concerne d'alltres questions qui presentent une impor­ . Us taI1tce pour la production r~entaire. ploi­ The hest machinery was only cold metal untU Rf~me le JrLeiIleUi' outihage }tion it est absolument was energized and directed hy firm and pur­ inutHe s'iI n'est pas entre les r61e poseful mains d'hommes minds. FAO feftentitled to ask that avit;ee et resolt..:s qui savent l'utiliser qu'i1 the d'une ma­ world food problem should have top priority. n~~re efficace. L~OAA croit pouvoir erres It asl~p,d demander each memher of the family of United que le prohleme mondial de l'alimentation que Nations organizations ait for their full co-opera­ le pas sur tous les autres prohlemes. Elle demande faire tion in the compaign again5t hunger. Itasked a toutes les autres organisations cetta each nation memhres de through its membership in those !a famille des Nati{)ns Unies leur collaboration organizations, as well as in FAO, to express hy entiere pour comhattre la famine. Elle demande stion concrete action its determination to make the que tous les Etats qui font partie tant de spe­ machinery of those ces organizations work for a organisations que de rOAA, manifestent d'une 947, secure and plentiful food supply. ftit;on concrete leur volonM d'utiliser afond les le et possibilites qu'offrent lesdites ltiere organisations ann d'assurer un ravitaillement regulier et ahondant. deye­ Mr. Dodd assured the Assembly that he was M. Dodd assure I'AssemhIee qu'iI ne lance pas mnee not making his appeal for the sake of FAO hut son appel dans l'inter~t de l'OAA, mais dans

1 See Re8olutiom adopted by the Economic and Social Council, 1 Voir l\Js Rtlsolutiom aJa.ptJu iconomi~u, sixth session, resolution 10S (VI). par 16 Comsil It ,ocial pendant sa sixieme seSSIOn, resolution n° 108 (VI}.

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28 September 1948 28 147th plenary meeting 264 En s'attaquant d~ concert a tl for the sake of mankind. A concerted attack celui de 1'hum,auiM. de l'alimentation on prou­ had on the world food problem would prove that au probleme mondial s'eBt rendu compte de la ma1 the worl

• . .- 'j t-; iN!.; : urr -. . 28 septembre 1948 265 1479 seance pIeniere a techmcal matter of any kind, and only rarely n'a jamais mis aux voix aucune question d'ordre ,- had a vote been taken on an administrative technique et ce n'est que rarement que l'on a a matter. Almost all decisions had been arrived procede au vote sur une question administra­ e at through mutual understanding and com­ tive. Presque toutes les decisions ont ete prises l- promise. He stated that co-operation between ala suite d'accords et d'arrangements amiahles. e the WHO and the other specialized agencies L'orateur declare qu'il y a eu complete colla­ .a and the United Nations was complete. He boration entre rOMS, les autres" institutions l- could give wholehearted assurance to the specialisees et l'Organisation des Nations Unies. lS Assembly that the7 e was no overlapping be­ H peut donner a l'AssembIee l'assurance for­ tween the activities of WHO and those of other mene qu'il n'y a pas eu de chevauchement entre specialized agencies, hut that on the other hand, l'activite deFloyee par l'OMS et celle des autres le there were many gaps. Those, however, were institutions specialisees; par contre, il y a eu tIl. well-known and their correction depended only de nombreuses lacunes. Toutefois, celles-ci sont le. on the provision of suftlcient funds to under­ bien connues et, si l'on dispose de fonds suffisants Ir take the work that had to be done. on pourra y remedier et entreprendre les tra­ ~n vam: necessaires. le The concern of the tIrst ¥lorId Health Assem­ La preoccupation essentieIle de la premiere e­ bly had not been to decide what to do; in spite Assemblee mondiale de la sante n'etait pas de le of all the things which members knew should decider ce qu'il y avait lieu de faire; les membres es be done, they had had to decide what activity devaient en effet decider quelles etaient, parmi to omit, in order to keep within t~ very limited toutes les tAches a accomplir, celles qu'il fallait Ul budget placed at their disposal. laisser de cbte afin de se maintenir dans le cadre m du budget fort limite dont ils disposaient. 6- It was true that, in the international field, Il e~t vrai que, en matiere internationale, le ~e-. health was a long' way ahead of other activities. domaIne de la sante est hien plus favorise que 1I- There was a long history of international co­ les autres. Contrairement aux autres domaines ns operation in the field of health which was lack­ de l'activiM humaine, if existe dans celui de la ~e ing in the other activities o~ mankind gen­ sante une longue tradition de collaboration ai, rally. Because that was true, the people in internationale. C'est pourquoi les personnes de the international field of health had learned qui travaiIlent dans le domaine international ti- to get along with each other's peculiarities and de la sante ont appris as'entendre et atoIerer ro­ peculiar attitudes and had recognized that even leurs particularites respectives, reconnaissant les their uwn attitudes were sometimes somewhat qu'eUes aussi ont parfois une attitude singu­ lns peculiar. liere. le­ Dr. Chisholm felt that there was much to Le Dr Chisholm estime que la fa~on dont se ms be learned from the way in which the first sont derouIes les travaux de la premiere Assem­ ns­ WorId Health Assembly had carried out its hIee mondiale de la satlte est riche en ensei­ au work. gnements. les mr The PUESIDENT thanked Mr. Morse, Mr. Dodd Le PRESIDENT remercie MM. Morse et Dodd ent. and Dr. Chisholm and emphasized the very et le Dr Chisholm et insiste sur les ramifications, m seldom appreciatedfact regarding the far-reaching trop souvent peu remarquees mais extr~mement les ramifications of those organizations which, etendues, qu'ont ces organisations indepen­ re-. though independent, were closely related to dantes hien qu'etroitement reliees a l'Orga­ [ur. the United r.ations. He assured the speakers nisation des~Nations Dnies. Il assure ces orateurs lor­ that their addresses and the work their organi­ de la gratitude qu'eprouve I'Assemhlee generale lne zations were doing were much appreciated hy pour leurs aUocutions et pour l'oouvre qu'accom­ ine the General Assembly. plissent leurs organisations. re­ , la Iue 28. Inclusion of an additional item in 28. Inscription d'un point supplemen­ ,nt; the agenda of the third session l'o~dre en mentaire a du jour de la troi- sleme... session.

PRESIDENT uve The said that at the 143rd plenary Le PRESIDENT rappelle que, a la 143e seance ltre meeting the representative of the Union of pIeniere, le representant de l'Union des Repu­ les ,Soviet Socialist Republics had introduced a bliques socialistes sovietiques a soumis un pro­ ices draft resolution (A/658) on the prohibition of jet de resolution (A/658) portant sur l'inter-. nte­ atomic weapons and the reduction by one-third diction des arIDes atomiques et la reduction On of the armaments and armed forces of the per- d'un tiers des armements et des forces armees ,,I --_"Ill._..- ....•..-.-_....

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147th plenary meeUng 266 28 Septemher 1948 28 msnent members of the Security Council. The des membres permanents du Conseil de securiteO the General Committee had just met and had recom­ Le Bureau vient de se reunir et a recommande a ther mended to the General Assembly that that item l'AssembIee generale I'inscription de ce point grea he included in the agenda and he transmitted it. l'ordre du jour et son renvoi it. la Premiere all ] to the First Committee. Commission. whi( ofa It was agreed that the item should be included in 11 est decide que CB point figurera d l'ordre du jour lite agenda and referred to the First Committee. et sera renvoye a la Premiere Commission. be ti had gell( 29. Continuation of the general debate 29. Suite dt) i~1 discussion generale Tl the Mr. BALAGUER (Dominican Republic) said that M. BALAGUER (RepubIique Dominicaine) fait it was the first time that the General Assembly observer que l'AssembIee generale des Nations wer€ basil of the United Nations had met on the soil of Unies est convoquee pour la premiere fois sur le of I France, the mother of liberty and the cradle sol de la France, mere de la liberte et berceau of human rights. If the atmosphere of the des droits de l'homme. Si l'atrilosphere du caUSI world were at present less charged with anxiety monde etait moins lourde d'inquietude et si edly and if the shadow of a fresh catastrophe did not l'ombre J'UJl~ nouveIle catastrophe n'assnm­ were the darken the future of humanity, it would have brissait pas l'avenir de l'humanite, on dirait que heen said th,lt that change of headquarters, ce changement de siege obeit, independamment prou out 1 apart from whatever other motives involved, de toute autre raison, it. une intention d'une tres ofth fulfilled a purpose of incalculable moral value. haute valeur morale. Les trois sessions ordi­ perm The three regular sessions of the Assembly of naires de l'AssembIee generale ont ete tenues of w the United Nations had been held in the three dans les trois pays du monde qui representent The countries of the world which most strongly le mieux les principes de la liberte politiqub as al represented the principles of political freedom et du respect des droits de l'individu. Nee a Natio and of respect for individual rights. The San-Fra!1cisco, I'Organisation des Nations Unies esseD United Nations Organization, horn in San Fran­ a fait ses debuts aLondres; c'est de I'Angleterre .of Sf cisco, had been initiated in London; it had qu'ene a tire ses premieres inspirations, comme tioIiC. drawn its first breath in England, as though it si l'on avait voulu que les representants de toutes nual had been desired that the representatives of les nations affermissent leur foi en la liberte ment. all the nations should strengthen their faith renaissante au spectacle grandiose d'un peuple Natio in the renewal of liberty by the splendid sight illustre qui venait de se relever des ruines de the Cl of a famous people which had just arisen from la guerre, symbole de I'indestructible esprit de Court the ruins of war, as a symbol of the indestruc­ I'homme, de la justice et du droit, valeurs qui had 1 survivront it. toutes les persecutions. tibility of the human spirit and as a symbol recou of justice and right - values which would never for t] die, however persecuted. count The General Assembly had then moved to Puis I'AssembIee generale s'est transportee the United States of America, the most powerful aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique, democratie la plus . In democracy on earth and the home of the people puissante du monde et patrie du peuple qui a lcan which had decided the issue of the tremendous determine I'issue du conflit colossal en jetant those conflict by throwing into the balance the most dans la balance la plus formidable machine de tion c formidable fighting machine that the world guerre que le monde ait jamais vue. tated had ever seen. NatioI The capital of France, the country which, La capitale de la France qui, grAce aux Ency­ ChildJ with the Encyclopedists, had seen the birth clopedistes, vit nattre sur son sol les ~ .eaux les effort~ of the loftiest ideals of modern political thought, plus eleves de la pensee politique modernet had c now welcomed the United Nations. France, accueille maintenant I'Organisation des Nations the v< a great country, which was the pride of Latin Unies. Ce grand pays, orgueil de la civilisation war-d culture, would by its history give the moral latine, puisera dans son histoire I'impulsion terrib impulse required to overcome the feelings of morale necessaire aux Nations Unies pour amonl distrust and pessimism which were beginning vaincre les sentiments de defiance et de· pessi­ in tha to undermine the foundations of the United misme qui commencent a saper les fondations COunt! Nations as in its last days they had those of de I'Organisation, comme ils l'ont fait dans les tiative the League of Nations. derniers jours de la Societe des Nations. lars tl The Dominican Republic, heir, like all the La Repubiique Dominicaine a herite, comme it harl Latin American countrief:t, to a French culture tousles pays de I'Amerique latine, d'une culture constr which almost from the beginning of nationhood fran~aise qui, depuis la naissance des deux na.. ready was identical with that of Spain, had come to tions, a toujours ete identique it. la culture Europ

liiiiJ-ii-"_"lIIIiiiiiIiIii~ • ;I I. I. _. .-_. j" "7 ••1 ~48 28 8eptembre 1948 267 1478 seanee plent.., rite· the Assembly in the hope that the atmosphere espagnole. Elle est venue sieger ~ l'AssembIee lea there would inspire the representatives of the dans l'espoir que I'ambiance generale allait ()int great Powers, in whose hands was the fate of inspirer les representants des grandes Puis­ iere all humanity, to come to a friendly agreement sances, detentrices du sort de I'humanite tout which would rem )ve once and for all the danger entiere, et leur permettre de parvenir aun accord . of a new world war, which, if it happened, would amiable qui ecarterait jamais le danger d'une Tour a he the third ordeal which civilization would have guerre mondiale qui, si elIe eclatait, soumettrait had to undergo in the short course of one la civilisation aune troisieme epreuve en l'espace generation. d'une seuIe generation. e The contribution that a small country like De m~me que beaucoup d'autres membres the Dominican Republic and many others which de l'AssembIee generale, proteges par le prin­ fait were taking part in the Assembly on the same cipe inalienable de l'egale souverainete, un petit .Lons basis, protected by the inalienable principle pays comme la Re.publique Dominicaine ne peut Lr le of equal sovereignty, could make for the certes pas contribuer dans une large mesure a ~eau cause of world peace and recovery, was undoubt­ la cause de la paix et de la reconstruction mon­ du edly small. But within those limitations, which diales. Mais, dans les limites imposees ineluc­ t si were necessarily imposed by its area and by tablement par son etendue et ses possibilites, inm- the opportunities open to it, his country was son pays est fier d'avoir suivi fidelement les que proud of the fai.thful way in which it had carried termes de la Charte de San-Francisco et d'avoir (lent

out the terms of the San FranciscoI Charter and consenti ades sacrifices pour participer, dans la tres of the saerifices it had made to join, to the extent limite de ses ressources, a la' tAche gigantesque lrdi­ permitted by its resources, in the gigantic task du relevement economique et moral du monde. lues of world moral and economic reconstruction. L'essence de la Charte des Nations Dnies, comme ..tent The fcjundation of the United Nations Charter, celIe du Pacte de la Societe des Nations, reside Lqua as also that of the Covenant of the League of dans le respect de la loi, condition primordiale ~e . .a Nations, was respect for the rule of law, the de la coexistence pacifique des Etats dans un mes essential condition of the peaceful co-existence ordre souverain de relations internationales. Le ;erre .of States within the supreme order of interna­ rapport annuel du Secretaire general a fait nme tiond relations. In the Secretary-General's an­ mentiop. de -la Republique Dominicaine au utes nual Report, the Dominican Republic had been nombre des Nations Unies qui ont accepte sans lerte mentioned among those Members of the United reserve la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour uple Nations which had accepted without reservation internationale de Justice. La Republique Domi­ s de the compulsory jurisdiction of the International nicaine a montre par la son intention arr~tee t de . Court of Justice. The Dominican Republic de s'en remettre en toute circonstance ala voie qUi had thereby shown its firu intention to have Iegale pour regler ses differends avec les autres r~course at all times to the processes of law pays. for the settlement of its .disputes with other countries. . )ftee p~us In the Secretary-General's report, the Domin­ Le rapport en question a egalement nomme [Ul a ican Republic had also been mentioned among la Republique Dominicaine au nombre de ceUl: etant those countries which had offered their protec­ qui ont offert aide et protection aux enfants des .e de tion and help to the children of the war devas­ pays d'Europe devastes par la guerre. Deruis tated nations of Europe. Ever since the United que, par la creation du Fonds internationa de Nations, by the creation of the International secours a l'enfance, l'Organisation des Nations ~ncy.. Children's Emergency Fund, had begun its Unies a entrepris son oouvre en faveur des .x les efforts on behalf of war orphans, :his country orphelins de guerre, ce pays a toujours estime

erne t had considered that the American nations, for que'les nations americaines, situees le plus loin tions the very reason that they were furthest from" the des sanglants theAtres d'operations et le mieux ation war-darkened scene and had best escaped the epargnees par lea redoutables consequences llsion terrible moral consequences of the war, were morales de la guerre, etait1nt de celles qui avaient po~ among those which should take a leading part le devoir de prendre la t~te de cette belle croi­ leSS1" in that magnificent humanitarian crusade. His sade humanitaire. r3ur l'initiative de son Pre­ ~tions country would accordingly, through the ini­ sident, ce pays accordera en consequence IS les tiative of its President, contribute 250,000 dol­ 250.000 dollars au Fonds de secours a l'enfance; !ars to the Children's Emergency Fund, and d'autre part, iI a constrl.!!t un immeuhle de

mune It had, at a cost of nearly 500 t OOO dollars, 500.000 dollars environ qui est deja prAt a dture constructed a building which was even now recevoir et a loger 2.000 enfants europeens. x na" ready for the reception and lodging of 2.000 Ilture European children.

~------I 14f'1dl plenary meeting 168 28 Septe:tnher '!J In al~the other fields of activity of the United Dans tous le8 autres domaines relevant de tb Nations, his Government had associated itself l'Organisation, son Gouvernement a donne son to stronRly with the unprecedented task to which adhesion pleine et entiare it la tAche sans prece.. h(j the l.Jnited Nations was pledged: the task of dent qu'elIe s'est engagee it assumer et qui an restoring to the world its lost confidence and consiste it rendre au mondf'! la confiance et la en stability. Apart from its work in the Interim stabilite qu'il a perdues. Durant l'annee couverta ID( Committee, where it had upheld several impor­ par le rapport du Secretaire general, ce Gouver­ CO] tant recommendations such as those relating nement, en plus des efforts qu'il a deployes SUi to mediation and peaceful means of settling au sein de la Commission interimaire en vue de a J disputes, his country had, during the year soutenir plusieurs recommandations importantes a ] covered in the Secretary-General's last report, comme celles qui ont trait it la mediation et aux srn. given the maximum amount of co-operation to moyens pacifiques de regler les differends, a prJ the United Nations, not only in the economic fourni it l'Organisation sa cooperation la plus bet but also in the moral and legAl fields. etendue, tant dans le domaine economique que bIi: dans le domaine moral et juridique. sell Turning to his country's position in relation A propos des points de l'ordre du jour les to the items of the agenda which would attract plus marquants, M. Balaguer souligne que son the greatest attention, Mr. Balaguer said that pays appartient au continent americain. Cette ~ his country belonged to the American continent; partie du monde est parvenue it etablir pour les the a part of the world where there had been set nations des normes d'existence commune qui, age up standards for the co-existence of nations en bien des cas, ont depasse les limites tradi­ the which in many cases, if only by reason of the tionnelles du droit, ne serait-ce qu'it cause du disl respect with which they were viewed, had super­ respect qu'elles inspirent. .Chi seded the traditional standards of law. mg Two of the most important items of the Pour son pays, deux des points les plus impor­ Sou agenda for his country were the problems of tants de l'ordre du jour sont les problames de tion Greece and of Spain. Both those problems were la Grace et de l'Espagne. Au point de vue juri­ cipl, essentially one from the legal point of view, dique, ces deux problames ne font qu'un par not for both were closely connected with the prin­ suite de leur relation etroite avec les principes' SOv€ ciple of the non-infringement of sovereignty de l'inviolabilite de la souverainete d'une part If and of the non-interference of a State in the et de la non-ingerance d'un Etat dans les afl'aires pret domestic affairs of another State. When those interieures des autres Etats, d'autre part. as t] problems came under discussion, the Dominican Lorsque l'on engagera le debat sur ces pro­ heer Republic would not fall into the contradiction blames, la Republique Dominicaine ne se laissera the characterizing the attitude of.those count.ries pas aIler aux contradictions qui caracterisent tatio 'which were strong protagonist£;; of the principle I'attitude de certains Etats; en effet, ceux-ci desh of non-intervention when their own i!1tj:Jrests sont partisans de la non-intervention lorsque tatin were involved or the interests of supporting I'on met en jeu leur propre inter~t ou celui des polit ideological regimes but which were opposed to regimes de m~me ideologie, mais ils s'opposent he Sl the same fundamental principle - the essential it ce m~me principe, qui est pourtant la base MJ basis of relationships between States - when the essentielle des relations entre Etats, lorsqu'il faith Governments of countries of a different ideology s'agit de pays ayant une ideologie differente. Orga

were invulved. The great Powers, which as Les grandes Puissances t qui tiennent le sort des versa such held the fate of the weak States in their Etats faibles entre leurs mains et qui, par leur solidi hands and by their power had an influence upon puissance, influent directement sur le destin that the destiny of the world, could allow themselves du monde, se permettent de teHes contradie-­ w.)ull such contradictions and at times confuse right tions et confonde.,t quelquefois leurs droits \ said with political expediency; but the smaller Powers, avec leur inter~t politique ;mais les petits Etats the E whose only protection was the principle, so often n'ont pas d'autre protection que le prindpo de contiJ. ignored in the history of international relation­ l'egalite juridique des Etats souve~ains qui a .CISCO • ships, of the legal equality of sovereign States, ete si souvent meconnu au cours de l'histoire des . nnpOJ could not with impunity turn their backs upon relations internationales; ils ne peuvent s'ecarter of th( legal and moral standards which guaranteed impunement des normes morales qui garantissent repret their self-determination and represented for l'exercice de lear droit it disposel' d' eux-m~mes world them the great armies and the guns of the et sont pour eux ce que les armees et l'artillerie sessio great Powers. The fate of the small nations, lourde representent pour les grandes Puis.. own ( which were in the great majority in the Assembly, sances. Le sort des petites nations qui forment When ~ould assuredly be very preoarious if they took la grande majorite de I'AssembIee serait bien 8aeme part in the discussions guided vnly by political compromis si elIes prenaient part aux discus.. plishel interest and ideological passion. If they did, sions sous la senle impulsion des inter~ts poij~ that )

•• ....d••··iI~.·.·-.:;J:= : 7t I 1111 1948 28 septembre 1948 269 1478 seance pl8nibre t de there would happen to them what had happened tiques et des passions ideologiques. Si eUes le I son to Diomedes, who died, devoured by the very faisaient, il leur arriverait le m~me maIheur rece.. horses he had taught to eat human flesh. Men qu'a Diomede, devore par ses chevaux auxquels and governments qui were ephemeral, and the only il avait appris a manger de la chair humaine. et enduring realities la in the life of peoples were Les hommes et les gouvernements passent; moral principles verte and the rule of law; unchanging la seule realite durable dans la vie des conceptions peuples uver­ that every country should preserve, est faite de principes moraux et du surrounded, regne de la loyes like the vestal virgins of old, by loi, ideaux intangibles que tout pays devrait le a kind of holy de inviolability. If, by dislike for entourer, comme les vestales, d'une regIe sacree antes a political system or by doctrinal scruples, the d'inviolabiIite. Si, par aversion POUi' un systeme small nations t aux were to abandon any of the rigid politique ou pour des scrupules de doctrine, Is, principles of morality a or right, they would merely les petites nations abandonnaient un seul des betray the vital plus interests of their peoples and, principes rigides de la moralite et du droit, , que blinded by the mirage of the non-essential, elIes ne feraient que trahir les inter~ts vitaux de seU the birthright of future generations. leurs peuples et, aveuglees par le mirage de ce lr les qui est passageI', ceder le droit d'atnesse des ~ son generations futures. The Dominican Cette Republic would conform to La Republique Dominicaine suivra les m~mes 11' les the same standards in discussing items of the normes en ce qui concerne les points de l'ordre . agenda involving qm, legal questions concerned with du jour touchant aux questions de droit relatives ;radi­ the domestic jurisdiction of States. In the a la juridiction interieure des Etats. Dans les le discussion of du problems such as that raised hy debats sur les problemes tels que celui qui Chile in relation a to the USSR and that concern­ ete souleve par le Chili contre I'URSS et ing the celui treatment of Indians in the Union of ~ui concerne le traitement des Hindous South dans apor­ Africa, his delegation would favour solu­ I Union Sud-Africaine, sa delegation soutiendra tions ensuring es. de respect for the traditional prin­ les solutions assurant l'observance des principes . ciples of JurI- public law which at the same time did traditionnels du droit public, qui ne not intrude sont pas 1 par upon the private domain of national encore du domaine reserve de la souverainete lcipes' sovereignty. nationale. Ifit were part possible to find a more liberal inter­ S'il etait possible de trouver une interpretation Faires pretation of certain Articles of the Charter, such plus moderee de certains articles de la Charte, part. as those relating to the right of veto which had comme ceux qui ont trait au droit de veto, etahli heen set up for the ,pro­ benefit of the great Powers, en faveur des grandes Puissances, son pays se lssera the Dominican Republic would, without hesi­ joindrait sans hesitation au groupe des petits ~isent tation, join the group of weak countries which pays qui desirent reduire au minimum le mx-Cl. desired the reduction pri­ to a minimum of the iJL-ri­ vilege irritant du veto ~ui viole pour des raisons rsque tating privilege of the veto which violated for poIitiques le principe d egalite des Etats, auquel li des political purposes the principle, that.could not on ne peut pas renoncer. osent he surrendered, of the equality of States. base Mr. Balaguer affirmed, in conclusion, his Pour conclure, M. BaIaguer affirme squ'il faith in the work sa foi of the United Nations. That en l'reuvre de I'Organisation des Nations ~ente. Organization Unies was the only ark afloat amid uni­ qui est comme une arche versal dans le deluge universel. -t des shipwreck, the only legacy of human C'est le seul temoin de solidarity la solidarite humaine 'leur left to a sceptical and ruined world subsistant dans un monde ruine lestin that had survived et ,!oiceptique the horrors of war, and it qui ait survecu a la guerre et a ses radie­ , w~uld, as the horreurs. Secretary-General had so well Comme I'a si hien dit le Secretaire lroits said in his general report, undouhtedly serve to bring dans son rappr,rt, elle servira sans Etats the great aucunfdoute J?owers together and lead them to a rapprocher les grandes Puissances po de continue the conversations etlales begun at San Fran­ amener a continueI' les conversations engag3es Iui a ?isco. But it also served, and that was of great a San-Francisco. Elle sert aussi, ce qui est tres -e des. lmportance, to keep alive the vacillating faith important, a entretenir la foi vacillante des ~arter of the small nations in justice and right. The petites Nations dans la justice et dans le droit. issent representatives of all the free peoples of the Lorsqu'ils reviennent chaque annee des sessions 18meS wor~d, when they returned every year after a de I'AssembIee dans leur pays, les representants iHerie seSSIOn of the Assembly, carried back to their des peuples libres du monde y rapportent moins Puis­ own countries fewer hopes than they had had cl'espoir qu'ils n'en avaient emporte. Mais ~ment when they set out. But, despite their discour­ hien que decourages de voir que ler travaux bien a8~ment, when they summed up the work accom­ accomplis chaque annee en faveur de iseus­ plished yearly on la pah: hehalf of peace and realized n'entrainent aucun resultat concret, ils that nothing positive gardent poll" had been done, they intacte leur foi en la justice internationaIe.: -.-:s_----za------1407th plenary meeting 2'10 28 September 1948 nevertheless preserved intact their faith in durant plusieurs semaines, ils ont pris part a international justice, because for weeks on end des debats dans lesquels lea grandes Puissances n8 they had been present at discussions in which se sont inclinees en maintes occasions, pour se of the powerful nations had bowed on many occa­ conformer aux dispositions de la Charte, devant Ull sions, in obedience to the provisions of the des pays qui ne peuvent se faire entendre sur le of Charter, before th6 will of countries which lacked champ de bataille. lis savent en outre que la the power to make themselves beard on the seule existence de l'Organisation des Nations COl field of hattle, and because they knew that the Unies est une garantie de paix et constitue un Im. very existence of the United Nations was in appel it la raison aU milieu de l'anxiete et de ml itself a guarantee of order and a eaU to reason I'anarchie universelies. tae in the midst of universal anxiety and anarchy. .tio JU8 Mr. PADlLLA NERvo (Mexico) hoped that, as M. PADILLA NERVO (Mexique), soulignant que COl the: Assembly had met in the heart of France, l'AssembIee s'est reunie au creur de la France, un in the capital of a great country to which human­ dans la capitale d'un grand pays auquell'huma­ of ity owed so much, the watchword of et Liherty, nite doit tant, espere que la devise et Liberte, unl Equality and Fraternity", which had gone out Egalite, Fraternite», lancee de Paris it travers tur Crom Paris to aU the world, would, in all its pro­ le monde, inspirera l'Assemblee dans sa volonte found significance, through the present anxious et ses sentiments par la profondeur de la reso­ period of hope and aspiration, inspire the will nance qu'elle a au milieu de la periode inquiete ] and feeling of the representatives present at d'espoir et d'aspiration que nous vivons. the Assembly. the the The Assembly had unfortunately not met in L'AssembIee ne s'est malheureusement pas difl anatmosphere of securityand optimism. Through­ reunie dans un climat de securi16 et d'optimisme. out the world man was living in anxiety and le~ Nat Dans le monde entier, hommes vivent dans slg(. fear. Governments had not succeeded in inspir­ l'angoisse et la peur. Malgre leurs declarations, ~ the ing by their pronouncements an international les Gouvernements n'ont pas reussi inspirer a tiot I confidence not justified by deeds. It could not la confiance inte.cnationale, car ils n'ont pu la be concealed that public opinion regarded the the justifier par des realites. On ne peut dissimuler poli I Assembly's discussions with feelings of dQubt que l'opinion publique eprouve des doutes et lack and reserve which could not be changed by formule des reserves a l'egard des discussions speeches but only hy clear results, constructive de f AssembIee; cc n'est pas par des discours agreements and satisfactory solutions. qu'on modifiera cette attitude, mais par des T resultats precis, des accords constructifs et des mer solutions satisfaisantes. of 8 ead The representatives of both great and small lies representants des grandes Puissances was nations had, time and again, re-affirmed their comme ceux des petites ont it maintes reprises tion affirme leur foi dans les buts et les principes de faith in the purposes and principles of the ind€ United Nations and their intention to honour 1'0rganisation, et leur intention d'honorer leurs he tl their pledges and respect freely contracted pro­ engagements et de respecter des promesses Hun mises. They had one and all proclaimed before librement contractees. lis ont tous proclame it 86 the Assembly their determination to settle their devant l'AssembIee lour volon16 de regler leurs werE disputes by peaceful means and in conformity differends par des moyens pacifiques et cClnfor­ attai with the principles of justice and law; to prac­ mement aux principes de la justice et du droit, hIerr de pratiquer la tolerance et de vivre ensemble tice tolerance and live together in peace as good in t] neighbours; to develop friendly relations based en paix et bon voisinage, leur volonte d'encoura­ on respect for the principle of equal rights and ger les relations amicales fondees sur le respect self-determination of peoples; to achieve inter­ ~: I'egali16 des droits et le droit des peuples national co-operation in recognizing and safe­ a disposer d'eux-mt,mes, de realiser la coopera­ It guarding human rights and fundamental free­ tion internationale en reconnaissant et en saUVe­ to rl doms; not to use armed force except in the gardant les droits de l'homme et les libertes, salva common interest; not to encroach upon the fondamentales, leur volonte enfin de s'abstenir shou territorial integrity or the political independence :le faire usage de la force armee, sauf dans discu of any Shte. I'intert,t commun, et de n'empieter sur l'integrite natio territoriale ou l'independance politique d'aucun perSl Etat. and and The spokesmen of the great Powers had, in Les porte-parole des grandes Puissances ont facts the Assembly, roused the hopes of the common fait nattre I'espoir au creur de I'homme du peuple reaJit man by the solemn promise that they would en promettant solennellement d'unir leurs forces Dot e unite their forces for the maintenance of inter- pour maintenir la paix et la securite interna.. ment

• Iu-' ,,~ , '7ArC.-n.LTiiliriSiii".'IIiIf_·...... ·_ ..~ 948 28 eeptembre 1948 27t 1478 seau.ee pltDdare Irt a national peace and security. lnces The fulfilment tionales. La realisation de cette promesse depend of that promise depended on their mutuQI If se de leur comprehension et de leur accord mutuel; understanding and agreement. lvant It admittetd elle n'admet ni divisions ni degres. of no division .or graduation. ur le However great the spiritual and le la material Les autres Nations, placees sur un plan de contribution of the other tions nations - placed on a moindre responsabilite en raison de leur p~s­ lower level of responsibility by e un their limited saIlce militaire et economique limitee, ont cartes military and economic power It de - to the common largement contribue, dans le domaine spirituel task of outlawing war and creating world condi­ et materiel, a la tAche commune de proscrire tions for the preservation for all of liberty, la guerre et de creer des conditions mondiales justice, law and social progress, those ideals permettant de preserver pour tous la liberte, que could not be attained in any permanent and la justice, le droit et le progres social; 'ance, universal way cepen­ without the necessary support dant, ces ideaux ne peuvent ~tre ,uma­ of the great realises d'une Powers, the mutual harmony and maniere permanente et universelle Jerte, understanding sans le soutien of which were the point of depar­ indispensable des grandes ture Puissances, dont 'avers and the very basis of the United Nations. l'harmonie et ~lonte la comprehension mutuelle sont les points de depart et le fondement m~me de reso­ l'Organisation. (uiMe For that reason Mexico viewed with alarm, not Pour ces raisons, le Mexique considere avec the inevitable and foreseen differences hetween alarme non pas les differends,inevitables et previ­ the' great Powers, for the solution of which the sibles qui surgissent entre les grandes Puissances t. pas different organs and instruments llsme. of the United -Iesdivers organes et instruments de l'Organi­ Nations had in fact heen created, dans hut the intran­ sation ont ete, en fait, Cfees pour resoudre ces sigence apparent in the search fOI) ,tions, equilibrium, differends - mais l'intransigeance qui se fait the spirit which seemed to splrer obtain in negotia­ jour dans la recherche d'un equilibre, l'esprit tions, the stagnation or slown1ass pu la shown on qui semble regner dans les negociations, la the path to vital agreement, muIer the growth of a stagnation ou la lenteur que l'on constate dans political atmosphere of distrust, tes et suspicion and la conclusion des accords essentiels et le develop­ lack of u~der8tanding. ssions pement d'un climat politique de mefiance, de ;cours suspicion et d'incomprehension. The world could no longer r des be satisfied with Le monde ne peut plus se contenter de la mere repeated statements, :It des however sincere, simple repetition, si sincere soit-elle, de prores-. or adhesion to noble 8rinciples on the part of sions de foi en de nobIes principes, de la part each Member of the rganization. sances The world des Membres de I'Organisation. Il a soif de was eager for concrete results iprises which hore a rela­ resultat.s concrets en harmonie avec les nobles tion to the lofty ideals professed; ~es de it hoped and ideaux qu'on professe; il espere, et a dire vrai, indeed insisted that the ~ leurs profe,ssion of faith should exige que les professions de roi se traduisent be translated into and nesseS proved by everyday deeds. et se demontrent dans l'action quotidienne. Humanity could not free itself »clame from fear unless L'humanite ne peut se liberer de la peur si elIe it saw daily that great and , leurs small nations alike n'a pas la possihilite de constater tous les jours were using their will and :Qnfor- their perseverance to que les Puissances, grandes ou petites, utilisent attain gradually a real droit, solution of existing pro­ leur volonte et leur perseverance pour parvenir blems and not to carry out their ;emble national policies graduellement a des solutions veritahles des in the international field. ,coura­ problemes existants et non pour realiser leurs ~espect huts politiques nationaux dans le domaine leuples international. It was the supreme duty lopera- of the United Nations Le devoir suprAme des Nations Unies est'de to restore meaning to saUVe­ their declarations; the redonner son plein sens a tout ce qui a ete dit salvation of the world ibertes, demanded that they ici. Le salut du monde exige qu'elles mettent should practice what bstenir they preached. Their en pratique Ieurs professions de foi, que leurs discussions should £ dans be carried on in a real inter­ discussions se deroulent dans un esprit vraiment national spirit which could ltegrite arise only from the international qui peut nattre uniquement de la persuasion that there l'aucun was one indivisihle world conviction qu'il existe un seul monde indivisible and one human community. Interdependence et une seule communaute humaine. L'inter­ and common destiny were ~es ont the incontestable dependance et le rar~age d'nne destinee .COID­ facts of the modern peuple world, reflecting a historical mune sont des faits Incontestl1bles dn monde reality from which s forces contemporary humanity could moderne; ils refletent une realite historique it not escape. For the preservation nterna- and improve­ laquelle l'humanite contemporainu ne peut ment of the present-day modes of civilization; eehapper. Pour preserver et aIDeliorer les formes

""W..-:J------. 28· September 1948 147th plenary meeting 2'12 et, en fait, pour and indeed for them merely to continue to exist, actuelles de la civilisation leur survivance, il est neces­ it was essential that peoples and governments assurer simplement et les gouvernements should adjust their conduct in the light of that saire que les peuples conformement a cette truth. reglent leur conduite verite. passe ensu:tp au rapport I Dealing with the Secretary-General's annual M. Padilla Nervo general; iI declare que les B report, Mr. PadiUa Nervo said that the problems annuel du Secretaire l'Assemblee, en particulier with which the Assembly would deal, especially problemes soumis a F politique, ont deja, dans those of a political character, had in general ceux qui ont un aspect soit par I'Assemblee, already been dealt with by the Assembly or I'ensemble, eM examines de securite. Bien qu'on ait ti by the Security Council. Although cr/nclusions soit par le Conseil celles-ci n'ont pas had been reached, they had not led to any final or atteint des conclusions, complete et definitive. p" full solution. Those problems formed yet other conduit a une solution autant d'obstacles a I' orga­ o obstacles in the way of a final organization of the Ces problemes sont la paix et ils continuent a avoir peace and they continued to exist largely because nisation finale de m~me surtout parce que tous les the co-operation of all the Members of the United la importance; n'ont pas fait un Nations had not been obtained for their settle­ Membres de I'Organisation Uj les resoudre et parce que tl ment and because the resolutions adopted had effort commun pour n'ont pas ete observees 11 not been observed by all the Members. les resolutions adoptees par tous les Membres. 8(1 AI obstacle a un reglement complet The principle obstacle in the way of a com­ Le principal 8U soumis a l'AssembIee plete settlement of the political problems before des problemes politiques va qu'on ne peut les resoudre the Assembly was the fact that they could not reside dans le fait of des problemes de I'apres­ be solved independently of the problems raised independamment M l'accord des grandes Puissances. by the aftermath of the war and independently guerre et sans CD of agreement among the great Powers. DJ soumis a I'Assem­ While the only disputes and situations sub­ Les differends et situations que les petites nol mitted to the General Assembly were those in bIee generale ne concernent entre les grandes ba~ which small nations were involved, and as Puissances. Les differends m~me dont la prolongation cial the disputes between the great Powers, which Puissances, ceux-Ia grand danger pour la paix nat were precisely those the continuation of which represente le plus pas soumis I'AssembIee. to most seriously endangered peace and security, et la securite, ne sont a solution des problemes ten were not submitted to the Assembly, any solu­ C'est pourquoi aucune jour ne sera suffisante et mej tion of the problems listed in the agenda would portes a I'ordre du M~me I'on admet que les problemes dee be inadequate and precarious. Even if it were definitive. si et qui sont lies a la conclu­ reel admitted that the problems arising as a result resultant de la guerre de paix sont du ressort con of the war and the conclusion of all the peace sion de tous les traites Puissances, il ne faut pas Ass treaties should be dealt with exclusively by the exclusif des grandes ces grandes Puissances, and great Powers, the differences between them, which que ces differends entre cours des dernieres annees se I e$ts had in the past years become intensified as differends qui au qui concerne leurs negocia­ geri regards their negotiations on the peace settle­ sont aggraves en ce de la paix, soient sous­ ahlE ment, should not be keft from the General tions pour le reglement car leur reglement pacifique vert Assembly, as the peacefu settlement of such traits a l'AssembIee, vitale pour toutes les and differences was of vital importance to all the est d'une importance United Nations. Nations Unies. T recherchee par les year , The mutual co-operation sought by the great La cooperation mutuelle, lorsqu'elles ont soumis a for: Powers when they submitted to the General grandes Puissances les problemes politiques Tj Assembly the political problems dealt with in l'AssembIee generale cours des sessions prece-' unh previous sessions could not, and should not, deja examines au et ne doit pas se limiter a cas the be limited to those matters, but should be exten­ dentes, ne peut on doit l'etendre egalement all by t ded as well to the basic problem of ensuring that seules questions; qui consiste a s'assurer pIes the great Powers reached a settlement on the probleme fondamental parviennent a un outll organization of peace. That was the essential que les grandes Puissances de la paix. C'est la eryst problem, which affected and included in itself accord pour l'organisation pl'obleme essentiel qui conditionne et embrass~ effor all the others and if solved would, as a conse­ le ~ De sa solution resulterait m He quence, lead to the solution of all lesser prob­ tous les autres. autres problemes de moinmn Jnou: lems. If the problem of peace were not solved solution de tous les on ne resoud pa~ rapidement, ., wm. quickly and in a spirit of justice, no other polit- importance. Si

- ·IIiPilF.'.:Mr.·'.:_... rt...... ilf-n .. j tl'l ; ? .-.•••'iiii..r..... 28 aeptembre 1948 1948 273 147- seance pleniere pour lCSJ question submitted to the Assembly would dans un esprit de justice, le probleme de la [H~CeS~ have a proper and final solution. paix, aucune autre question politique soumise it ments I'AssembIee ne trouvera de solution satisfaisante cette et definitive. The Members of the United Nations which Les Membres de 1'0rganisation, qui com­ made up the Assembly, which lpport W1S the posent I'AssemhIee, organe par lequel l'opi­ authentic organ of world opinion ue les and its most nion mondiale s'exprime avec la plus grande powerful means of expression, iculier were fully disposed puissance et le plus directement, sont pleine­ , dans - and in conformity with the Charter, obliged ment disposes et, selon la Char~e, tenus de - to co-operate in the search nblee, for a peaceful solu- cooperer it la recherche d'un reglement pacifique on tion of the differences between ait the great Powers, des differends entre les grandes Puissances, que whether such differences t pas concerned the uncom­ ces difTerends portent sur le reglement inacheve nitive. pleted war settlement or arose from opposition du conflit mondial ou mient pour origine l'oppo­ l' orga~ of views and interosts relating to the peace treaty. sition des points de vue et des inter~ts dans la 1avoir conclusion des traites de paix. IUS les Reference had been made to tribunals set On a parIe d'organismes etablis pour regIer lit un up for the settlement of differences through les differends grAce it l'impartialite qui est ~e que the impartial opinions of international society. celle d'un areopage international; nul organisme lervees In no other tribunal was international opinion ne represente aussi parfaitement l'opinion inter­ 80 perfectly represented as in, the General nationale que l'AssembIee generale : sa parti­ Assembly, and its share in the lmplet adjustment of cipation au reglement de ces differends est such differences was necessary ~mbMe and of great' necessaire et extr~mement precieuse. 11 n'est pas value. It was not contrary to soudre the provisions contraire aux dispositions de la Charte que les of the Charter that 'apres­ the great Powers should grandes Puissances acceptent la cooperation accept, in the search for a sances. solution of such differ­ desinteressee de 1'0rganisation des Nations ences, the disinterested co-operation of the Unies 'pour la solution de tels differends. United Nations. A.ssem­ In the last three years the great Powers had Au cours des trois dernieres annees, les petites not been able, hy themselves, to find a common grandes Puissances n'ont pu, par eIIes-m~mes, randes basis of agreement, and if they did not asso­ trouver un terrain commun d'accord et, si elles 19ation ciate other nations in their attempt, those other n'associent pas les autres nations El leurs efforts, la pait nations might perhaps find themselves inclined ces nations-la pourraient en arriver El penser 1mbIee. to recognize the futility of looking on as impo­ qu'iI est inutile dtassistei' en spectatrices impuis­ blemes tent spectators at the aggravation of a funda­ sant~s it l'aggravation d'un prohleme fonda­ mte et mental problem the solution of which was so mental dont la solution est le vreu le plus cher bUnnes deeply desired by all. It was essential to cor­ de tous. Il est essentiel de rep~en(lt'e la bonne conclu­ rect the course in time; otherwise the .day might direction El temps, autrement le jour pourrait ressort come when - if the ordinary sessions of the venir Oll, les sessions ordinaires de l'Assembtee mt pas Assembly were no longer regarded as a place n'etant plus considerees comme un Isances, and lieu et une opportunity for the harmonization of inter­ occasion d'harmonisation inter~ts nees se des et de eats and the settlement of differences endan­ reglement des differends Legocia­ qui mettent la paix en gering the peace - it might be considered Jlrefer­ danger, on estimerait Lt sous­ preferable de ne plus able to suspend the meetings rather than con­ reunir I'AssemhIee :lCifique plut6t que d'en faire le vert the Assembly into a field of sterile conflict champ clos de tes luttes steriles et un foyer de les and a seat of discord. discorde. The Assembly could not continue to h e L'AssembIee ne peut continuer indefiniment year after year, a world par les tribunal used primarily it ~tre un tribunal mondial dont on se sert for spreading avant umis a disagreement. tout pour etendre le desaccord. litiques The representative of Mexico hoped that the Le representant du Mexique espere que le cri prece-' universal cry for an understanding between qui s'eleve universellement pour reclamer un ~r aceS the great Powers would not be taken up only accord entre les grandes Puissances ne sera nent an by the representatives speaking for their peo­ pas repris par les representants parlant 'assurer ples and Governments au hut would also find an nom de leurs peuples et de leurs Gouvernements, .t a un outlet in a joint statement of the Assembly, mais qu'il trouvera une expression dans une C'est la crystallizing the universal desire for redoubled declaration commune de l'AssemhIee concre­ mbrass8 effort in the quest of a just and lasting peace. tisant le desir qu'a le monde de voir redoubler erait la He also hoped that the Assembly would unani­ les efforts dans la recherche d'une paix juste noindre' mously decide to co-operate with those who et durable. Il espere egalement que l'Assemhlee nent, et could and should hring about peace in the decidera de collahorer avec ceux qui peuv611t et

------I'------~. - ._iiiiIa..... 1407th plenary meeting 274 28 September 1~'48 accomplishment of the high.est. and most urgent doivent amener la paix dans I'accomplissement of the tasks before it. des tAches les plus elevees et les plus urgentes ;. qui lui sont propos6es. J Mr. Padilla Nervo did not consider it necessary M. Padilla Nervo ne croit pas necessaire de t to give his Government's opinion on each of donner l'opinion de son Gouvernement sur I the main questions on the agenda. His dele­ chacune des principales questions a l'ordre du gation would give its opinion in due course jour. Sa delegation le fera en temps utile quand when they were discussed in the Committees, ces questions viendront en discussion dans les I and it proposed to support every constructive Commissions; eUe se propose d'apporter son ( and sincere idea, from wherever it came, that appui a toute idee constructive et sincere, d'ou () contributed to a just solution of the problems. qu'eUe vienne, si eUe constitue une contribution 8 His delegation would, in its work, follow the a une juste solution des problemes. Sa delega­ S lines laid down by his country's Foreign Minister tion suivra dans son travail les grandes lignes a t] when he said that his country would co-operate exposees par le Ministre des AfTaires etrangeres in so far as such co-operation meant agreement du Mexique quand il disait que son pays ne between States and would in full awareness rofuserait jamais son concours dans la mesure w support every effort to bring about the organ­ ou celui-ci serait susceptible de conduire a un eJ ization of peace within a framework of law. accord entre les Etats et qu'il soutiendrait, en tl toute connaissance de cause, tous les efforts en tl vue d'aboutir a l'organisation de la pa~x dans Z~ un cadre lega1. al The fact that the great Powers had not yet Le fait que les grandes Puissii.nces n'ont been able to come to an understanding did not encore pu parvenir a l'entente ne diminue pas sa I diminish his country's faith in the fundamental la foi du Mexique dans la valeur fondanlentale al ! value of the United Nations, as the only inter­ de l'Organisation des Nations Unies; celle-ci ea I 1 national machinery able to maintain world est, en effet, le seul organisme intf,rnational pi f peace and security through world co-operation. capable de maintenir la paix et la securite mon­ j Mexico had faith in the moral force of the Assem­ diales par la cooperation internationale. Le m; bly's recommendations, even though, in some Mexique a foi dans la force morale des recom­ an I cases they had not been observed, for it consid­ mandations de l'AssembIee, bien que ceB der-­ Bel ered that whoever ignored them was merely nieres, parfois, ne soient pas ohservees, car, wl weakened thereby. d'apres lui, quiconque les ignore volontairement pe trouve sa position, par la m~me, affaiblie. The Mexican Foreign Minister had recently Le Ministre des affaires etrangeres du Mexique said that there was nothing in the Charter te a recemment declare qu'il n'est rien dans la prevent the United Nations as a whole, or Charte des Nations Unies qui s'oppose a ce que grt through a special conference, or by some other les Nations Unies, toutes ensemble, ou au moyen . ID means, from studying the matter of the peace d'une conference speciale, ou autrement, etudient suI treaties. A recommendation of the Assembly la quef3tion des traites de paix. Une recomman~ rea to that effect would be in conformity with the dation de rAssemblee a cet effet serait conforme AtI. spirit of the United Nations. . a l'esprit de la Charte. of The Mexican delegation, accordingly, for the C'est pourquoi la delegation mexicaine, pour to reasons given and in order to affirm and proclaim les raisons indiquees et afin d'affirm.er et de lov] in a concrete formula the desire for peace of proclamer en une formule r.oncl'ete le desir de eat( the Sr.:lall Powers, suggested that the Assembly paix d(~s petites PuissanceS:\1 propose a l'AssembIee we) should adopt a resolution reading as follows l'adoption de la resolution suivante (A/662) : (A/662/Rev.1). et

I 1. l"/kereas it is the essential purpose of the tt 1. CQnsidomnt que le but essentiel des ott: United Nations to maintain international peace Natj'Jns Unies est de maintenir la paix et la t 9L and security and to that end it must co-ordinate securite internationales, et qu'a cette fin elles, whi its efforts to bring about by peaceful means the doivent coordonner leurs efforts pour realiser. 81'01 settlement of international disputes or situa­ par des moyens pacifiques, le reglement de our tions which might lead to a breach of the peace; differends ou de situations, de caractere inter­ lovij national, susceptibles de mener a une rupture bun de la paix; pea( eha It 2. Wlterea& the United Nations should he tt 2. Comidbant que l'Organisation des Na­ ~II t a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations tions Unies doit ~tre -un centre on s'harmonisent fron in the attainment of this common end; les efforts des nations vers cette fin commune;

'- ..t_<·_....",...... _...... ~- ' ....,. 2$ '1 aC~.IiiE 1Sts' 'Q ,_.,. be Iii"ii... ·..'.·_'.','111.'·."",, _ 28 septembre 1948 275 1478 seance pl~nierc Icment et 3. Whereas the United Nations cannot fully et 3. Considerant que les Nations Uni~s n~ gentes attain its aims so long as the recent war remains pourront pleinement realiser leurs ohjectifs, in process of liquidation, and so long as all tant que la derniere guerre n'aura pas ete ire de the peace treatks have not been concluded and liquidee et que les traites de paix ne seront It sur . put pas into force; conclus et mis en vigueur; lre du et 4. Whereas the great Allied quand Powers which et 4. Considerant qb.d les grandes Puissances hore the heaviest burden in the lnB les war and whose alliees, qui ont supporte la charge la plus lourde common sacrifice and effort were the prime cause ~r son pendant la guerre et dont le sacrifice et l'effort ()f victory have reaffirmed, ~, d'ou on many solemn occa­ communs ont determine la victCJire, ont reaffirme sions, their determination bution to maintaiin and en de multiples occasions solenneiies leur reso­ strengthen in peace the lelega- unity of purpose and lution de maintenir et de renforcer dans la paix action which made possible lignes th'9 triumph of l'unite de buts et d'action qui a rendu possible the United Nations; ngeres la victoire des Nations Unies; 15. Whereas the aforementioned 1YS ne Allied Powers tt 5. Consitlerant que ces Puissances alliees which undertook, at the second nesure Moscow Confer­ qui ont assume, a la deuxieme Conference de ~ ence, responsibility for drafting a un and concluding Moscou, la responsabilite de prept'rer et de the peace treaties have ait, en 110t been able, after conclure leb traites de pail', n'ont pu, apres trois three years of effort, »rts en to obtain the full reali­ ans d'efforts, accomplir pleinemeni leur mission zation of their high mission ( dans by building a just la plus hautd en instaurant une paix juste et and lasting peace; durable; n'ont et 6. Whereas the disagreement between the tt 6. Cot~.siderant que le desaccord entre ces ue pas said Powers in matters of vital importance to Puissances sur une question d'importance vitale Ilentale all the United Nations is at the present time the pour toutes les Nations Unies est, l'heure ceUe-d Muse of the deepest a anxiety among all the peo­ actuelle, la cause de tres graves preoccupatioDs ationaJ ples of the world, and chez tous les peuples du monde; (, mon­ et, 17. Whereas the United Nations, le. in the perfor­ et 7. Considerant que les Nations Unies, pour Le mance of its most sacred mission, recom­ is bound to ne pas faiHir aleur mission la plus sacree, ont le afford its assistance and ~s co-operation in' the devoir de pr~ter leur aide et leur cooperation der­ settlement of a situation is, ear, the continuation of pour le reglement d'une situation dont pourrait which involves grave dangers for rement international nattre, si eUe durait, del graves perils pour la , peace, le. paix internationale, [exique It The General Assembly resolves : tt L'AssembMe generale lans la decide : et First, to express its ce que confidence that the et Premierement, d'exprimer sa conviction que great Allied Powers will moyen determine their policy les grandes Puissances alliees arr~teront leur in the' spirit of the declaration tudient to ,,:hich they politique dans l'esprit de la declaration qu'elIes subscribed in the Crimea, mman­ land in which they ont signee en Crimee, et dans laquelle elIes ont reaffirmed their faith n£orme in the principles of the reaffirme leur foi dans les principes de la Charte Atlantic Charter, their pledge in the declaration de l'Atlantique, et confirme le3 engagements of the United Nations and their determination pris par elIes dans la declaration des Nations ~, to build, in pour co-operation with other peace­ Unies et leur resolution d'edifier, en cooperation et de loving nations, a world order under law, dedi­ avec les autres nations pacifiques, un ordre esir cated to peace, de security, freedom and the general mondial regi par le droit et consacre aux ~nte~ts iemhIee well-being of all mankind; de la paix, de la securite, de la liberte et de la 662) : prosperite commune; It Secondly, to affirm its adoption of that part et Deuxiemement, d'affirmer qu'eHe adopte of the declaration signed at iel des Yalta on 11 Febru:ary la partie de la declaration signee a Yalta le t 945, by ChurchiH, ( et la Roosevelt and Stalin, 11 fevrier 19lt5 par MM. Churchill, Roosevelt which proclaims that cc ,n eUes· Only with continuing and et Staline, qui proclame que: ttCe n'est qu'en growing co-operation 'ealiser, and understanding among et poursuivant et en elargissant cette cooperation ()ur three countries and ent de among all the peace­ et et cette entente entre nos trois pays et toutes ~ loving nations can inter­ the highest aspiration of et les nations pacifiques que l'on pourra realiser humanity be realized - a rupture Secure and lasting «la plus haute aspiration de I'humaniM : une peace which will, in the words of the Atlantic «paix sfire et durable qui, selon les termes de Charter, et afford assurance that all the men, in tt la Cha.rte de l'Atlantique, assurera tous les les Na­ ~ll the lands, may a live out their lives in freedom «~tres humains de tous les pays la possibilit~ onisen\ from fear and want" ;" lmun8; «de vivre durant toute leur existence a l'abri et de la crainte et du besoin,,;

-,. 147th plenary meeting 2'16 147- seance pleni_

tt Thirdly, to recommend the Powers signatories et Troisiemement, de recommander aux Puis-­ of the agreements of the second Moscow Confer­ sances signataires des accords de la deuxieme ence to redouble their efforts, in a spirit of Conference de Moscou de redoubler d'efforts, solidarity and mutual understanding to achieve dans un esprit de solidarite et de comprehension in the briefest pfJ~fiible time the final ~iettlemlent mutuelle, pour realiser, dans le plus bref delai of the war and the conclusion of all the pel~ce possible, la liquidation totale de la guerre et la treaties; conclusion de tous les traites de paix; et Fourthly, to recommend the aforementioned et Quatriemement, de recommander it cas Powers to associate with them in the perfor­ Puissances d'associer it une aussi noble tAche mance of such a nohle task, the States signatories les Etats signataires de la Declaration de of1he Washillgton Declaration of 1 January 1942 Washington, du 1er janvier 1942, soit par either through the General Assembly of the i'intermediaire de I'Assemblee generale des United Nations or by means of a special confer­ Nations Unies, soit en conyoquant une conference ence at which aU States which subscribed or speciale composee de tous les Etats qui ont adhered to the said Declaration should be signe ladite Declaration ou qui y ont adhere." represented. " In conclusion, Mr. PadiUa Nervo said that all Pour conclure, M. Padilla Nervo declare que the members of the United Nations expected tous les Membres des Nations Unies attendent from the great Powers the will and the capacity des grandes Puissances la preuve de leur volo:aM to settle their differences and bring about peace. et de leur aptitude aregler leurs differends et ~ If; was necessary that they should listen to the aboutir a la paix. Elles ne doivent pas rester unanimous hope for peace expressed by millions sourdes au desir unanime de paix qui monte de of men and women in all the countries of the miHions d'hommes et de femmes sur toute III J earth. surface de la terre. Mr. SPAAK (Belgium) said the speakers who had M. SPAAK (Belgique) declare que les orateurs tc.~~an part in the beginning of the general qui ont pris la parole au debut de cett~ discussion debate had repeatedly stressed the atmosphere of generale ont, a plusieurs reprises, insisM sur le great anxiety in which the Assembly's work had climat de vive inquietude dans lequelles travam begun. How could it be otherwise when so many de I'AssembIee ont commence. Comment pour­ hopes had been dashed and so many problems rait-il en ~tre autrement apres tant d'espoirs had remained unsolved? iJ ' ;us et tant de problemes restes sans solution T Mter a week of general debate, it might be Apres une semaine de discussion generalet permissible to ask where the Assembly stood and il est permis de se demander Oll l'AssembIee ifit had made any progress. e _le speakers had en est et si eUe a fait quelque progres. Certains reaffirmed their unshakable faith in the prin­ orateurs ont reutIirme leur foi persistante dans

ciJlk8:J. and ideals of the Charter. Others had les principes et dans I'ideal de la Charte. D'autres ~nalysed the situation with serenity and cour- ont fait le point avec serenite et courage; d'~utrest age. Others, lastly, had indulged in their en6n, se sont Iivres aleurs requisitoires habituels. usual accusations. Mr. Sp ak said that if he had had to ask him­ M. Spaak dit que si, ace moment de la discus­ self at that stage of the general debate what the sion generale, il devait se poser la question : predominant feeli. &was, he would have come to et Quel est le sentiment dominant?", il devrait the unfortunate conclusion that the lack of com­ en venir ala conclusion regrettable que I'incom­ prehension which was dividing the United Nations prehension qui divise de plus en plus les Nations more a~d more had only increased and deepened. Unies n'a fait que grandir et s'approfondir. He had no hesitation in stating that there M. Spaak n'hesite pas adire qu'il n'y a peut­ could be no more painful feeling and no graver ~tre pas de sensation plus douloureuse et d'idee realization, because a society such as the United plus grave que celle-Ul, car une societe comme Nations could only be successful if its actions les Nations Unies ne peut reussir que si, El la were based not only on tolerance but also on the base de son action, se trouve, non seulement la possibility of understanding each other's point tolerance, mais, de la part de chacun, la possi­ of view. biHte de comprendre le point de vue d'autrui. Who was mostly responsible for that atmos­ Qui, dans cette atmosphere d'incomprehen­ phere of incompl'ehension? Who was making no sion, est le plus coupable ? Qui ne fait pas effort to understand the point of view of others? d'efforts pour comprendre le point de vue de As Mr. Bevin had said at the 144th plenary I'autre ? Ainsi que M. Bevin l'a dit a la 144' meeting he felt that the countries belonging to seance pleniere, il semble a M. Spaak que leB Western and democl'atic civilization, in the classic pays se reclamant de la civilisation occidentale meaning of the word, could not be blamed them­ et democratique, au sens classique du motl selves for anything. It was they who stood for n'ont rien a se reprocher. lIs preconisent la

.1 -'.II.nr._s.--•••,I-_Wlr -<~ "-'0 --~"~------lenicre 28 septembre 1948 277 147e seance pleniere " Puis­ the freedom of movement of men and above all libre circulation des hommes et surtout ~a libre iuxieme for the free circulation of ideas; it was they who circulation des idees; ils sont pr~ts a soumettre 'efforts,. were ready to submit their policy, their actions, al'examen et au jugement de tousleur politique, lenSlOn aims and ideals to the examination and judg­ leur action, leurs buts et Ieurs ideaux. af delai ment of all. re et la They did not shut themselves up behind an Ce ne sont pas ces pays qui s'enferment iron curtain - an iron curtain which they would derriere un rideau de fer, rideau qu'ils vou­ a cas like to breach so as to learn and understand, draient, au contraire, percer pour savoir et 3 tAche and on the hasis of that unde":.;t ... :~ding try to pour comprendre, afin d'arriver aun rapproche­ lon de achieve a rapprochement {l.nd collai"J.fdtion. ment et ala collaboration avec les autres p~ "S. >it par One thing was certain, namely, that the great Ce qu'il y a de certain, c'est que du ctlte de le des Union of Soviet Socialist Uepublics did not la grande Union des republiques socialistes lference understand the Western world at all, and Ml'. Vy­ sovietiques on ne comprend plus cl u tout le [ui ont shinsky's speech at the 143rd plenary meeting monde occidental, ainsi que le prouve, une fois lhere. , had proved that once again. Perhaps it might de plus, le discours fait par M. Vychinsky ala Heem impertinent for the representative of a 143° seance pIeniere. Peut-~tre paraitra-t-il im­ lrc que small country such as Belgium to wish to reply modeste que le representant d'un petit tendent to the representative of the USSR. Perhaps, on pays comme la Belgique veuille repondre volont6 the other hand, it was hetter that the reply au representant de I'URSS. Peut-~tre est-il Lds et ~ ~hould come from the representative of a small preferable touteCois que cette reponse ; rester country, for no one would be able to find in his vienne de la part du representant d'un petit onte de attitude any intention of provocation whatever. pays, car on ne saurait trouver dans son attitude oute la Any provocation of the USSR hy Belgium would aucune idee de provocation. Une provocation indeed he too ludicrous. de la Belgique al'URSS serait par trop ridicule. )rateurs. But Mr. Vyshinsky's speech could he under­ Mais le discours de M. Vychinsky ne peut se ~CUSSlon stood in two ways only: either it was a propa­ comprendre que de deux fa~ons : ou hien c'est ~ sur le ganda speech or else it was a wholly sincere un discours de propagande, ou hien c'est un travam speech. In either case it deserved a I'epIy. Ifit discours tout Afait sincere. Dans les deux cas, t pour­ were a propaganda speech, others had the right il merite une r6ponse. Si c'est un discours de 'espoirs to make use of the same hRll for counter-propa­ propagande, d'autres ont le droit de se servir lution T ganda. If, on the other hand, it was a wholly de cette tribune pour faire de la contra-propa­ enerale. sincere speech it displayed such complete incom­ gande. Si c'est un discours sincere, il reveIe :lembIee prehension oi the aims, wishes and thoughts of une telle meconnaissance de ce que l'on veut et Jertains the Western European countries that it was de ce que l'on pense dans les pays de l'Europe te dans imperative to redress those mistakes and to occidentale qu'il est indispensable de redresser )'autres enable the USSR to base its policy upon an ces erreurs et de permettre Arunss de fonder l'autres, accurate knowledge of events and thoughts in one sa politique sur une connaissance exacte de ce lbituels. part of the world. qui se passe et de ce qui se pense dans une partie du monde. l discus­ After Mr. Bevin, Mr. Spaak also wished to Apras M. Bevin, l'orateur affirme que les pays estion : state that the Western European countries did de l'Europe occidentale ne veulent pas discuter devrait not want to discuss the communist regime. le regime communiste. lis considerent que, pour l'incom· They considered that communism was 110 doubt beaucoup de pays, le communisme est sans doute Nations a necessary trial for many countries hut they une epreuve necessaire, mais que c'est une 'Ofondir. believed that the Western world could do without epreuve dont le monde occidental peut se passeI'. a peut-­ that trial. Without wishing to discuss any regime Sans vouloir discuter aucun regime, Hs affirment ~t d'idee they wanted to state that, having fought against que, apres avoir lutte dans cette derniere guerre : comma fascism and hitlerism in the last war, they were contre le fascisme et contre l'hitIerisme, ils sj, a la not going to bow to any authoritarian or totali­ n'entendent se soumettre a aucune doctrine ~ment la tarian doctrine. They stood for liberal demo­ autoritaire ou totalitaire. lis sont pour la demo­ la pos~i: eracy, that is to say, they believed with all their cratie liherale, c'est-A-dire qu'i1s croient de toutes :l'autrut. ~trength and all their conscience in the nee

l8 A

~------. -_...---~_--.....--- - 147th plenary meeting 278 28 September 1948 . Such a regime had vast advantages. Itallowed Cc regime a d'immenses avantages. II permet In aU manner of progress, both economic and tous les progres economiques et sociaux. 11 social, It repudiated intolerance; it rejected the repudie l'intoIerance, ainsi que I'emploi de la use of force and violence and trusted in the com­ force et celui de la violence, il fait confiance au wl mon sense and the wisdom of man. Mr. Spaak bon sens et ala sagesse de I'homme. M. Spaak An realized that waR perhaps the most diflicult polit­ reconnatt que ce regime est sans doute le pluH wij ical regime to achieve,· and he also admitted difficile a appliquer, qu'il presente certains fro. that it entailed certain disadvantages and per­ inconvenients et peut~tre m~me certains dan­ gn

naps even some dangers. In Western European gers. Dans les pays de I'Europe occidentalet countries, freedom of thought and writing inclu­ la liberte de penser et d'ecrire comporte m~me ded even freedom of thinking and writing errone­ la liberte de penser et d'ecrire des erreurs. wa: ously, but they did not think that the police, Mais on ne pense pas que, pour lutter contrH -dis the courts, exile or worse still, were the right l'erreur, it faille s'appuyer sur la police, sur les ] weapons with which to fiflht against mistakes. tribunaux, sur l'exil ou sur pire encore. A une wh, Propaganda which spread the truth was the propagande qui repand I'erreur, la meilleure best weapon against propaganda which spread reponse est une propagande qui repand la verite. WOl lies, and, having mighty and unshakable confi­ C'est sur la confiance puissante et inebranlable 8taJ. dence in the common sense and wisdom of man, dans le bon sens et dans la sagesse des hommes zm( they believed that truth would win in the end. qu'est fondee la conviction que la propagande 'COVI pour la verite finit toujours par triompher. Il An that, the spirit in which they lived, the Tout cela. cet etat d'esprit dans lequel il~ the) principles that were theirs, the truths t~ey vivent, ces principes qui sont les leurs, cef> Pac wished to defend, all that had to be realized verites qu'ils entendent defenJre, il faut les ,conI when one wished to understand the political comprendre si l'on veut juger l'action politiqule bloc actiYities of the Western countries. des pays occidentaux. to ( Mr. Vyshinsky had spoken at great length M. Vychinsky a beaucoup parIe de campagnes ~he) about alleged warmongering campaigns in the d'incitation a l.a guerre qui, paratt-il, se pour­ lzerl United States of America, the United Kingdom suivent aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique, dans le T and even - he had not hesitated to say so ­ Royaume-Uni et m~me - il n'a pas hesite a le -ovel in France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Nether­ declarer - en France, en Belgique, dans le whe. lands. Luxembourg et aux Pays-Base neIS As far as his own country was concerned, Tres franchement, en ce qui concerne la Bel­ with Mr. Spaak knew of no political party, of no re­ gique, M. Spaak ne connatt pas un parti poli­ man sponsible politician, of no man who had any tique, pas un homme politique responsable et polil influence in leading public opinion who was a pas un homme ayant une part quelconque d'in­ land warmonger. He had never seen, never heard, fluence dans la direction de l'opinion publique, Unit never read in the Press of his country or in the qui soit un belliciste. n n'a jamais vu, jamais ·ofw speeches made in his country a single sentence entendu, jamais Iu, dans la presse ou dans les M that could make one believe that Belgium would, discours prononces dans son pays, une phrase .cone of its own free will, take part in a warmongering qui pourrait faire croire que, volontairement, la W ~Iudl campaign and prepare itself for an aggressive Belgique participerait a une campagne d'excita­ war against any country whatsoever. But he tion et se preparerait a une guerre agressive else believed that it was necessary to keep a certain contre n'importe quel pays. Mais I'orateur croit whie sense of nuances in those matters. There should que, en cette matiere, il ne faut pas perdre le Char vidw be lOO confusion between the belief that war may sens des nuances, iI ne faut pas confondre la bret,k out and the will to bring it about; there croyance qu'une guerre pourrait eclater et la had should be no confusion between envisaging the volonte qu'une guerre eclate; il ne faut pas coun possibility of a war and desiring it. Nor should confondre la possibilite d'envisager une guerre tries there be any confusion between preparing for et le fait de la desirer. 11 ne faut pas non plus defeJ war and urging war. confondre le fait de se preparer ala guerre et le was fait d'y pousser. hYlJ ques' There was no doubt that the Soviet Union Il est evident que I'Union sovietique exagere Tb greatly exaggerated the importance of what was grandement ce qui se dit et ce qui s'ecrit dans hut read and said in the Press. Mr. Spaak had taken les journaux. M. Spaak a pris le soin non pas Han, care not only to listen to the speech of the USSR seulement d'ecouter avec la plus grande attention that. representative with the greatest attention and et avec le plus grand respect ce qu'a dit le repre­ glUm respect hut also to read his speech over again, sentant de I'URSS, mais aussi de l'elire son aggrE and he had noticed that Mr. Vyshinsky attached discours. Il s'est aperQu que M. Vychinsky donnait OOun1 a truly extraordinary importance to factR which I it des faits qui, dans un pays de liberte, passent

--.------~ ____...... -•.•..-.-::t:::e :::r· --11 i IIII-----_..... co. - 1IiIIIii...... ·• .Ps-'.II'_Uiiii...__IIIlii_...... 28 septembre 1948 279 1470 seance pIeniere in a free country wou.id pass almost unnoticed. pour ainsi dire inaper~us, une importance verita­ blement extraordinaire. Mr. Vyshinsky had denouncocl - and with M. Vychinsky s'eleve _. et avec queUe pas­ what passion - certain articles, published in the sion I -- contre certains articles qui ont paru American Press, which contained passages which, dans la presse americaine et qui, dit-il, indiquent with cynical frankness, listed military air bases avec une franchise cynique les bases· militaires from which Soviet cities would be attacked, et aeriennes d'ou les villes sovietiques seront giving the respective distances involved. attaquees ; les distances entre les villes sont egalement indiquees. What a revelation all that was, and how much Quelles revelations dans ces exh',aits de warmongering there was in giving the precise presse! Quelle propagande helliciste que d'in­ -distance between London re and Moscow I diquer ainsi, en termes aussi precis, la djstance es exacte de Londres a Moscou ! Mr. Spaak asked the USSR D.~ representative M. Spaak demande au representant de rURSS : what was more dangerous for .re the peace of the Qu'est-ee qui est plus dangereux pour la paix world : the secret work carried te. out by general du monde : les travaux accomplis dans le secret staffs, or the maps published by .Ie American maga­ des etats-majors ou les cartes publiees par les zines which revealed tes such extraordinary dis­ revues americaines qui revelent des nouveautes ·coveries as distancns hptwflfln larITfl d~ citir.s? aussi extraordinaires que les distances entre lea grandes villes ? . In addition to warmongering propaganda Mais, outre la propagande belliciste, it yale there was also the Five-Power Pact, the Brussels Pacte a Cinq, le Pacte de Bruxelles ! Ceux qui :ef'. Pact. Mr. Vyshinsky had said that those who concluent de pareils traites, dit M. Vychinsky, -concluded similar treaties and organizdd such et qui organisent de pareiIs blocs manent une blocs were carrying out policies that had nothing politique qui 11'a rien a voir avec la consolida­ to do with the consolidation of peace and that tion de la paix. lIs encouragent les instigateurs they were encouraging Les the instigators and organ­ et les organisateurs d'une nouvelle guerre. lr­ izers of a new war. le The arguments of the Soviet Union were not L'argumentation de rlJnion sovietique n'eRt le -over-subtle., They amounted to stating that pas extr~mement subtile. EIIe consiste a dire : le when the- USSR concluded alliances with its quand rURSS se lie avec les pays qui l'entourent, neighbours, when it signed defence treaties quand elIe conclut des traites de derense mutueIle with Poland, Czechoslovakia, el­ Yugoslavia and so avec la Pologne, la Tchecoslovaquie, la Yougo­ many other East European Ili­ countries, that was a sl~vie et avec tant d'autres pays de I'Europe policy of peace, et but when Belgium and the Nether­ orientale, c' est de la politique pacifique; . lands concluded quand, [fi- an alliance with France and the au contraire, la Belgique ou les Pays-Bas United se lient le, Kingdom, that was necessarily a policy avec la France ou le Royaume-Uni, . ·of war. cela constitue alS necessairement de la politique guerriere. Mr. Spaak had two arguments, les both of them M. Spaak a deux arguments, I'un et l'antrp .conclusive, against such propaganda lSC .. decisifs, contre une propagande comme celle-Ia. When the five Powers la in question had con­ Quand les cinq paY's en question ontconclu If' .eluded the Brussels Pact they had ta- done nothing Pacte de Bruxelles, Hs n'0 nt fait qu'appliquer stric­ . else but apply strictly Article lve 51 of the Charter tementl'Article 51 de la Charte qui dit : «AucunE' which stated that : cc Nothing oit in the present disposition de la presente Charte ne portp ~harter shall imI)air the le inherent right of indi­ atteinte au droit naturel de legitime derense. VIdual or collective self-defence la ... " The Charter individuelle ou collective ... " Cette Charte, had heen signed hy the USSR la and the eastern que I'unss et les pays de l'Est ont signee en countries at the same time ds las by the other coun­ m~me temps que les autres nations, permet aux tries and it authorized the rre organization of self­ Etats d'organiser leur legitime derense indivi­ defence, whether individual lus or collective. It dueUe ou rollective. C'est sur la base de cet was on the hasis of that ,le Article, and actuated Article-la et non point poussees par quelque hy· no other feeling, that the five Powers in autre sentiment que les cinq Puissances se question had soot ~re met and concluded the Pact. reunies et ont conclu le Pacte. That legal argument alone lllS was sufficient, Cet argument juridique, a lui seul, est suffi­ hut was there really laB anyone in the Assembly sant. Mais M. Spaak se demande s'il ya quelqu'un Hall, nay, in the entire ion world who thought dans l'AssembIee, s'il y a quelqu'un au monde that Luxembourg, the re- Netherlands and Bel­ qui pense que le Luxembourg, les Pays-Bas gium wished to tak~ part in a war of et la Belgique veulent participer a une guerre aggression? Did anyone forget where those d'agression. Mais est-ce qu'on ouhlie par quoi 'COuntries were and the two tests they had stood ces pays ont passe? Est-ce qu'on oublie les deux tS \,

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147th plenary meeting 280 28 September 1948 in twenty-five years? Did anyone forget that epreuves qu'ils ont subies en vingt-cinq ans ? although they had won in the end they had Est-ce qu'on oublic que, s'ils ont ete victorieux been occupied for foul' long years, :...nd did finalement, ils ont ete occupes pendant quatre anyone think that although they had survived longues annees ? Ces pays sont sortis de cette that double trial they could now be sure of sur­ double epreuve, mais qui pourrait affirmer qu'ils viving a third world war and then resuming seraient capables de sortir d'une troisieme bravely their forward march? guerre mondiale et de reprendre courageusement ~ leur marche en avant ? So, No one could believe such a thing. No one Personne ne peut le croire. Personne ­ am. - as Mr. Bevin had said previously - could M. Bevin I'a deja dit - ne peut croire que seh believe that the alliance signed in Brussels in I'aBiance signee a Bruxelles, au mois de mar~ 1 March last was directed against any nation. On dernier, est dirigee contr~ quelque nation que afr£ the contrary, everyone knew that the five coun­ ce soit. Tout le monde ~ait au contraire que les So\' tries had joined forces in order to defend them­ cinq pays ont voulu s'unir pour se defendre. Nat selves. and The Soviet Union delegation should seek La delegation de I'Union sovietique ne doit the no complicated explanation of their policy. pas chercher d'explication!; compliquees a leur and Mr. Spaak was going to describe the basis of politique. M. Spaak est dispose a lui dire queUe witl that policy; he was going to do so in terms some­ est la base de cette politique. Il le dira, dans chai what cruel, perhaps, and which only the repre­ dFd termes qui sont un peu ~ruels peut-~tre, SOVI sentative of a small nation could use. What was dans des termes que seul le representant d'une inte the foundation of their pclicy? It was fear, petite nation peut employer : la base de cette achi fear of the USSR, fear of its Government, fear politique, c'est la peur, la peur de l'URSS, la doe' of its policy! peur de son Gouvernement, la peur de sa ganl politique. whe real He used the word «fear» because the fear he M. Spaak emploie le mot «peur» parce que inte had in mind was not that of a coward or of a la peur qu'il evoque n'est pas celle d'un {Ache to a minister representing a frightened country, a ou d'un ministre representant un pays qui pr~t the country ready to ask for mercy and beg for pity. tremble, ou qui est a demander pitie, a wou No, it was not that kind of fear. It was the fear demander merci. Ce n'est pas cette peur-Ia, of il which should ~e felt by a man when he peered mais celle qu'on eprouve en regardant vers into the iuture and realized all the possible l'avenir et en considerant tout ce que cet avenir horror, tragedy and terrible responsibility held comporte peut-~tre encore d'horreur, de tragedie in store by that future. et de terribles responsabilites. B Di,d the USSR delegation know wliy the La delegation de l'URSS sait-elle pourquoi had Western European COUI tries were afraid? They les pays de I'Europe occidentale ont peu:' 1 not were ulraid because the USSR delegation oft.en I1R ont peur parce que I'URSS parle souvent natil spoke of imperialism. d'imperialisme. it hi What was the definition and current notion of QueUe est la definition, la notion cvurante the imperialism? It was usually the notion of a d} l'imperialisme ? C' est generalement la notion had nation - generally a great Power - that effected d'un ptmple - et en general d'une grande trar) conquests and increased its influence throughout Puissance - qui entreprend des conqu~tes et the world. augmente son influence a travers le monde. It What was the. historic truth that emergf'd QueUe est la realite historique qui se degage tend from the recent years? It was that one great d) Cl'S dernieres annees ? C'est que seul un or t country alone had emerged frvm th· war having grand pays est sorti de la guerre ayant conquis not conquered other territories - and that great d'autres territoires,' et que ce grand pays est coulc country was the Soviet Union. During thr~ war, l'Union sovietique. Pendant la guerre et a cause refm and because of the war, it had annexed the de la guerre, elIe a annexe les Pays baltes; hegu Baltic States; during the war, and because of pendant la guerre et a cause de la guerre, elIe the war, it had annexE-d a slice of Finland and it a annexe an morceau de la Finlande; et c'est All was during the war, ard because of the war, encore penclant la guerre et a cause de la guerre the 1 that it had seized part of Poland. Thanks to its qu'elIe a pris un morceau de la Pologne. GrAce fecth daring and supple policy it had become all­ a sa politique audacieuse et souple, eUe est raisel powerful in Warsaw, Prague, Belgrad " Bucharest devenue toute-puissante a Varsovie, a Prague, solve and Sofia; thanks to its policy it was occupying a Belgrade, it Bucarest, et a Sofia; grAce a sa pose( Vienna and Berlin and did not seem prepared politique, elIe occupe Vienne et Berlin, qu'elIe Sovie to !eave them; thanks to its policy it was now ne semble pas disposee a quitter; grAce a sa West demanding a share in the control of the Ruhr. politique, elIe exige maintemmt de participer anxio

i --~'" .--.~.~ - ..--..-.... -~ ...... I -- iF "...... f'" 1'7 *_rliii'- iiiil _ t8 28 eeptembre 1948 281. 147e seance plentere s 1 The empire of the USSR stretched from the Far au contr61e de la Ruhr. L'empire de rURSS ux East to the Baltic Sea and from the Black Sea to' s'etend de I'Extr~me-Orient a la Baltique et de Gre the Mediterranean, and was now also felt on the la mer Noire a la Mediterranee, et se fait aussi tte banks of the Rhine. .. and then the USSR won- sentir mai tenant sur les bords du Rhin... et 'Hs dered why the other nations felt anxious! I'URSS demande pourquoi les autres nations [ne sont inquietes ! mt The truth was that the foreign policy of the La verite, c'est que la politique etrangere de Soviet Union was now more daring and more I'Union sovietique est maintenant plus auda­ amhitious than the policy of the Tsars them­ cieuse et plus ambitieuse que celle des Tsars rue selves. eux-m~mes. ar8 The Western European countries were also Les pays de I'Europe occidentale ont peur [ue afraid because of the policy which the Union of aussi a cause de la politique que I'Union des les Soviet Socialist Republics followed in the United Repuhliques socialistes sovietiques suit dans ,re. Nations. They were afraid because of the use, I'Organisation des Nations Unies. lIs out peur and above all the ahuse, the USSR had made of a cause de l'usage, et surtout a cause de I'abus ',oit the right given to it in San Francisco, the use qu'elle a fait du droit qui lui a ete reconnu a :mr and ahuse of the veto. They were afraid hecause, San-Francisco, I'usage et I'abus du tt veto ». lIs ont ~ne within the Assembly, the USSR had risen as the peur parce que, dans cette AssembIee, l'URSS ahso~ute ans champion of the doctrine of national s'est fait le champion de la doctrine de la souve­ sovereignty, and they were wondering how an rainete nationale absolue, alors qu'eux se ;l'e, me international organization could.function and demandent comment une organisation interna­ ~tte achieve its aims if that out-dated and reactionarJ tinnale pourrait fonctionner et atteindre les doctrine were to triumph. An international or­ huts qui lui sont assignes, si cette doctrine I la sa ganization could only function when all nations, perimee et reactionpaire triomphait. Une orga­ whether small, medium 0.. large, had fully nisation internationale ne pourra fonctionner realized that above thrir personal will there was que le jour on toutes les nations, petites, moyen­ l ue international law. So long as any country wished nes ou grandes, auront reconnu en pleinc che. to assert its own will over and above the wiJI of conscience qu'au-dessus de leurs volontes parti­ qUi the majority of nations, the United Nations cuHeres if y a la loi internationale. Aussi long­ ~, a would not be a.ble to achieve all that was exper.ted temps qu'un pays quelconque pretendra affirmer '-Ia, of it. sa propre volonte au-dessus de, et par-dessus, reI'S la volonte de la majorite des nations, I'Organi- sation des Nations Unies ne pourra pas donner tout ce qu'on attend d'elle. . But the Union of Soviet Socialist Repuhlics Mais l'Union des Republiques socialistes [UOl had not only used and ahused the veto; it had sovietiques ne s'est pas contentee d'user et l!:' 1 not stopped at proclaiming the principle of d'ahuser du veto. Il ne lui a pas suffi de proclamer rent national sovereignty against intern tional law; le principe de la souverainete nationale contre la it had systematically refused to co-operate with loi internationale. Elle a systematiquement refuse mte the United Nations every time the Organization de collahorer avec l'Organisation des Nations Gion had made a recommendation which· was con­ Unies chaque fois que cntte Organisation a fait nde trary to the views or feelings of the USSR. une recommandation contraire aux avis ou aox ) et sentiments de l'URSS. lde. It was easy now for the Soviet Union to con­ L'Union sovietique a beau jeu aujourd'hui ~age tend that the Special Commission on the Balkans a soutenir que les travaux de la Commission un. or the Temporary Commission on Korea had sp~ciale pour les Balkans ou de la Commission 1UlS not achieved any tangihle results. But how temporaire pour la Coree n'ont pas donne beau­ est could they do so when· part of the Assemhly had coup de resultats. Mais comment auraient-elles lUse refused to co-operate before they had even pu le faire alors q\le, a"ant m~me qu'eUes aient tes; begun work? '::ommence leurs tI'avaux, une partie de l'Assem­ elle blee avait refuse d'y coHaborer ? :'est Anxiety was felt hecause of all that, because Tout cela est inquietant, parce que l'URSS a, erre the USSR had rend lr( d the Organization inef­ par sa fa~on de faire, rendu inefficace cett.e Orga­ rAce fective by its conduct; because the questions nisation, parce que les questions qui se posent est raised before the Organiz::ltion remainrd un­ devant l'Organisation restent sans solution, ~ue, solved; because every time a solution was prrJ­ parce que chaque fois qu'unesolution ~st pro­ 1 sa posed by the United Nations as a whole the posee par I'ensemhle des Nations Dnies, l'Union 'elle Soviet Union hlocked it by its own will. Th:~ sovietique J' arr~te en manifestant sa pro pre 1 sa Western European countries were afraid and volonte. Les pays de l'Europe occidentale eproll­ iper anxious hecause they had placed all their trust vent des craintes et de I'inquietude parce qu'ils

------..... 147th plenary meeting 282 28 September 1948 21 in an effective United Nations and wC:'re now avaient place leur confianee dans une Organi­ p€ forced by the policy of the USSR to seek their sat.ion des Nations Unies effieace et que la poli­ co :-:ecurity not within the international and uni­ tique suivie par rURSS les oblige a recherche!' versal framework of the Assembly but within maintenant leur securite, non pas dans le cadre that of the regional agreements they would have international et universel de cette AssembIee, wl preferred to renounce forever. mais dans le cadre des accords regionaux auxquels W{ Hs auraient voulu pour toujours renoncer. ho thl They were also afraid of the Soviet Union L'Union sovietique les inquiete encore parce tht because within p,very one of the countries repre­ qu'elle entretient, dans chacun des pays repre.. ev! sented in the UnIted Nations it maintained a sentes a I'Organisation, une cinquieme colonne, T" fifth column besicle which the Hitlerite fifth aupres de laquelle la cinquieme colonne hitle­ po column was nothing but a boy scout organiza­ rienne n'etait qu'une organisation de boy-scouts. COl tion. There was no single place in the world, 11 n'est pas au monde, que ce soit en Asie, en Eu whether in Asia, Europe or Africa where any of Europe ou en Afrique, d'endroit Oll les Gouver­ pol the Governments represented in the United nements representes a I'Organisation des Nations ha, Nations could come across a difficulty or an Dnies ne rencontrent de diffieultes ou d'obstacles WaJ obstacle without the USSR working to increase que I'URSS ne soit la pour envenimer la situation. EUl it still further. That was the way in which the Voila comment rUnion sovietique collabore aver. sal1 Soviet Union collaborated with the Governments les Gouvernements representes a I'Assemblee, ~ represented in the Assembly, and with which it alors qu'eUe devrait travailler a""'ec eux a assurer wel should be working to ensure peace. In everyone la paix. Dans chacun de ces pays, it existe a DUl of those countries there existed at the present I'heure actuelle un groupe d'hommes, qui non spe time a group of men who were not only the seulement sont les representants et les defen­ tho representatives and the upholders of the USSR's seurs de la politique etrangere de I'URSS perl foreign policy -- which after all would not be a - ce qui, apres tout, ne serait pas tres grave ­ was very grave h'atter - but who never missed an mais qui ne manquent pas une occasion d'affaihlir gon opportunity to weaken politically, morally and politiquement, moralement et socialement l'Etat Gen socially the States in which they lived. The dans lequel ils vivent. Dans leur opposition au tren Soviet Union and the Communist parties of the Plan Marshall, I'Union sovietique et les partis wor entire world had shown exactly what they could communistes du monde entier ont donne la do through thclir opposition to the Marshall mesure exacte de ce qu'ils peuvent faire. H Plan. to p Mr. Spaak said that the position taken ur by M. Spaak declare que la position contre le tion. the USSR and by the Communist parties 0 the plan Marchall prise par I'URSS et par les partis ~ng whole world against the Marshall Plan was the communistes du monte entier constitue l'acte ImP! most depressing, the most l:lerious and the most le plus deprimant, le plus grave et le plus inquie­ the disquieting action possiblE", 101' it had been pro­ tant, car seize pays europeens - qui n'ont dl' wore daimed by sixteen European nations - which le90ns de dignite nationale a recevoir de per­ want needed no lessons in national dignity from sonne - ont proclame que, sans le Plan MarshaU, true anyone - that Europe would be lost without I'Europe est perdue. stan! the Marshall Plan. C(J Instead of seeking complicated explanations Au lieu de chercher au plan MarshaIl des misti ()f the Marshall Plan; instead of picking out explications compliquees, au lieu d'aHer chercher tainl comments from some United States provincial des commentaires dans des journaux de province diffe] papers, it would have been more normal and americains, il aurait eM plus normal et plus simil more logical to seek an explanation and the logique de rechercher des commentaires et .le in tl noble ideals of the Plan in the words of General haut ideal du plan MarshaH dans les paroles sides Marshall himself. When sp~aking for the first du general Marshall lui-m~me. Quand iI a pade had f time of the plen, which was to become known pour la premiere fois de ee plan qui devait that 1 as the Marshall Plan, he said that it was logical p,rendre son nom, il a dit qu'iI est logique que lea. In that the United States should do whatever it Etats-Unis fassent tout ce qu'ils peuvent pour he w, was able to do to assist the return to normal aider a retablir la sante eeonomique du monde, those nconomic health of the world, without which sans laquelle la stabilite politique et la paix ne helie, there could be no political stability and no peuvent ~tre assurees. et La politique americaine­ war; assured peace. «American policy", said General a dit le general Marshall- n'est dirigee contre endUJ Marshall, et is directed not against any country or aucun pays ni aucune doctrine, mais contre la dead doctrine but against hunger, poverty, despera­ famine, la pauvrete, le desespoir et le IJhaos. sincer Iion and chaos. Its purpose is to he the revival Son but est la renaissance d'une economie active WlJ nf a working economy in the world so as to dans le monde, afin que soient creees les condi.. the "

____..'ilIIt·ililiElliitCG•.•.#',lJ,,,g: Tt 711.~••:.n.jiillil",.,tE53·"~ Ft ;lA 'I' a I nr l~ 1948 28 septembre 194.8 . 283 147e eeanee pl6niere 'gallI- permit the emergence of political and social tions politiques et sociales Oll de libres institu­ poli­ conditions in which free institutions :rcher can exist." tions puissent exister". Whatever might happen in the future and Quoi qu'il arrive et quel cadre whatever que soit l'avenir du lblee, the future of the MarshaII Plan, the plan MarshaU, les paroles words prononcees ce jour-la .quels spoken that day would resound to the honoreront toujours le honour chef de la diplomatie Br. of the head of United States diplomacy; americaine; elIes sont dans they la ligne d'une poIi­ were in the tradition of a policy for which tique pour laqueUe, maIgre parce the tout et toujours, les Western European countries would, despite pays de l'Europe occiae~tale 'epre.. everything, garderont une forever feel an immense gratitude. immense gratitude. Deux fois onne, Twice within en vingt-cinq ans, the space of twenty-five years that cette politique a envoye les soldats hitle­ policy had brought americains United States soldiers to contribuer a la victoire qui a rendu wuts. contribute to victory leur inde­ , which gave back to those pendance a ces pays. Cette politique inspiree le, en European countries their par independence. That Wilson et Roosevelt a fait l'effort de guerre luver­ policy, inspired by Wilson and by Roosevelt, amer. ':, eUe a fait le pr~t-bail et elIe ltions had been the mainspring donne of the United States aujourd'hui a l'Europe sa plus 8jrande m~me ,tacles war effort, and of lend-lease et and was now giving sa seule chance de trouver son salut. ation. Europe its greatest and even its sole hope of ~ avcc salvation. rlblee, That was why the West,ern European countries Voila pourquoi les pays de .l'Europe occiden­ ;surer were anxious; that was why they were afraid. tale sont inquiets, voila pourquoi its iste a During the war President ont peur. . Roosevelt, in a great Dans un discours prononce pendant la guerre, 1 non speech, had listed the four freedoms which he le president Roosevelt a enumere les quatre lefen­ thought could bring hack confidence and pros­ libertes qui pouvaient, d'apras lui, rendre lu URSS perity to the world. One of those freedoms confiance et la prosperite au monde. L'une de ave ­ was the freedom from fear. Several faiblir years had ces libertes est la liberation de la peur. Aujour­ gone by and now that the third session l'Etat of the d'hui, plusieurs annees apras, au moment Oll General Assembly was opening he knew on what s'ouvre la troisieme session de I'AssembIee au tremondous service would be rendered partis to the generale, M. Spaak apprecie pleinement l'im­ world if one succeeded in freeing it from ne la fear. mense service que l'on rendrait au monde si I'on parvenait a le liberer de la peur. He wished to add that the USSR would have 11 desire ajouter que l'URSS aurait un grand to play a great and decisive role in that libera­ r6le, un r6le decisif it jouer dans cette tre le tion from fear. Categorical liberation statements proclaim­ de la peur. Il ne suffit pas de proclamer qU'OIl partis ing that one was in favour of peace and against est pour la. paix et contre l'imperialisme, et qu'on l'aotc imperialism and that one upheld the Charter of est pour la Charte des Nations Unies. faut lquie­ the United Nations were n que not enough. Those ces paroles se traduisent par des actes, ,nt de words had to be followed et by deeds and he M. Spaak voudrait voir s'inaugurer, au sein de ~ per­ wanted to see the advent within the Assembly of l'AssembIee, une veritable collaboration basee rshall, true co-operation hased upon mutual uI!der- sur la comprehension et l'estime reciproques .. standing cmd esteem. . Could Mr. SpaRk's speech be considered pessi­ Son discours est-il pessimiste, cL considarc-t-il II des mistic and did he think that all was lost? Cer­ que tout est perdu? Certainement pas. Il ercher tainly not. He had noted that whatever the constate que, quel que soit le sens different quO' ovince difference in meaning lent to the same words, a l'on donne aux mots, un m~me langage a 6te ; plus similar language had on the whole been spoken tenll par presque tout le monde au cours de la et le in the general debate of the Assembly. All discussion generale it I'AssembIee. De tous les aroles sides had upheld the same principles; all sides cOtes on s'est reclame des m~mes principes; . parM had stated that they wanted to ensure peace and de tous les c6tes OIl a affirme que l'on. voulait devait that they wanted to co-operate. assurer la paix et que l'on voulait coUaborer. [ue les . In spite of the rude frankness of his words, QueUe que soit la rudesse de ses paroles, , pOUf he wanted to state quite sincerely that he helieved M. Spaak pense sincerement que ces londe, discours those peaceful speeches to be genuine. He pacifiqnes sont vrais. Il croit que les nations sont aix ne believed that nations were still too close to the encore trop pras de la guerre, trop pras deB ame-. souf­ war; too close to the joint suffering they had frances communes qu'eUes ont subleR, trop prel' contre endured; too close to their ruins and to their de lours ruines et de leurs morts, ~ead ~o pour parler ltre la talk of peace and collaboration without sans sincerite de la paix et de la collaboration. ehaos. 8lDcerIty. aotive What frightened. condi~ him was the realization that Ce qui l'epouvante, c'est qu'ilse rend.compte the world knew what to do to be saved and que l'humanite sait ce qu'eHe devrait laire.poul' m...------_:-.----...... ,"

147th plenary Dleeting 284 28 SepteUlber 1948 wanted to do it, but seemed doomed to a tragic ~tre sauvee ot qu'elIe desire le faire, moos que fate, in that it was incapable of doing it. son destin tragique semble ~tre qu'elIe soit incapable de le faire. And yet, at the beginning of that third session, Cependant, au moment ou commence cette at a time when nations had lost all their illu­ troisieme session, au moment ou 'Ies nations ont sions, they should try to do something. Of perdu toutes leurs illusions, elles devraient course, they should .not be too ambitious; they essayer de faire quelque chose. Bien stir, eUes should not try now to reverse completely a ne doivent pas ~tre trop ambitieuses, elles ne situation they had allowed to deteriorate for doivent pas tenter tout de suite de redresser years. But they should, within the framework completement une situation qu'elIes ont laisse of their everyday task, within the framework of se deteriorer depuis des annees. Moos, dans le the third session, do their best to solve certain cadre de leurs besoins quotidiens, elles devraient, questions. They should start with a spectacular au cours de cette troisieme session, s'acharner Hesture; they shclUld start with a compromise. a resoudre certaines questions. ElIes devraient a commencer par un coup d'ecl~t : elIes devraient a commencer par un compromls. t He knew full well that compromises were not Le representant de la Belgique sait bien que B very much liked in certain quarters. But what certains milieux n'aiment pas heaucoup le U other way was there to achieve agreement? compromis, mais comment s'entendre autre­ o How could one huild amidst aR- the differences if-­ ment? Comment reussir a bfttir quand les Cl one did not try to find some ground for unity? peuples sont si differents les uns des autres, it sans chercher a trouver quelques motifs pour d s'unir ? Mr. Spaak said he had noted the agenda was M. Spaak a constate que l'ordre du jour est u abominably oyerloaded. In this connexion, to tres lourdement charge et il declare a ce sujet DI his mind, the Organization was giving attention que, a son avis, I'Organisation s'occupe de trop t() to too many things and trying to solve too many de choses et essaie de resoudre trop de problemes secondary problems. Would it not be better to secondaires. Ne ferait-elle pas mieux de tenter dl devote itself to solving the essential and imme­ de resoudre les problemes essentiels et immediats bl diate problems? No doubt he was too naive and qui se posent ? Ce sera, sans doute, naivete de td yet thert might be something reasonable in what sa part, et, cependant, il y a peut-~tre, dans ce b,. he was going to propose. Part of the Assembly qu'il ya dire, un element qui satisfait la raison. pc D'un c6te de l'Assemhlee, on deteste tout ce loathed anything connected with the revision of tri the Charter; it hated all discussions on the veto, qui est revision de la Charte, on deteste toutes w] and seemed to fear that all those who upheld les discussions sur le veto et l'on semble craindre h(] other systems than the existing one were trying que tous ceux qui defendent un systeme different da to create a situatio:' in which some countries du systeme actuel, cherchent acreel' une situation be would always be in the minority. He wanted to dans laquelIe certains pays se trouveraient tou­ th, ~ay quite frankly that he did not think that was jours en mjnorite. Le representant de la Belgique tiv , true; he thought the fear was exaggerated and ne croit pas que cette crainte soit fondee; il crl he knew of many delegations in the Assembly pense qu'elle est exageree et il connait, dans an which would like to agree at times with the views cetto AssembIee, un nombre de delegations qui, ho of certain countries when they thought them bien des fois, voudraient accepter les theses truly reasonable and justified. But even though presentees par certains pays si ces theses leur lw thought the fear was unjustified, he under­ paraissaient vraiment raisonnables et defendables. ~tood that it could exist. Mais, tout en pensant que cette crainte est vaine, il comprend qu'elle puisse exister. How would the ussn react if those countries Comment reagirait I'URSS si ces pays disaient said that although they were fully convinced that que, bien qu'ils soient intimement persuades the Organization could work only when its Char­ que I'Organisation ne pourra fonctionner que pal ter had been revised and when the abuse of the lorsque la Charte aur~, revisee et lorsque. Wei ete int veto had been remedied, they were going to l'abus du veto aura ete rendu impossible, Us make yet another effort with the Soviet Union aUaient faire un nouvel effort, de concert avec to try to apply the Charter as it had emerged I'Union sovietique, pour appliquer la Charte ] from San Francisco; that they were going to telle qu'elIe est sortie de la Conference de San­ the renounce something thei considered essential on Francisco, qu'ils allaient renoncer it quelque beE one condition only, namely, that the USSR chose qu'ils considerent comme essentiel a une clu ~hould promise to collaborate in the implemen­ seuIe condition, a savoir que l'URSS promette ere, tation of the Charter, in the implementation of de collaboror al'execution de la Charte, dans sa the. the lettAr of the Charter and above all of its lett1'o et, surtout, dans son esprit. Cela voudrait 1ll

----....;lI-.Iliiiiii"~_---iiiol<=iIiroIoi;t:dlllll!Bte 7 7it ~;,.,? -ii~.· i'" utx¥r'gt'1 'j$ _.2.'.-".SilY•••-.?__z.--••••·· .-• _------~1------­ 28 septemhre 1948 , 1948 285 1~7· aeanee pl8Dlere . spirit. That meant that lIS que the USSR would no dire que I'Union sovietique ne s'opposerait longer systematically and le soit unreasonably object to plus systematiquement et contre la raison it. the admission of new Members; that meant that I'admission de nouveaux Membres; ceIa vGudrait it would no longer repulse e cette countries which dire qu'elIe n'ecarterait plus de la famille des were entitled' to join the family ms ont of the United Nations Unies des pays qui ont le droit d'y Nations; it meant that when ivraient a recommendation entrer. CeIa voudrait dire que lorsqu'une recom- was made to Members l', elles of the Organization, after mandation serait faite, apres m"lire discussion, careful and thorough discussion, Hes ne the Soviet £lUX Membres de I'Organisation, l'Union sovie- Union would agree to co-operate. dresser The United tique accepterait de collaborer. Les Nations Nations needed the USSR to ta~~k t laisse succeed' in its Unies ont besoin de I'URSS pour reussir dans and asked it not to sabotage lans le its work. leur tAche et elles lui demandent de ne pas ~raient, saboter leur travail. Mr. Spaak urged that the ~harner effort he made. Ho M. Spaak invite ses colh\gues a faire effort asked the Soviet Union r Ivraient to accept the sacrifice necessail'e. Il demande a I'Union sovietique and meet it with the promise lvraient of loyal collabora­ d'accepter le sl:lcrifice des 811tres et d'y repondre tion. The United Nations should make a new par une promesse de loyale collaboration. Les start and if it did so, en que each nation striving to Nations Unies doivent prendre un nouveau understand one another and mp le to come closer to depart, en essayant de se comprendre et en one another, the flame autre­ that burned at San Fran­ essayant de se rapprocher. Si eHes- y reussissent, cisco would shine clear nd les and bright again. Then la flamme qui brftlait it. San-Francisco rejaillira, it would he possible to fai~h autres, have anew in the cIaire et vivante. AIOl's, il sera possible d'esperer destiny of the world. :s pour de nouveau dans les destinees du monde. The representative of Belgium appealed to the Le representant de la Belgique demande Union of Soviet Socialist a our e~t Republics to make that I'Union des Republiques socialistes sovietiques new start together with the others. :e sujet It was not de se joindre it. ce nouveau depart : il n'est pas too late, but de trop it was high time. trop tard, mais il est grand temps. .blemes Mr. VITERI-LAFRONTE (Ecuador) recalled : tente~' that M. VITERI-LAFRONTE (Equateur) rappelle que, during the six years of the war mediats - which had au cours des six annees d'une guerre qu'on a been referred to with so mucl~ vete de certainty as. the qualifiee de ttderniere» avec tant d'assurance, «last» war - when the whole world dans ce was terrified alOl'S que les horreurs de l'hecatombe effrayaient . by the horrors of the massacre, ralson. when the most le monde entier, que l'activite des peuples les powerful nations of the world feverishly tout cc concen­ plus puissants de I'univers se concentrait sur trated all their activities on war production, l toutes la production de guerre et que les peuples when peoples did not hesitate :raindre to spend in an n'hesitaient pas a depenser en une heure ce hour what in peace time they lifferent would not have qu\m temps de paix ils n'osaient pas c4S?enser dared to spend in years, ituation there was a general pendant des annees, on etait convaincu que cetta belief that, following the destructive Int ton­ conflict, lutte destructrice serait suivie d'une paix effec­ there would rapidly follow ~elgiqne a real, just and crea­ tive, juste et creatrice. Alors que la guerre dechi­ tive peace. While war scourged ldee; iI the world, men rait le monde, les hommes reclamaient un genre cried for a new way of life, in which tt, dan.s tolerance de vie nouveau, Oll predomineraient la tolerance and understanding would ms qUI, predominate, and et la \J.Jmprehension, et ils avaient I'espoir que hoped that nations, stimulated theses by the desire to les nations, stimuIees par le desir de reparer repair rapidly the damages )es leur caused by the war rapidement les dommages causes par la guerre and by the hope of ending Lldables. forever the threat of et par l'espoir de mettre fin une fois pour toutes a new conflagration, ;t vaine. would realize the sincere it. la menace d'une nouvelle conflagration, seraient yearning for international co-operation. animees d'un desir sincere de cooperation inter­ disaient nationale. When war broke ~rsuades out, nations were not pre­ De m~me que le.j nations n'etaient pas pre­ pared for it; similarly, Ller que when peace ensued, they parees it. la guerre, 10rs(Jue celle-ci a eclate, de were lorsque, no! truly ready to accept it or to make it m~me elles n'etaient pas effectivement pr~tes into a reality. iible, Us it. accepter la paix ou a en faire une realite, ert avec lorsque les hostilites ont pris fin. In criticism Charte of what statesmen had done at M. Viteri-Lafronte fait remarquer que, dans the conclusion de San­ of the First World War, it had les critiques qui avaient ete adressees al'amvre been said that quelque it had heen a grave error to in­ des hommes d'Etat apres la prerniere guerre clude in one act el it. une the treaties of peace and the mondide) certains avaient pretendu que l'on ~romette creation of the League of Nations. To correct avait commis une grave erreur en reunissant, ~he supposed mistakes dans sa of the Treaty of Versailles, en un seul acte, la conclusion des traites de pail: 'voudrait III 1945 it was decided to keep entirely separate et la creation de la Societe des Nations. Min de

I TT· '1 aB J.47th plenary :meeting 286 28 September 1948 the roncluslon of the peace treaties and the corriger les pretendues erreurs du Traite de establishment of the United .Nations. Versailles, on decida, en 1945, d'etablir une distinction complete entre la conclusion des traites de paix et la creation de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. More than three years had elapsed since the Plus de trois annees se sont ecouIees depuis la end of the war, and it still could not be said that fin des hostilites et pourtant on ne peut pas en­ peace reigned on earth. There were still armed core affirmer que la paix regne sur la terre. La conflicts in various parts of the world. The Use lutte armee subsiste encore en bien des endroits. of force and violence iIi international relations L'emploi de la force et de la violence dans les had not disappeared. Aggression and invasion relations internationales n'a pas disparu. Le were stii! repeatedly taking place and countless phenomene de l'agression et de l'invasion se human beings continued to be deprived of those reproduitmaintesfois sous nos yeux, et d'innom­ guarantees and rights which were considered to brables ~tres humains continuent a ~tre privcR J he fundamental and inalienable. And above des garanties et des droits que l'on qualifie I and beyond all other considerations, the nations ajuste titre de fondamentaux et d'inalienables. I which, confronted by a common enemy, had En outre, les nations qui, en temps de guerre, f joined forces in the war, were no longer united avaient uni leurs forces pour faire face a un J by that frank spirit of understanding and agree­ ennemi commun, ne sont plus animees par cet ment which had made victory possible. All that esprit sincere de comprehension mutuelle et was happening concurrently with the existence de bonne entente qui avait permis do remporter 1 and activity of the United Nations, an institution la victoire. Tout cela se produit tandis que (] of which so much had been expected but in fonctionne I'Organisation des Nations Unies; t. which the world's confidence was beginning to on avait beaucoup attendu d'elle, mais la con­ 11 be shaken. fiance qu'a le monde en elle commence a ~tre ebranIee. In the opinion of the world, peace depended Selon l'opinion publique, la paix depend exclusively on the United Nations; there was a exclusivement de I'Organisation des Nations ~ general conviction that the United Nations could Unies; on est generalement convaincu que l'Orga­ ) establish peace. If up to the present that had nisation peut etablir la paix; si elle n'y a pas il not been achieved, it was due to a lack of interest reussi jusqu'a present, cela est peut-~tre dfi t~ and will to ensure universal tranquillity, or au manque d'inter~t que ron porte ala securite P perhaps to the fact that the United Nations did universelle, ou peut-~tre au fait que I'Organi­ tJ not have at its disposal the adequate means to sation ne dispose pas de moyens appropries h establish peace and the sense .of security which pour assurer la paix et le sentiment de securite 8!, all desired to have. auxquels tout le monde aspire. It was necessary to emphasize, however, that Ilconvientd'insister, toutefois, sur le fait que the realization of peace had never been, and l'etablissement de la paix n'a jamais ete confie Cc. was not now, in the hands of the United Nations. a l'Organisation des Nations Unies et qu'il ne VJ That difficult task had been rliserved for itself. l'est pas non plus actuellement. Le groupe C hy that limited group of nations which had limite de nations qui est directement intervenu oJ intervened directly in the war, whereas the dans le conflit s'est reserve cette tAche difficile, hi. United Nations Organization was entrusted with tandis que l'Organisation est chargee de main­ 81 the task of maintaining a peace which had still tenir une paix qui n'a pas encore ete proclamee 8l not been proclaimed or established. on etablie. L In days gone by, repeating the apt expression En d'autres temps, on disait que la paix etait sc of Mr. Litvinov, people used to say that peace indivisible, selon l'expression judicieuse de to was indivisible. The present peace was divided M. Litvinov. Or, a l'heure actuelle, la paix est al and fragmentary, and peace with the very country divisee et fragmentaire; en effet, la conclusion h, which had been the central agent of the war was d'un traite de paix avec le pays qui fut le prin­ 00 still an unsolved problem. cipal responsable du conflit reste encore un e~ l.,P I p:::'oulcme en susp,.,ns. . all He recalled that according to the Cbarter, M. Viteri-Lafronte rappelle que, aux termel4 the United Nations' principal task was to main­ de la Charte, la tAche essentielle de l'Organisa­ W~ tain international peace and security, and to tion des Nations Unies est de maintenir la paix In that end, to take effective collective measures et la securite internationales et de prendre a H with a view to avoiding the threat of a new war. cet effet les mesures d'ensemhle propres aecarter H Three years previously it had been impossible la menace d'une nouvelle guerre. nya trois ans, to conceive such an eventuality, whereas at une telle eventualite edt ete inconcevable, tandis present it was talked about as an immediate qu'a present, on en parle comme d'une menaco

, Art... net i. ?7 • "; 1948 28 8eptembre 1948 287 147- 8eance plenlm ':'~nes ,te de lI1enace. It was at < suc; that the United imminente. C'est en de telles occasions qu'on rune Ilations was accused\. J.selessness, ineffec­ accuse I'Organisation d'inutilite, de manque [1 de8 tiveness, timidity or hlindness. d'efficacite, de timidite ou d'aveuglement. sation In reality, in the three years of its life, En realite, if se peut que cette Organisation, Hr. Viteri-Lafronte found that the United Nations a'J cours de ses trois annees d'existence, ait mnis >nis la had perhaps left undone certain things it should de faire certaines choses qu'elle aurait dti faire as en­ have done, and done several things it perha.ps et ait fait plusieurschoses dont elle aurait d'6 re. Lu should not have done hut, at any rate, an impar­ peut-~tre se dispenser'; mais, en tout cas, une lroits. tial and detailed analysis of its accomplishments analyse impartiale et rigoureuse de ce qu'elle ns les up to date did show a positive credit. There a realise jusqu'ici fait ressortir un solde a SOD u. LB was hope for the future at the thought that the .actif. Certains espoirs sont permis pour ravenit, on se representatives of the peoples who formed the si l'on considere que les representants des United Nations would dicuss their prohlems, Etats Mernhres des Nations Unies vont discuter nnom-. , prlves rights and interests in an atmosphere of cordia­ de leurs prohlemes, de leurs droits et de leun 'ualifi(~ lity, with a desire for understanding, with the inter~ts dans une atmosphere de cordialit6, lables. help of intelligent and conciliatory measures, avec le desir de s'entendre et l'appui d'intelli­ ~uerre, encouraging co-operation among all, in the inte­ gentes mesures de conciliation, qui les encou­ a un rest of humanity. ragent tous ~ collahorer dans l'inter~t de rhu­ tar cet maniM. ~lle et Those who accused the United Nations of Ceux qui accusent d'inefficacite I'OrganisatioD ~porter ineffectiveness should consider th.oughtfully what des Nations Unies feraient hien de se demander la qUI~ direction the difficult prohlems and complex serieusement dans quel sens auraient evolue Uniea; tensions of the post-war world would have taken les prohlemes epineux et les tensions complexes !,a con- if there had not existed the moderating and du monde d'apres-guerre sans l'influence mode­ a ~tre stabilizing influence of the Organization which ratrice et stabilisatrice de I'Organisafion creee had heen set up in San Francisco. a San-Francisco. Iepend Referring to the Secretary-General's report Faisant allusion au rapport du Secretaire er ~ationH for the period of 1 July 1947 to 30 June 1948, general relatif a la periode allant du t juillet I'Orga­ Hr. Viteri-Lafronte expressed the opinion that 1947 au 30 juin 1948, M. Viteri-Lafronte fa~on r a pas it constituted a good over-all description of declare que ce document definit d'une tre dti the work of the Organization in its various aspects: satisfaisante les divers aspects des travaux accom­ lecurite political and security, economic and social, plis par I'Organisation : questions politiques et Organi­ trusteeship and legal. It presented a valuahle de securiM, questions economiques et sociales, ropries historical hasis for the items included on the questions de tutelle et questions juridiques. ;ecurite agenda. 11 forme une hase historique precieuse pour les questions inscrites a l'ordre du jour. ait que Many of those items were not new; in one Beaucoup cl e ces questions ne sont pas nou­ I confie form or another, they had heen discussed pre­ velles; I'Assemhlee generale, le Conseil de secu­ [u'il ne viously hy the General Assemhly, hy the Security rite et d'autres organes en ont deja discuM ante­ groupe Council or hy other hodies. The p~int of view rieurement, sous une forme ou sous une autre. tervenu of the Ecuadorean delegation on those matters La delegation de I'Equateur a deja expose en :lifficile,. had been made known at the appropriate occa­ temps utile ses vues ace sujet et elle les a defen­ B maIn- sions and defended in the respective Committees dues devant les Commissions interessees et ()clamee and in the General Assemhly, so that Mr. Viteri..· devant I'Assemhlee generale; aussi M. Viteri­ Lafronte saw no ne~essity to come hack on that Lafronte ne voit-il pas la necessite d'y revenir~ lix etait score. He thought that it would he sufficient 11 sumt, a son avis, de rappeler que, en tout use de to recall that the wish of his delegation had at temps, sa delegation a eu a creur d'appuyer le8 ()aix est all times heen to support the most liberal and solutions lef~ plus liberales et les plus humaines, L•lclualon humane solutions, those which were in greatest celles qui Eont les plus conformes aux pri7i1cipes le prin­ conformity with the principles of justice a~d de justice et d'equite et aux normes d'une au­ :ore un equity and with the standards of authentic thentique et effective democratie. and effective democracy. termel'l. What his delegation did think indispensahle Ce que sa delegation juge toutefois indi$pen­ rgamsa- was to comment hriefly on the repert of the sahle, c'est de commenter hrievement le rap­ . la paix Interim Committee, a body set up by resolution port de la Commission interimaire, organisme endre a tt1 (11) of the General Assemhly on 13 Novemher cree par la resolution 111 (11) de I'Assemblee ~ ecarter 1947, and inaugurated on 5 January 1948. elle-m~me, en date du 13 novemhre i 947, roia ans. et qui est entre en fonctions le 5 janvier 1948. ~, tandis It was not his purpose to renew discussion on 11 n'entre pas dans les intentions de M. Viteri­ menace the constitutionality or legality of the establish- Lafronte de rouvrir le dehat sur la constitu- ......

147th plenary meeting 288 28 September 1948 ment of the Interim Committee. The various tionnalite et la legalite de la Conunission inte­ Jl points of view of the Member States had become rimaire. Les divers points de vue des Etats ( crystallized and no one would be able to persuade Membres sur cette question ont pris une forme 1 anyone else through the mere repetition of concrete et personne ne peut plus conv{tincre s known arguments. The objective and palpable personne en repetant a satiete des argnments o fact was that by way of an experiment the Inte­ connus. Le fait objectif et patent est que la Jl rim Committee had existed and worked for Commission interimaire, creee it titre experi- eight months. Its activities had served to mental, existe et travaille depuis huit mois. back up many of the arguments which had been Ses diverses activites ont contribue it eta)'er invoked for its creation, and to dispel many bon nombre d'arguments que I'on Slvait invo­ of the objections which had been raised against ques en faveur de sa creation, et it rel'l.Lter mainte the lestablishment of the new organ. objection qu'on lui avait opposee. In truth, the Interim Committee had not tried En verite, la Commission interimaire n'a pas to invade the jurisdiction of the Security Council tente d'empieter sur les attributions du Conseil nor of any other organ of the United Nations. de securite ou de tout autre rouage de I'Orga­ It had maintained a purely technical character, nisation des Nations Unies. Elle s'est attachee . as could be seen from a perusal of the interesting it garder un caractere purement technique, ainsi 11 reports concerning the problem of voting in qu'il ressort de ses interessants rapports sur le rl the Security Council and the question ofthe probleme du vote au Conseil de securite et sur h pacific settlement of international disputes. la que~tion d~ reglement pacifique des diff6­ d rends mternatlOnaux. 0: Mr. Viteri-Lafronte recalled that the veto had M. Viteri-Lafronte rappelle que, depuis San­ (1 heen the source of acrimonious and vehement Francisco, le droit de veto a toujours ete la K discussions ever since San Francisco. As soon source d'Apres et violentes discussions. Des la S: as the Charter had been signed, there was an signature de la Charte, iI s'e8t produit une reac­ 1 immediato general reaction to the fact that the tion generale contre le fait que le vote d'un seul al vote of a single State could void the contrary Etat peut met.tre en echec les desirs contraires w wishes of all the other States, Members of the de tous les autres Etats Membres de l'Organi­ a United Nations. sation des Nations Unies. gl The so-called abuse of the veto had excited Ce qu'on appelle l'abua du droit de veto C

ilrIiii'-ii~·."1IIIIIii'·zrrriiiiill'·.'.o...... 3....1IIIIIi....·TiiiiZil- _ 1948 28 8eptembre 1948 289 147' 8eance pleatere- , inta.. merited the wholehearted attention of the de retenir toute l'attention de l'AssemhIee gene- Etats General Assembly and the Security Council. rale et du Conseil de securite. On peut en dire forme. The same could !also be said with respect to the autant des etudes effectuees par cette Commis- ~mcre studies carried. out by the Interim Committee sion concernant les methodes de reglement ments on the methods of pacific settlement of inter- pacifique des difJerends internationaux. Ine la national disputes. lxpe~i- According to Article 2 of the Charter, the Aux termes de I'Article 2 de la Charte, les mOlS. Members of the United Nations were obliged to Memhres de 1'0rganisation des Nations Unies e~)'er settle their international disputes by peace­ sont tenus de regler leurs difl'erends interna­ Invo­ ful means; those means, according to Article 33, tionaux par des moyens pacifiques; selon I'Ar­ rnainte were principally, mediation, conciliation, arbi­ ticle 33, ces moyens sont la mediation, la conci­ tratio?, judicial settlement and resort to regional liation, I'arbitrage, le regIement judiciaire et .'a pas agenCIes. le recours aux organismes regionaux. ~onseil Once the principal peaceful methods were La Charte ayant ainsi defini les principales 'Orga­ determined in the Charter, it was necessary methodes pacifiques, il reste a etablir les pro­ ~tachee.. to establish the general procedures to be used cedures generales a suivre pour I'application " amSl in the application of the measures and methods des mesures et des methodes preconisees par sur le recommended in the Charter. The work done la Charte. Le travail qu'a fait la Commission et sur by the Interim Committee on the basis of the interimaire sur les projets de eropositill)ns difJr.- draft proposals presented by the representatives soumis par les representants du Lihan (A/AC. of Lebanon (A/AC.18/15), Dorqinican Republic 18/15l' de la Repuhlique Dominicaine (A/AC. s San­ (A/AC.18/30), Belgium (A/AC.18/18), United 18/30, de la Belgique (A/AC.18/18), du ete la Kingdom (A/AC.18/39), China and United Royaume-Uni (A/AC.18/39), de la Chine et Des la States of America (A/AC.18/24), Canada (A/AC. des Etats-Unis d'Amerique (A/.AC.18/24), du e reac­ 18/49) and Ecuador (A/AC.18/63) constituted Canada (A/AC.18/49) et de i'Equateur (A/AC. In seu! already a very useful basis either for resolutions 18/63) forme deja une base tres utile, tant pour ltraires which the General Assembly could adopt or for les resolutions que l'AssembIee generale est )rgani- a subsequent consideration of a complete code susceptible d'adopter que pour I'elab".Wootion governing the peaceful solution of international ulterieure d'un code complet reglementant la Le veto conflicts among Members of the United Nations. solution pacifique des conflits internationaux lcore a ~ui pourraient surgir entre les Memhres de lanents I Organisation des Nations Unies. lil etait On the other hand, the preparatory studies Par ailleurs, les travaux preparatoires de la lolir la carried out by the Interim Committee, duly Commission interimaire, apres avoir fait l'objet ~evision examined by the General Assembly, would d'une etude par I'AssembIee generale, servi­ es cmq. constitute a standard for the interpretation and raient de base a I'interpretation et a l'amelio­ 1 droit development of the Charter, which, though a ration de la Charte. Celle-ci, en effet, hien qu'etant iUr veto juridical instrument worthy of respect, was un instrument juridique appreciable, n'est ni )quents neither perfect nor unalterable. The Charter parfaite ni intangible. Tout en representant un lroit de represented a serious effort in international serieux effort vers I'organisation et la concilia­ Iresenee organization and conciliation, but' it did not tion. internationales, la Charte ne constitue pa!! le San­ represent the ultimate point of that which was le summum de la perfection. Elle est au con­ )ns rei­ desirable. On the contrary, it was a point of traire le point de depart d'une evolution ulte­ llne des departure, leading to subsequent developments rieure, qui continuera aameliorer le fonctionne­ '" ;1:0_ which would continue to improve the functioning ment de l'Organisation. Iell"U&U of ~,he Organization. qudeur In speaking of the accomplishments of the Parlant des resultats ohtenus par la Commis­ haitable Interim Committee, the Ecuadorian represen­ sion interimaire, le representant de I'Equateur ~s cinq tative regretted sincerely that that body would regrette sincerement que cet organisme n'ait les res­ have lacked the co-operation of an important pu beneficier de la collaboration d'un groupe ;t-a-dire group of countries, among which was f(lne of the important de pays, et notamment d'un des e carae­ permanent m~mbers of the Secnrity Council. m.embres permanents du Conseil de securite. e garan- The collahoration of those countries would have La collaboration de ces pays aurait pourtant Charta, contributed effectively in the improvement of serieusement contribue a ameliorer les projets dernier the projects drawn up and in adding to the rediges et a donner un surcrott d'autorite au imement authority of the work accomplished. travail accompli. In so far as the et resort to regional agencies Pour ce qui est du et recours aux organismes l par la or arrangements" was concerned, it was worth­ ou accords regionaux" dont parle la Charte, mesura ,!hile to recall that the twenty-one American repub­ iI est hon de rappeler que les vingt et une ~ meritQ bcs, which .constituted the oldest and most republiques americaines, qui forment aetueBe- 19

Mr"...- __------. ",. " ...... -- -- ..._.~ - ~- -_. --~ ... ~ - ......

147th plenary meeting 290 28 SeptemWber 1948 advanced regional system in the world to date, ment le systeme regional le plus ancien et le had approved, among other important conven­ plus perfeetionne du monde, ont approuve, a tions at the Conference of Bogota, a charter la Conference de Bogota, entre autres conven­ and the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement tions importantes, une charte et le traite ameri­ ~ (A/AC.18/72). Those acts deserved thorough cain de reglement pacifique (A/AC.18/72). Cas 1 study hecause they represented a magni­ documents meritent d'~tre etudies de pres parce E ficent effort, which comhined a scrupulous desire qu'ils representent un effort magnifique, alliant Cl to respect the provisions of the Charter with a le desir de respecter scrupuleusement les dis­ 1 full recognition of the juridical personality of positions de la Charte ala reconnaissance ple~ne ~ the regional organism, which claimed to have et entiere de la personnalite juridique de l'orga­ t established within its systems the most advanced nisme regional qui estime avoir etahli les prin­ ( principles of contemporary international struc­ cipes d'organisation internationale les plus I ture. avances de notre epoque. 1: ( Mr. Viteri-Lafronte expressed his delegation's M. Viteri-Lafronte declare que sa delegation e espere sincerement voir regner I'AssemhIee • sincere hope that the spirit of cordiality and a 11 understanding similar to that with which the un esprit de cordialite et de mutuelIe compr&-. .a American repuhlics had solved their regional hension comparahle a celui dans lequel lee IC problems might reign in the Assembly, a spirit repuhliques americaines ont resolu leurs pro­ a: of friendship such as that which those countries blemes regionaux, un esprit d'amitie semhlable hrought to the deliherations of the United acelui que ces pays apportent aux deliherations Nations. de I'Organisation des Nations Unies. A Mr. GARCIA-SAYAN (Peru) expressed his delega­ M. GARCIA-SAYAN (Perou) se felicite de voir lea a1. tion's pleasure that the United Nations had met Nations Unies reunies aParis. C'est la un hom­ 81 in the city of Paris. It was a trihute to France mage a la France, dont on reconnait ainsi le U and a recognition of its important role in world r61e important dans la politique mondiale. Cela S) politics. It also gave the representatives of the permet aussi aux representants de toutes les s: nations an opportunity of renewing contact with nations de reprendre contact avec ce foyer inex~ '1 an unquenchahle source of culture. tinguible de culture. pI His country brought to the task to be per­ Le Perou aborde la tAche a accomplir avec ra formed an unbroken attachment to peace and an un indefectible attachement ala paix et un esprit de international tradition of devotion to juridical de tradition internationale qui lui font toujours eJ solutions and to understanding based on mutual rechercher les salutions juridiques et les ententes eo respect between sovereign St~tes. Peru claimed fondees sur le respect mutuel entre Etats SOUye­ TI to be a constructive and valuable element in the rains. Ce pays se targue d'~tre un facteur cons­ a, task in which the United Nations were engaged, tructif et utile dans la tAche entreprise par l'Orga­ ea for it was convinced that the idea of interdepend­ niflation; il est p,ersuade que l'idee de l'intel\­ ca: ence between States, now widespread in the dependance des Etats, qui est maintenant large­ la, world, was regarded hy nations great and small ment repandue dans le monde, est consideree of as a peculiar and essential attrihute of world par les nations, petites et grandes, comme un tal organization. attribut particulier et essentiel de l'organisation pu mondiale. Tb General political circumstances and the views· La situation politique dans son ensemble et ha erE expressed in the general discussion sufficiently les tendances qui se sont exprimees au cours du dehat general ont suffisamment montre les diffi.. fOI demonstrated the great dangers and difficulties cultes et les dangers serieux qui menacent le m<: which faced the world and the United Nations monde et I'Organisation des Nations Unies et ani lal and filled the mind with profound anxiety. font regner dans les esprits une profonde anxiete. Consciente de ces dangers et de ceg tre Awareness of such dangers and difficulties would difficultes, la delegation du Perou serait tre8 Ch thE inspire a very pessimistic view of the future, pessimiste en ce qui concerne l'avenir, si elIe no persistait pas croire que les considerations tio were it not still believed that human and spirit­ a d'ordre humain et spirituel peuvent encore pre­ Th ual considerations might yet triumph over mo­ vafoir sur les mobiles politiques et la notion ver tives of polities and balance of power. Victory d'equilihre des Yuissances. C'est aujourd'hui wh on had admittedly not meant pea~e. The ele­ un fait notoire que la victoire n'a pas amene la paix. Les elements de defiance et les facteur& me ments of distrust and the factors engendering it qui les engendrent doivent ~tre elimines pour niz had to be removed so that efforts to estahlish que les efforts poursuivis en vue de l'etabliss&- ha]

7 1 stirs: is ;r 7' $ : ·1111••'.'_ ..rill••a.·..'.'.'.? 1948 28 septembre 1948 29t 147' seance pl8niere et le permanent peace might develop on solid ment d'une paix permanente puissent se de lye, l velopper sur un terrain solide. .nven­ lI"OH'::pily the United Nations had shown its Heureusement, l'Organisation des Nations lmeri­ appreciation of the fact that human problems Unies a montre qu'elle reconnaissait que les ). Ces were more important than political ones, the problemes humains avaient une importance plus parce solutions to which were of an immediate and grande que les problemes politiques, dont les alliant often an ephemeral nature. That appreciation solutions pr~sentent un caractere immmediat et ,s dis­ was shown by the incorporation in the United souvent transitoire. Elle en a donne la preuve en ple~ne Nations, as specialized agencies, of the Interna­ incorporllnt dans son sein, en tant qu'insti­ l'or~a­ tional Labour Organisation, the International tutions apecifllisees, l'Organisation internationale Civil Aviation Organization, the United Nations du Travaii, l'Organisation de l'aviation civile I prm- plus Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza­ internationale, I'Organisation des Nations Umes tion, the United Nations Food and Agriculture pour l'education, la science et la culture, l'Orga­ Organization, etc. Those were bodies con­ nisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation ~gation cerned with technical and social action on the et l'agriculture, etc. Ces organismes doivent 3mbIee international plane which, if its aims were to be accomplir dans le domaine technique et social >mpre.. achieved, had to proceed apart from political une reuvre internationale qui, si on veut que ses Lel lea ideologies and in an atmosphere of universality buts soient atteints, doit ~tre realisee en marge 's pro­ and co-operation between all nations. des ideologies politiques et dans une atmosphere lblable d'universaliM et de collaboration entre toutes rations I les nations.

Against that international background the Dans ce cadre internationall les repuhliques American republics, daughters of the West americaines, filles de I'Occid, mt, qui depuis roir lea and linked with Europe's destinies and respon­ les deux dernieres guerres ont e~~ liees aux de~" 1 hom­ sibilities since the last two wars, had worked tinees de I'Europe, dont elles dOh~~t ~~.Ltager linsi le unremittingly to strengthen their continental les responsabiliMs, ont travaille sans relAche e. Cell system, the oldest established of all regional arenforcer leur systeme continental, qui est le tes. lea groups based on mutual understanding. The plus ancien de tous les groupements regionaux Ir max- aimilarity between their political systems, the fondes sur la comprehension mutueUe. La simi­ preference for lebal methods, the absence of litude entre leurs regimes politiques, leur pre­ ir avec racial or religious struggles for mastery had no ference marquee pour les methodes juridiques, 1 ~sprit doubt favoured the ideals of the liberators as I'absence do luttes raciales ou religieuses en vue )uJours expressed in 1826 at the Panama Congress de s'assurer une suprematie ont, sans aucun ntentes convened by Bolivar from the capital of Peru. doute, joue en faveur des ideaux des liberateurs SOUY&­ Those ideals had been largely achieved through exprimes en 1826 au Congres de Panama, r COil&- a series of legal institutions to which the Ameri­ qui fut convoque, de la capitale du Perou, par l'Orga­ ean republics could point with pride and which Bolivar. Ces ideaux ont ete atteints dans une large l'inter-­ certainly were an ornament to international mesure par une serie d'institutions juridiques t large­ law. The American States constituted a group dont les republiques americaines peuvent s'enor­ lsideree of nations organized on the basis of a fundamen­ gueillir ajuste titre, et qui constituent "ertai­ uneun tal charter drafted in accordance with the nement un 11euron du droit international. Les lisation purposes and principles of the United Nations. Etats americains forment un groupe de nations The system of consultation on urgent problems org.anise sur la base d'une charte fondamentale, nbIe et had reached a high level of perfection with the elaboree conformament aux buts et aux princpes )urs du creation of a permanent organ. The procedure de rOrganisation des Nations Unies. Le regime es diffi.. tor the pacific settlement of disputes found its de consultations pour r etude des problemes lcent le most perfect expression in the Rio de Janeiro urgents a atteint un haut degre de perfection fnies et and Bogota pacts. The pact signed at Rio de grAce a la creation d'un organisme permanent. rofonde Janeiro represented the first collective defence La procedure pour le regIement pacifique des de ceg treaty signed in accordance with Article 51 of the difFerends a trouve son expression la plus lit tOO8 Charter of the United Nations and provided for parfaite dans les pactes de Rio-de-Janeiro et , eUe ne t~e application to the aggressor of coercive sanc­ de Bogota. Le pacte signe a Rio-de-Janeiro ~ration8 tIOns which might extend to military action. .represente le premier traite collectif de legitime )re pre- The complementary pact signed at Bo~ota was a derense qui ait ete signe conformement a notion veritable code of pacific methods of ~ettlement l'Article 51 de la Charte des Nations Unies, et lurd'hui which incorporated in the American legal system, il p,reYoit que des sanctions pouvant aller jus­ mene la on the basis of past experience and of the develop­ qu a l'action militaire seront prises eontre les facteurs ~ent of international law, every means recog­ agresseurs. Le pacte complementaire signe it as pour JllIed as efficacious in ~ombating war. It was Bogota a8t un veritable code des methodes a tablisse- hoped that the spirit of that progressive organi- suivre pour le regIement paemqu8 des dift'e-

• --''lIIlfllllll ..r:.'5 ~

• ,! 'U '11 147th plenary meeting ~g~ 28 September 1948 zation of the American States would prevail rends; s'inspira'llt de l'experience acquise et within the United Nations, for it opened the way du developpement du droit international, il to conciliation of interests without .impairing incorpore dans la jurisfrudence americaine national sovereignty. . toutes les methodes dont I efficacite a ete recon.. nue pour comhattre la guerre. On espere que cet esprit progressif des Etats americains prc.. vaudra au sein de rOrganisation des Nations Unies, car il ouvre la voie ala conciliation des inter~ts, sans porter atteinte it la souverainete nationale. The representative of Peru hoped that the Le representant du Perou espere que l'opti.. constructive optimism which had yielded such misme constructif, qui a donne des resultats happy results in the American regional sphere si heureux: sur le continent americain dans le would prevail in the United Nations. It there­ domaine regional, regnera au sein de 1'0rga.. fore shared the view that the means of action nisation des Nations Unies. Aussi se rallie-t..il and the legal ma(;hinery of the Organization a l'opinion selon laquelle les moyens d'action should be strengthened, so that it might play et le dispositifjuridique de 1'0rganisation doivent its full part as a safeguard for large and small ~tre renforces, afin qu'elle puisse jouer pleine-­ States. ment son r61e de protection it l'egard des petites et des grandes nations. Such were the views and considerati(\ns that Tels sont les sentiments et les idees qui re­ governed his country's actions ~n the United gissent l'attitude du Perou au sein de l'Organi­ Nations. Under their influence Peru had partici­ sation des Nations Unies; c'est sous leur influence pated and would continue to participate in its que ce pays a participe aux travaux: de 1'0rgani­ work. sation et qu'il continuera ay participer. Turning to the questions dealt with in the Passant aux: questions dont traite le rapport Secretary-General's annual report, Mr. Garcia­ annuel du secretaire general, M. Garcia-Sayan Sayan said that his country, with full awareness declare que le Perou, pleinement conscient de of its duties as a Member of the United Nations ses devoirs en tant que Membre de 1'0rgani­ and urged hy it.s desire for peace and for settle­ sation des Nations Unies, et anime du desir de ments by process of law, had agreed to eppoint voir regner la paix et d'obtenir le reglement des one of its nationals as a member of the Special differends par la voie juridique, a accepte de Committee that went to Palestine to study on the designer l'un de ses ressortissants pour· faire spot the grave moral and human problem exist­ partie de la Commission speciale qui s'est rendue ing in that territory. That. member had con­ en Palestine pour etudier sur les Heux: les graves curred in the majority report (A/316). In problemes moraux et humains qui s'y posent. agreement with him, his country had then sup­ Le membre peruvien de la Commission s'eat ported partition. rallie al'opinion de la majorite lors de l'etablis­ sement du rapport (A/316). Approuvant l'atti­ tude de son representant, le Gouvernement du Perou s'est done prononce en faveur du partage. The events which had subsequently stained Les evenements qui ont, par la suite, ensan­ the Holy Land with blood showed the grave glante la Terre sainte, ont fait ressortir les difficulties involved in carrying out resolution graves difficultes auxquelles se heurte I'appli­ (; 181 (11) of the Assembly and had, as was known, cation de la resolution 181 (11) de l'AssembIee; r led some Members to believe that it would be ils ont, comme on le sait, amene certains Membres better to reconsider the recommendation before a penser qu'il serait preferable d'examiner a IJ. imposing it by force. In view of those cir­ nouveau la recommandation, avant de l'imposer 11 cumstances, his Governm&nt had abstained from par la force. En raison de ces circonstances, le a taking part in any decision to impose the parti­ Gouvernement du Perou s'est abstenu de parti­ s tion plan, though it was still deeply concerned ciper atoute decision tendant aimposer le plan 1 with the grievous problem involved, the impor­ de partage, bien que le douloureux probleme Cl tance and seriousness of which it fuB y recog­ qu'il suscite n'ait cesse de lui inspirer le plus tl nized. vif souci, car il en reconnait pleinement l'impor.. h tance et la gravite. S In connexion with the proposal (A/241) En ce qui concerne la proposition (A/241) submitted to the United Nations Assembly in visant ala rupture des relations avec le Gouver- . November 1946 for breaking off relations with nement espagnol et a l'imposition d'autres se the Spanish Government and imposing other sanctions, proposition dont l'Assemblee des pt .sanctions, the Government of Peru had stated Nations Unies avait ete saisie en novembre

1 ."IiII'''~.'S.sn.S ~ ~;III; f"' 7 2_.'1•._I ••flii'IIIT..? ...•. _ 1948 28 septembre 1948 293 1470 seance pIwere liae et its view that, according to the investigation nal, il 1946, le Gouvernement peruvien a fait connaitre . carried out by the Security Council's Sub­ rlcame. son opinion et a declare que, d'apres l'enqu~te Committee, 1 the Spanish Government did not recon­ effectuee par la Sous-Commission du Conseil constitute an actual threat to peace such as 1 re que de securite , le Gouvernement espagnol ne would permit the application of the coercive la constitue pas une menace reelle a la pail: qui pre­ measures envisaged in the Charter. ~ations Only the autorise l'application des mesures de coercition Assembly, it had subsequently declared, on des was prevues par la Charte. 11 a ajoute que I'Assem­ competent to consider whether action should rainete be bIee etait seule competente pour determiner taken to promote realization of the rights and si des mesures doivent ~tre prises en vue de fundamental freedoms envisaged in Article l'opti­ 13 favoriser la reconnaissance des droits et des of the Charter, since it was clear that any action libertes fondamentales envisagees l'Article 13 lsultats taken b~r it, to be equitable, a had to be extended de la Charte; il est clair, en effet, qu'une decision lans le to all the nations in which freedom was being de l'AssemhIee, pour Mre equitable, doit l'Orga­ restricted. s'ap­ llie-t-il pliquer egalement a toutes les nations ou h l'action liberte est soumise ades restrictions. In voicing that attitude his country aoivent had in Le Perou ne cherche nullement aporter direc­ no way sought, either directly or indirectly, pleine­ to tement ou indirectement, un jugement sur la express an opinion on the internal political petites situa­ situation politique interieure de I'Espagne, car tion in Spain, for it was convinced, now as in the iI reste convaincu, maintenant comme par le past, that only the most punctilious abstention passe, que c'est seulement en s'abstenant scru­ qui re.. from such pronouncements made international puleusement de declarations de ce.genre que Organi.. harmony possible. 1'0n Non-intervention was a prin­ peut ren.dre possible l'harmonie internationale. lfluence ciple of public law, enshrined in the fundamen­ La non-intervention est un principe de droit Organi- tal documents of Pan-American history, which public, consacre par les documents fondamenw.ux had enabled the American peoples to create rapport a de l'histoire panamericaine, qui a permis aux vigorous system, gradually strengthened a-Sayan stage peuples americains de creer un systiune vigou­ by stage, in which the freedom of the States ient de and reux, qui a ete graduellement renforce et ou international solidarity were interwoven. Organi.. He viennent ue conjuguer la Jiberte des Etats et la understood the desire of friendly nations that lt~sir de solidarite internationale. Le Perou comprend situatiQns deemed unjust should be remedied, lent des le desir qu'eprouvent les nations amies de voir bat feared lest that noble crusading apte spirit apporter un remede a des situations qu'.elles de should give rise to new or greater llr· {aire conflicts. The estiment injustes, mais il craint que ce noble principle of non-intervention was specially ,rendue design­ esprit de croisade ne donne naissance ade nou­ ed to safeguard the sovereignty and independ­ s graves veaux conflits, qui risqueraient d'~tre plus ence of small States, and was subject posent. only to graves encore. Le principe de la non-interven­ the collective action envisaged m s'est in the San Fran­ tion a eM conc;u tout specialement pour sauve­ cisco Charter for safeguarding international 'etablis­ garder la souverainete et l'independance des peace when it was threatened or broken. It l'atti.. petits Etats et il n'est soumis anulle autre limi­ nent du tation que celle de l'action collective, prevue partage. par la Charte de San-Francisco pour proteger , ensan­ la paix internationale, lorsque celle-ci est mena­ lrtir les cee ou vioIee. In line with that opinion, his delegation l'appU.. was Fidele a ce principe, la delegation du Perou opposed to the Assembly's emhleej resolution 39 (I) s'est opposee a la resolution 39 (I) de l'Assem­ recommending ambassador~ (embres the recall of and bIee recommandant le rappel des amhassad~urs miner a ministers, but Peru had nevertheless adjusted et des ministres; toutefois, le Gouvernement 'imposer its relations with the Spanish Government de ce pays a modifie en consequence ses relations Inces, le accordingly. The General Assembly at its avec le Gouvernement espagnol. L'Assemhlee generale s'est le parti­ second session had abstained from ratifying the ahstenue, lors de sa deuxieme session, de retifier, comme r le plan 1946 decision as had been proposed, and had on le lui proposait, la decision qu'eUe avait prise sa premiere 'robleme confined itself to expr~ssing its confidence that a session; eUe s'est bornee a exprimer sa convic­ le plus the Security Council would exercise its responsi­ tion que le Conseil de securite exercerait l'impor... hiiities if it considered lea that the situation in pouvoirs dont il dispose, s'H estimait 2 que la Spain so required. As was known, the 2 (A/241) situation en Espagne l'exige • Comme on le Gouver­ ~ See Security Council, d'autres Official Records, first year, first 1 Voir Conaeil do 86curittf, proces-verbaux ojfieiels, premia/ta serIes, Report of the Sub-Committee on eM Spanish Question, annec, premiere serie, Rapport paffl~S 1 to 10. du Sous-Comit8 c"'argtS de la ,lee des ql.t68tion 68pa/pwle, pages 1 it 10. See Official ovembre 2 Records of tlte second session 0/ the GeM1'al A8sem­ ! Voir les Documonts officisls de la dsuxi8me bly, Resolutions, resolutiOn BUIUJn ci6 l'AuMn­ No. 114 (11). bUe {fonJrale, Re80lutions, resolution n° 114 (11).

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.Olil' - ....------r...------. 147th plennry meeting 294 28 Septembel' 1948 2 Security Council had removed the question sait, le Conseil de securite a retire la question P from its agenda on 25 June last. l de son ordre du jour le 25 juin dernier1• n In those circumstances, his Government had Dans ces conditions, le Gouvernement du w felt that no formal or moral obligation now Perou a estime qu'aucunc obligation formeUe SI restricted its full freedom to put an end to the ou morale ne restreignait plus sa pleine liberte ban on diplomatic relations with Spain. That de mettre fin aux mesures limitatives qui avaient decision had been motivated not only by the frappe les relations diplomatiques avec l'Es­ M principles of respect for the personality and pagne. Cette decision a ete inspiree non seu­ t

===-_211II7.2._111.:1.,I.' $'h"--· "in ri, $ S =-:z.Z.,.'·....._VIIii'·m••" _ 28 aeptembre 8 1948 2915 1478 seance pIeniere posaIs in favour of continuing it, as it supple­ son appui aux propositions tendant a prolonger mented and facilitated the work of the Assembly, l'existence de cette Commission car elIe complete iu without detracting from the powers and re­ et facilite les travaux de l'AssembIee sponsibilities sans affai­ lie of the Security Council. blir les pouvoirs ni diminuer les responsabi­ ~te lites du Conseil de securite. With reference adrnis.~ion :nt to the of new En ce qui concerne l'admission de nouveaux Members, the aspiration of the United Nations Memhres, une attitude discriminatoire a l'egard to achieve an increasingly ~u- universal character de certains Etats qui demandent a ~tre was not in admis er­ keeping with the discriminatory atti­ n'est pas compatibM avec les efforts de l'Organi tude which had ... le been displayed towards certain sation en vue d'accentuer son caractere univer­ applications for admission. fUS· Since, as the Secre­ sel. Comme le Secretaire general l'a declare tary-General stated er­ in his report, the United dans son rapport, l'Organisatiou a ete edifiee en Nations had been built les to contain within peaceful vue d'associer en une reuvre pacifique des Etats ,en bounds Members having distinct economic or ayant des regimes economiques political et politiques e~ systems it was impossible to see how differents; on ne voit donc pas such comment de le exclusions could be justified without detri'­ telles exclusions peuvent se justifier, ment etant donne re­ to the aims pursued. qu'elles sont contraires au but poursuivi. As some l'epresentatives ere had already emphasiz­ Les republiques de l'Amerique latine, ed, the rejection cer­ la of the application by Italy, tains representants l'ont deja souligne, with which his country ont IIrs· was united hy the uni­ e~rouve un vif regret en voyavt rejeter la demande versal ties of Llatin culture and by the generous d admission de I'ltalie, pays auquel elles sont ro­ contribution of the Italian people to the eco­ ullies par les liens universels nomic de la civilisation are and spiritual development of South Ameri­ latine et par la genereuse contribution can countries, que le 27 had heen very painful to the peuple italien a apportee au progres economique Latin American republics. co, He hoped, therefore, et spirituel des nations de l'Amerique du that Italy, as a genuinely Sud. un democratic State and Le rep,resentant du Perou espere donc que with all its qualities l'Ita­ IJ'il of national and human lie, Etat veritahlement democ:tatique et 'dignity, might soon qui [)nt hecome a member of the' possede de hautes qualites du point de United Nations community. vue na­ ves tional et humain, fera bient6t partie de la com­ ·Ion munaute des Nations TInies. As a member Iue of the Economic and Social Le Perou qui siege au Conseil economique Council, Peru des had actively participated in the et social a pris une part active aux work of that travaux de lor­ permanent hody. As a member cet organe permanent. En taut que of an ad lzoc committee membre e.8 it was among those who d'un comite special, le Perou figure au nomhre un had recommended the establishment of the des pays qui ont recommanr.le Economic la creation de la ant Commission for Latin America, the Commission economique pfjUr . first session l'Amerique latine lm- of which had taken place at Santiago dont la premiere session a eu lieu de Chile en juin dernier Ine­ the previous June. Peru considered a Santiago dn Chili. Le Perou the establishment estime que la )ser of that Commission to be of creation de cette ~om.mission est de la . the highest importance, plus haute ure its function heing to importance; cette Commission a en consider the urgent effet pour economic problems deriving tAche d'etudier les problemes economiques mer from the war and affecting the Western hemis­ urgents que les consequences phere, to de la guerre lera raise the level of economic activities posent dans l'hemisphere occidental, and to strengthen de deva­ tion the economic relations of lopper, dans le domaine economique, . Latin American countries les acti­ 5lon both among them... vites des paYb de l'Amerique latine et de ren­ vera selves and with the other countries of the forcer les world. relations qu'ils entretiennent entre eux et avec les autres pays du On monde. the proposal of Peru, a resolution (E/CN. Sur la proposition du Perou, 12/72) had on a adopte a been approved at Santiago, recom... Santiago une resolution (E/CN .12/72) ~ending the new Commission qui re­ pays to study a system commande a la nouvelle Commission d'etudier tra­ for the multilateral compensation of payments un systeme de compensation and a system multilaterale des uvre of deferred payments for adjusting paiements et un syst~lI' ::: de paiements t~ade halances, with differes ltion a view to assisting the respec­ destines a equilibrBr les halances comm.ereiales, !lve economies of arte, the South American countries, afin d'aider les differents pays de I'Amerique which were hampered du ltats hy lack of foreign exchange. Sud qui eprouvent des difficultes economiques ~onc dues au manque de devises. The new Commission, in virtue of another En application d'une autre resolution resolution (EfCN.12f66), (E/CN. had also undertaken 12/66), la nouvelle Commission a egalement !he .study of the possibilities :uritl, of European entrepris d'etudier un programme d'imtnig.ra­ tmmlgration to Latin America, taking into tion europeenne en Amerique latine, en tenant

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.m-~---'------~------· 147th plenary meeting 296 -28 Septem)Jer 1948 28 account his country's proposal, based on the compte d'une proposition du Perou fondee sUt' dei statement Mr. Gareia-Sayan had made on une declaration relative au Plan Marshal! et a tiOI 29 December 1947 in his then capacity of ses relations avec l'Amerique latine, declaration Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru, on the que M. Garcia-Sayan a faite le 29 decemhre ~ Marshall Plan and its relation to Latin America. 1947 en sa qualite de Ministre des Maires fur. etrangeres. 8Im That statement had been made in a spirit Cette declaration exprime un desir de coope.. mal of sincere co-operation with the just and noble ration sincere au noble et equitable programme con. proposals for European recovery envisaged hy que le Plan Marshall trace pour la restauration SRI( the Marshall Plan. It had referred to the neces,;, de I'Europe. Cette declaration indique qu'il wid sity of finding a formula which would ensure est necessaire de trouver une methode qui assure pro the effective recovery of the European nations, le relevement effectif des nations europeennes, full an essential element for world. peace and equi­ lequel est essentiel ala paix et ai'equilibre du ard: acc( librium, without destroying the expectations monde, sans. ruiner, d'autre part, les projets of industrial development in the Latin American de developpement industriel des pays d'Ame­ dea. countries or impairing the resulting welfare rique latine ni entraver par la m~me le developpe.. SIOI of their peoples. For that purpose it had pro­ ment de leurs peuples dans le domaine social. posed the study of a large-scale plan for Euro­ A cet effet, la declaration propose d'etudier un 11 pean migration to Latin America, including vaste programme d'immigration europeenne en non the promotion or creation in Latin-American Amerique latine, en prevoyant que I'on devra sam countries of the conditions requisite for the creer les conditions necessaires pour que les meIl the w~lcome of immigrants. The relief of popu­ immigrants re~ivent hon accueil. Si les pays Perl lation pressure which would be experienced surpeuples d'Europe - surpeuples par rapport by the over-populated European nations-(wer­ a leurs ressources naturelles - se trouvaient men populated, th9t is, in relation to their natural soulages d'une teUe charge, cela aurait, on le Hum the resources-would, it had been said, have the sait, le double avantage de reduire, d'une part, had double advantage of, on the one hand, reducing la quantite de produits necessaires pour la . gIvel the amount of supplies necessary for European consommation europeenne et de permettre, tion consumption, and on the other, of making d'autre part, d'augmenter la production du· guar Nouveau Monde. En outre, lea pays de I'Ame­ possible an increased production in the New as World. At the same time the Latin-American rique latine verraient crotire leur capacite P lay ( countries would see an increase of their capa­ d'achat en ce qui concerne les produits manu­ factures de I'Europe et de l'Amerique du Nord. city to purchase both European and North Tu American manufactured goods. • All that would Ce programme permettrait donc un developpe­ he s result in a greater expansion and better use ment et un meilleur emploi de la main-d'reuvre itseH of the world's man-power. mondiale. madE Those ideas, which had been favourably com­ Ces idees, qui avaient fait I'ohjet de commen­ natio mented on, soon made headway in the Inter­ taires favorables, ont reuni les suffrages du tion, American Economic and Social Council, which Conseil economique et social inter-americain, ment had taken steps to consult the American Govern­ qui a decide de consulter les Gouvernements race, monts. Though everyone knew that the Euro­ des pays americains. Bien que tout le monde attacl pean Recovery Programme would take place sache que le programme de relevement euro­ by tb outside the sphere of the United Nations, he peen est etranger a I'reuvre de l'Organisation the ( had ventured to stress his comments on that des Nations Unies, M. Garcia-Sayan s'est permis must Programme, since those ideas had previously de presenter quelques observations ason sujet, CO-or{ been referred to in commissions connected with elant donne qu'on a deja fait allusion aUX idees alread the United Nations. Before being considered dont iI s'agit au sein de commissions liees a the St at the session of the Economic Commission for I'Organisation. Une proposition du represen" Latin America held in Santiago, a proposal by tant du Perou, avant d'~tre examinee par la the Peruvian delegate had been adopted in Commission economique pour I'Amerique latinrt It ' Geneva the previous February by the Perma­ a sa session de Santiago, avait ete adoptee i Assrem nent Migration Committee of the International Geneve au mois de fevrier dernier par la <;ommi~ Ifitw Labour Organisation. That constituted accept­ sion permanente des migrations de l'Organis~. efforts ance of his delegation's plan since, in tion internationale du 'rravail. Le programme de in the that proposal, the Governing Body of the la delegation peruvienne se trouvait, de ce fait, ILO had been requested to urge on the countries a,ccept~ ca; ce~t~ proposition f.revoyai~ q?e .le .. --- concerned the need for .. co-ordinating inter­ Consed d adnu.rnstratlOn de I OIT SOlt lD~· national effort assisting the Latin American aexposer aux pays interesses la necessite d', t republics, with. a view to absorbing without coordination des efforts sur le plan internati

l r.'ten i 'Q 1t 'n "·V·_'tw er 7 " r s····, 948 28 septembre 1948 297 147' seance plWke : sur delay a substantial volume of European migra­ e,n vue d'aider les repuhliques de l'Amerique et a tion. Iatine it recevoir immediatement un nomhre ltion important d'immigrants venus d'Europe. nhre. The occasion, was not one for illustrating Sans vouloir poursuivre, pour le moment, alres further the nature of Peru's efforts. He wouid l'expose des efforts accomplIs par le Perou, simply express the hope that those efforts might M. Garcia-Sayan veut exprimer l'espoir que ces make headway in the United Nations agencies efforts ohtiendront quelque succes dans les divers ope­ concerned; for, as the Secretary-Generars report organismes des Nations Unies; les migrations rnme said, international migration was of world­ internationales constituent, en effet, et le rapport ltion wide concern in connexion with population du Secretaire general le souligne, un probleme qu'il d'importance mondiale lie aux questions de ;sure problems, and with prohlems of reconstruction, full employment and improvement of stand­ population, de reconstruction, de plein emploi mes, ards of living. The Secretary-General should et du relevement du niveau de vie. Le Secretaire e du accordingly announce a concrete programme to general devrait done annoncer I'etahlissement 'Ojets ~e­ deal with migration in conformity with the deci­ d'un programme concret relatif aux migrations sions of the Economic and Social Council. l conformement aux decisions du Conseil econo­ 'ppe­ mique et social l • lcial. In the field of the social activit;es of the Eco­ En ce qui concerne les activites sociales du ir un nomic and Social Council and in relation to the Conseil economique et social, notamment la le en question de I'immigration, le representant du levra same subject of immigration, he would like to mention accession of Peru, as a signatory, to Perou tient it signaler que son pays a ratifie sa e les the International Refugee Organization and participation a l'Organisation internationale pour pays ~port Peru's support of its aims. Under the agree­ les refugies et qu'iI en a adopte le programme. 'aient ment concluded, various groups of European Aux termes de I'accord qui a ete conclu, divers immigrants had arrived in Peru in the course of groupes d'immigrants venus d'Eur(Jpe sont arri­ In le the year under the auspices of the IRO, which part, ves au Perou, dans le courant de I'annee, sous les had expressed its satisfaction with the welcome auspices de l'OIR. Celle-ci s'est declaree satis­ Ir la re~u ettre, given to those refugees. He would also men­ faite de I'accueil par ces refugies. M. Garcia­ tion that in Peru they enjoyed the same safe­ Sayan tient a signaler que ces refugies ont ohteou 1 du Ame­ guards and .the same economic and social rights les m~mes garanties et jouissent des m~mes droits >aciM as Peruvians, and that very great opportunities economiques et sociaux que les Peruviens et lay open to them. que les possihilites de reussite les plus etendues lanu­ off~J'tes. ~ord. leur sont Turning to the question of human rights, Pour ce '4"; est des droits de I'homme, le 'ppe­ associ~' euvre he said that his country definitely associated Perou s'est tres nettement aux efforts itself with and participated i:p the efforts heing et a I'reuvre entrepris par l'Organisation des made by the United Nations to achieve inter­ Nations Unies en vue d'etahlir une cooperation Imen­ national co-operation in the matter of recogni­ internationale en ce qui concerne la reconnais­ s du tion and protection of human rights and funda­ sance et la protection des droits de I'homme et icain, mental freedoms, without distinction' as to des libertes fondamentales sans distinction de nents race, sex, language or religion. He accordingly race, de sete, de langue et de religion. M. Garcia­ londe attached very great importance to the adoption Sayan attache done une tres grande importance euro­ hy the Assembly of the declaration drafted hy AI'adoption par I'AssemhIee du projet de decla­ :ation. the Commission on Human Rights. 2 But it ration internationale des droits de I'homme ernuS must be borne in· mind, for the purpose of elahoree par la Commission des droits de Bujet, co-ordination, that the American countries had I'homme2• Toutefois, dans un hut de coordi­ idees already signed a declaration (E/CN.4/122) on nation, iI convient de ne pas ouhlier que les Ges a the same subject at Bogota. nations americaines ont deja signe a Bogota une esen­ declar tion (E/CN .4/122) portant sur la m~me ar la question. , latine It would not, however, he enough for the 11 ne suffit pas que I'AssemhMe approuve le tee.a As~embly to approve the draft declaration. projet de declaration; si I'on Yeut que cetta onus- If It was to be given full effect steady and patient dernie~e soit veritablement appliquee, il faut, misa­ ?fI'orts must he made to have it incorporated patiemment et sans relAche, s'efforcer de la faire ne de ID the national law of each State. The growing incorporer dans les lois de chacun des Etats. I fait, ue le - invite 1 See Ruo!utions adop~ by the Ecooomic and Social Council, 1 Voir les Ruol'Utiom adoptifJI par le CtmHillconomique ,t ~'une seventh seSSIOn, resolutIon No. 156 (VII). . IOCid pendant sa septieme session, resolution n° 166 (VI!). i~u: O~ial . Records of the Economic and Social Council, J Voir les ProciH6rbaum qf/icUll du COfWIIiI fconomiqU'f tional IeV . sesslOn, supplement No. 2, page 8. ,t aocial, septieme session, suppliment n° 2, page 8.

q ,...... ,...... 28 Septeluher 147th plenary meeting 298 Iegislatives ayant tendency of the law towards socialization showed Le fait que les dispositions a grl tendance a s'eten­ that a good deal of work towards the improve­ pour but la socialisation aient peo} necessaire d'ameliorer ment of the formulae expressed in the decla­ dre, montre qu'il sera of t] declaration et qu'un ration would have to be undertaken by the le texte des articles de la of tl ~tre ce sens bodie~ of the United Nations studying effoJ:t tres net devra accompli en used technical de l'Organisation the problems related to the rights and duties par les organismes techniques hein etudient les questions of the individual and of groups of individuals. des Nations Unies qui with mettant en jeu les droits et devoirs de l'individu ed 0 et des groupes d'individus. desil une tache considerable In that field a considerable task would devolve Dans ce domaine, will Labour Organisation, over . devrait ~tre devolue a l'Organisation interna­ In on the International Perou Body the representative of his tionale du Travail dont le representant du had whose Governing d'adminis­ had the honour to preside. As regards a l'honneur de presider le Conseil acme country d'association, of association, the ILO had recently tration. Relativement a la liberte beau freedom une convention approved a convention which represented the l'OIT a approuve recemment for t qu~ tentative en vue first attempt to introduce into an international constitue une premiere indUi organisme internationale­ guar~ legal body one of the freedoms proclaimed in d'introduire dans un libertes proclamees the United. Nations Charter. ' ment reconnu l'une des peop: par la Charte des Nations Unies. Wi stupefiants du Conseil In the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, his A la Commission des whicJ delegation du Perou nitie~ del~gati[ln had supported the establishment of economique et social, la d'une Commission d'en­ a Commission of Enquiry into the effects of a appuye la creation torinl qu~te mastication de la feuille chewing the Coca Leaf by the indigenous peoples sur les effets de la operB. . de certaines regions IOn 1 certain regions of the Andes (E/57 5). During de coca par les indigenes of de sa deuxieme its second session thel General Assembl~' had, des Andes (E/575). Au cours the v par sa resolution by resolution 134 (11), drawn the attention of s13RRion, I'AssembIee generale, du Conseil econo­ the Economic and Social Council to that request, 134 (11), a attire l'attention proposition, laquelle Mr which was finally approved at the seventh ses­ mique et social sur cette par ce Conseil lors spea~ sion recently held by the Council at Geneva~ 1 a ete finalement approuvee de sa septieme session qui s'est tenue a Geneve1• the ci deja ete entre­ had I habit, which was general among almost Des etudes approfondies ont The ue mAcher to m: 20 million natives of South America, had already prises au Perou sur cette habitude est generale chez vingt truth been extensively studied in his country. However, les feuilles de coca qui l'Amerique du Sud. Only his country had considered it to be its moral millions d'indigenes de qu'il etait de bun The and international responsibility to ascertain, T,outefois, le Perou a estime moral et international, force. possibly' through the highest scientific authorities, devoir, du point de vue autant que possible made the harmful effects of the habit on the individual, de verifier, en s'adressant scientifiques, les effets sentat with a view to considering appropriate restric­ ::mx plus hautes autorites sur l'individu, afin so th; tions on the cultivation of the plant. It was nuisibles de cette pratique qu'il conviendrait awaite be hoped that the General Assembly would d'envisager les restrictions to plante. Il faut Wh ~ts final approval to the proposal adopted d'apporter a la culture de cette give donnera une Mr. 1 by the Economic and Social Council concerning esperer que l'Assemblee. generale proposition que le in ins the matter. approbation definitive a la Conseil economique et social a adoptee a cet Natioll effete That, which Law Commis,sion, whose Il faut souhaiter le succes de la Commission The International doivent experi were to be elected by this Assembly, du droit international, dont les membres members au monde, into a all good wishes. Nowhertr had the ~tre elus, par I'Asse:ml-1ee. Nulle part deserved internationales of codification of international law achiev­ le travail de codification des lois work qu'en Ame­ The results than in America. The prog­ n'a donne de meiUeurs resultats ed better les nations hope. made by the American countries would rique. Les progres effectues par ress d'exemple the SF be an example and a stimulus for the americaines serviront certainement certainly que la Commis­ Nation work of the Commission in the international et d'encouragement pour l'reuvre sion doit accomplir sur le plan international. great sphere. presen Mr. Garcia-Sayan aaid that En conclusion, M. {jarcia-Sayan declare que In conclusion, a l'Assernblee the nations represented in the Assembly had les gouvernements represenMs Wht ems .

6conomi~UI 8£ .must, 1 Voir les Re.olutiom adoptee. par le Conaeil 1 See Re.olutionl adopted by the Economic and Social CouncilJ sa septi~me session, resolution n° 159 (VII). but 01 seventh session, resolution No. 159 (VII). .ocial pendant

'iIlIIl 28 septembre 1948 299 1478 seance pleniere ut a great task to carry out for the benefit of their ont une grande tAche it accomplir pour le hien :u­ peoples. It was incumbent upon each and all de leurs peuples; il appartient it chacun de. ces ~er of them to ensure that the power and position gouvernements de faire en sorte que la puis­ un of their nations, great or small, should be boldly sance et la position de leur pays, grand ou petit, ns used for purposes of peace and general well­ soient mises au service de la paix et du bien-~tre on heing which would enable them to enter, general~ afin que les nations puissent, sans ,us without fear or suspicion, upon the path point- crainte et sans mefiance, entrer dans la voie que du ed out to them by the hand of God and by the leur tracent la main de Dieu et le desir de desire for friendly relations of men of good relations cordiales qui anime les hommes de [)Je will throughout the world. honne volonte du monde entier. 1a­ In the splendid city of Paris, in which they all Dans cette magnifique ville de Paris qui appar­ 'OU. had some share, man's capacity for harmonious tient un peu it toute8 les nations, la faculte que l1S- achievements had reached its noblest and most 1'homme possede de faire reuvre harmonieuse ht ~~ d ,m, beautiful expression. He hoped it would be a trouve sa plus noble et sa plus expression. Lon for them a source of inspiration as well as an M. Garcia-Sayan espere qu'une telIe reuvre sera me inducement to compromise in order to safe­ pour les nations une source d'inspiration, qu'elIe Ile­ guard the benefits which peace afforded to the les incitera as'entendre afin de sauvegarder ,ees peoples. les hienfaits que la paix dispense aux peuples. With faith in the supreme human values Les nations doivent avoir foi dans les grands seil which elevated and guided the life of commu­ principes humains qui ont ennobli et guide la rou nities, they should devote themse~ves to res­ vie des communautes; elles doivent consacrer 'en­ toring, on the basis of sincert· and effective co­ tons leurs efforts it restaurer, grAce it une coope­ lille operation, the confidence of world public opin­ ration sincere et effective, la confiance de l'opi­ .OilS ion in the United Nations and the hopes which nion mondiale en 1'Organisation des Nations ~me the world reposed in that meeting. Unies et a ranimer les espoirs que le monde ~jon fonde sur cette AssembIee. mo­ LeUe Mr. TSALDAR18 (Greece) said that previous M. TSALDARIS (Grece) declare que les orateurs lors speakers had already stressed the gravity of precedents ont deja soulig,3.e la gravite des cir­ el • the circumstances in which the present AS8emhly constances dans lesquelles cette AssembIee s'est ltre­ had met. Indeed, the time had come for all reunie. Le temps est en effet venu pour chacun cher to make their decisions and to proclaim the de prendre ses decisions, et de dire la verite ingt truth frankly and withol}t any reservations. franchement et sans aucune reserve. Ce n'est ;ud. Only thus could the cause of peace he served. '1u'ainsi que l'on pourra servir la cause de la le~ons bun The lessons of experience had a compelling paix. Les de l'experience s'imposent mal, force. That had been shown by several speeches d' elIes-m~mes. G'est ce qu'ont expose, devant gible made at the Assembly and it was for the repre­ cette AssembIee, differents orateurs, et il appar­ lfrets sentatives to draw the necessary conclusions tient aux representants d'en tirer les conclusions afin so that the debate might produce the results necessaires afin que le debat produise les resul­ drait awaited by anxious mankind. tats que l'humanite attend avec anxiete. faut What was the problem facing the Assembly? Quel est le prohleme qui se pose it l'Assem­ une Mr. Tsaldaris felt that it consisted above aU bIee? M. Tsaldaris estime qu'il s'agit avant tout Ie le in inspiring complete confidence in the United d'inspirer it tous les peuples une confianceabsoluc ~ cet Nations in ail peoples wherever they might he. en l'Organisation des Nations Unies. Tel est le That was the only way to end the apprehension seul moyen de mettre fin it l'anxiete que l'huma­ .SSlon which haunted men at present and which, as nite eprouve aujourd'hui et qui, ainsi que l'expe­ livent experience had shown, could easily degenerate rience le demontre, pourrait facilement dege­ ()nde, into a real psychosis of mistrust and fear. nerer en une veritable psychose de mefiance males et de peur. Ame· The United Nations had been born of a great L'Organisation des Nations Unies a ete le fruit Itions hope. Nothing useful could he built save in d'une grande esperance, et l'on ne peut rien emp'le the spirit of faith and optimism. The United construire d'utile que dans un esprit de foi nmlS· Nations must not depart from that spirit, but et d'aptimiste. Il ne faut pas que cette grande ional. great and bold decisions were needed at the Organisation abandonne cet esprit, et, dans la e que present juncture. situation actuelle, il faudra, pour ce faire, prendre mblCe de grandes et courageuses decisions. Whatever their nature or the concrete prob­ Ces decisions, quelle qu~ soit leur nature et ems to which they referred, those decisions quel que soit le prohleme concret auquel elles h~ve rni~"" 6£ must, unless they were to becon.(=) useless, se rapportent, il faudra, faute de quoi ellas ~ {VU). but one aim, namely, to enhance the force of deviendraient inutiles, qu'eUes tendent vers

~ _.. 'I -. .. , '" . .., , •• • 147;th plenary meeting 300 ~J September 1948 98 law. Indeed, what would be the scope of any un but, vers un seul : accrottre la force du droit. the resolution of the United Nations if it did not QueUe pourrait ~tre, en effet, la portee d'une psye have the means to implement it? In accordance resolution des Nations Unies, si l'Organisation the with those ideas the Greek delegation would ne disposait pas des moyens de la mettre a An support all proposals aimed a.t strengthening execution? C'est dans cet esprit que la delega­ cone the machinery of the United Nations and at tion de la Grece appuiera toute proposition cons imposing respect for its decisions. The Greek visant a renforcer le mecanisme de 1'0rganisa­ bet" delegation, therefore, attached particular impor­ tion des Nations Unies et a imposer le respect even tance to the progress of the work of the Interhn de ses decisions. Cette delegation attache donc sep? Committee, which had already displayed its une importance particuliere au progres des tra­ anCIt usefu\ness in several fields. The delegation vaux de la Commission interimaire qui se sont proo.. would also :EPort the suggestions put forward averes tres utiles a bien des egards. Elle appuiera, SpITl in the Asse ly by the Turkish representative de m~me, les suggestions que le representant peop on the subject of a less rigid system of voting. de la Turquie a presentees a l'Assemblee au peop sujet de l'assouplissement du systeme de vote. tuni1 lesse Efforts to perfect the machinery of the United Le per£ectionnement du mecanisme de 1'0rga­ W· Nations were, hQwever, themselves dependent nisation des Nations Unies reste toutefois with on the spirit in which they were undertaken, subordonne a l'esprit dans lequel il est entrepris; strivi f and that was the crux of the problem. c'est la le fond de la question. ciati( Greece was profoundly devoted to the ideals La Grece est profondement attachee aux ideaux traml of peace, liberty and friendly co-operation be­ de paix, de IiberM, de cooperation amicale entre of th tween all nations, and had from the very outset tous les peuples; eHe a, 063 l'origine, place ses At placed its hopes in the United Nations. More espoirs en 1'0rganisation des Nations Unies. linib than that, the Greek Government b(~lieved that Bien plus, le Gouvernement heHenique estime with. supporting the United Nations was a major que l'appui a apporter it l'Organisation consti­ reglO principle of its foreign policy. Greece believed tue le principe essentiel de sa politique exte­ satisf in the efficacy of the United Nations; based upon rieure. La Gre'ce a foi en l'efficacite de cette the c the unchangeable principles of international Organisation fOL\dee sur les principes immuables law. It regarded the General Assembly as an du droit international. La Grece considere Grl international rostrum which, thanks to its l'Assemblee generale comme une tribune inter­ estab immense possibilities and the confidence in nationale qui delvrait permettre, etant donne em which it was held by men of good win, might les possibilites immenses dont l'Assemblee dis­ A1haI enable nations to achieve their greatest wish : pose et la confiance que les hommes de bonne ·ment: the liberation from fear and the liberation from volonte ont mise en eIle, de realiser le desir to co peuph~s ~tre want. essentiel deEI : liberes de la crainte, that 1 ~tre liberes au besoin. .same Strengthened by that win and firm in that Forte de eette volonte et, tenace en cette foi, ID qu faith, Greece had always striven; as a Member la Grece, Membre de l'Organisation, s'est tou­ been of the United Nations, to fulfil the specific and jours efforcee de remplir les obligations expresses mittel implicit obligations it had assumed when it et implicites qu'eHe P. contractees en signant la third signed the Charter. The voice of Greece, Charte. La voix de ~a Grece qui, maintes fois The which in the course of centuries had often been au cours des siecles, s'est elevee en faveur des of t1 raised in defence of mankind's attempts to tentatives entreprises par l'humanite pour de­ resolu uphold peace based on justice, could now claim fendre la paix fondee sur la justi,ce, peut aujour­ of 21 attention in the capital of Descartes and Mon­ d'hui, en cette capitale qui est celle de Des­ menta tesquieu with the authority conferred by the cartes et de Montesquieu, se faire entendre avec had : consciousness of having never hetrayed the l'autorite que lui confere la conscience de n'avoir COllUIJ principles underlying the Charter of the United jamais trahi les principes fondamentaux de la constil Nations. Charte des Nations Unies. tenacil In the difficult cir,cumstances with which Dans les circonstances difficiles que chacun yieldel all were familiar, Greece's policy had never connatt, la politique de la Grece n'a jamais of the ceased to be directed towards pacification and cesse d' ~tre orientee vers la paix, vers l'entente the pl understanding with all the nations. Greece's avec toutes les nations. Les relations de la Grece tion t relations with its eastern neighbour, the Turkish avec la Republique turque, sa voisine de I'Est, Nation Refublic, were imbued with a fraternal spirit sont animees d'un esprit fraternel, de cet esprit was no which it would be desirable to fmd at the basis qui devrait regner au sein de l'Organisation of the United Nations. Relations with the other des Nations Unies. Tout aussi cordiales sont les States of the Eastern Mediterranean basin were relations que la Grece entretient flvec les autres 1 See developing along the same cordial lines. To Etats du bassin oriental de la Mediterraue-u. .upplem 28 aeptembre 1948 30i 147- seance pl8niere [)it. the West, Greece was now settling material and Du c6ta de 1'0uest, la Grace est en voie de regler me psychological differences brought about by les differends d'ordre materiel et psychologique .Ion the Fascist aggression of 28 October 1940. qu'a provoquesl'agression fasciste du 28 octobre ~ a An agreement in principle had already been 1940. Un accord de principe a deja ete conclu i~a­ concluded in Rome and would soon give official a Rome; celui-ci permettra de donner bient6t Ion consecration to the friendly relations existing une consecration officielle aux rapports d'amitie .lsa- between Greece and the new Italy. That happy qui existent entre la Grece et I'Italie nouvelle. )eet event, which he felt would enable two natiol1s Cet evenement heureux permettra aux deux onc separated by the ravages of war to renew thElir peuples separes par les ravages de la guerre de tra­ ancient bond of :i'.f;endship, provided a positive renouer d'anciens liens d'amitie; il constitue un ont proof of what would be accomplished by th.e temoigIlage positif de ce que peut accomplir era, spirit of understanding and good will amonl~ l'esprit de comprehension et de honne volonte ;ant peoples. The Greek Government and the Greek entre les peuples. La volonte du Gouvernement au people were resolved not to miss a single oppor-. et du peuple grecs est de ne laisser passer aucune ote. tunity for the appeasement of conflicts or the' occasion d'apaiser les conflits et d'attanuer lessening of friction. leg frictions. rga­ W"hile pursuing that policy of collaboration En poursuivant cette politique de collabora­ :fois. with its neighbours, the Greek GoverDlr.~nt W~IS tion avec ses voisins, le Gouvernement hel16­ IriS; striving to lay the foundations of a larger asso­ nique s'applique a fonder, dans un cadre regio­ nal, une plus large association des peuples de , ciation of peoples of good will within a regional ~aux framework that would strengthen the efforts bonne volonte, aux fins de seconder les efforts of~he ntre United Nations. I de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. ·.ses At a time when the general endeavours of the En un moment Oll les tentatives d'ordre general nes. United. Nations in that direction were meeting que 1'0rganisation des Nations Unies efl'ectue ~ime with well-known difficulties, such a policy of en ce sens se heurtent aux difficultes que cha­ tlsti­ regional integration could only be greeted with cun connatt, cette politique d'integration regio­ ~xte­ satisfaction by all those who sincerely desirf,d nale devrait ~tre accueillie ilyeC satisfaction par ~ette the creation of a new world. tous ceux qui ont a creur la cr/eation d'un monde lbles nou'V'au. dere Greece had neglected nothing in trying to La Grece n'a rien neglige pour essayer d'eta­ 1ter­ establish normal relations with its three north­ blir des relations normales avec les trois pays lnne ern neighbours, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and qui se trOl.ivent au nord de ses frontiares, dis­ Albania. All the successive Greek Govern­ la Yougoslavie, la Bulgarie et l'AIbanie. Tous [)nne ments had heen inspired by the same desire les Gouvernements grecs q1li se sont succede desir to contribute to the consolidation of peace in ont eta guides par le m~me desir de contribuer :inte, that part of the' world, and had displayed the au renforcement de la pai;x: dans cette partie same good will towards the three countries du monde, et ont fait preuve de la m~me bonne ~ foi, in question. Greece's complete good will had volonte a regard des trois pays en question. tou­ been noted by the United Nations Special Com­ Cette bonne volonte total/e a ete signalee par la esses mittee on the Balkans in its two reports to t 1 ~ Commission speciale des Nations Unies pour nt la thkd sessic-n of the General Assemb. les Balkans dans ses deux rapports a la troisieme l I fois The Committee referred to the co-operat...Jll session de l'AssembIee generale • La Commission r des of the Gre/ek Government in il'Jlplementing a parM de l'esprit de cooperation avec lequelle r de­ resolution 109 (11) of the General Assembly Gouvernement de la Grece 8 pris part a la mise ~our- of 21 October 19'4'1, whereas the GOVdl'n­ en application de la resolution 109 (11) de Des­ ments of Albania, Bulgaria and Yug,,)ljfavia, l'AssembMe generale en date du 21 octobre I avee had refused to co-operate with the Special 1947, alors que lea Gouvernements de I'Alba­ 'avoir Committee or even to recognize it as a duly nie, de la Bulgarie et de la Yougoslavie ont refuse de la constitutrd body of the United Nations. Those de cooperer avec la Commission speciale ou tenacio\.'iI1 efforts on the part of Greece had not m~me de la reconnattre comme un organe dfunent ~acun. yielded the results expected. The President constitue de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. amma of the Assembly, Mr. Evatt, had referred during Ces efforts tenaces de la part de la Grace n'i()nt ltente the previous meeting to the paradoxical situa­ pas donne les resultats atteudus. Le President Grece tion that the essential function of the United de l'AssembMe, M. Evatt, a fait allusion au cours l'Est, Nations was to maintain the peace, yet there de la seance precedente, au 8aradoxe de la esprit was no peace in the world to maintain. Mr. Evatt situation : le but e8senti~1 de l' rganisation des sation nt lea [lutres I See O.fJicia1 Recorth of th, G"",al A"l1tnbly~ third eession~ 10 Voir les Docurrumtl ojJicisll ch I'.A.IlffJ&bU, glnball, troi· ranee. .upplement No. 8, and document A/544. 8i~me session, supplement n° 8, et le document A/544. 147tll plenary meeting 302 28 Septmnber 1948 28 was usually a vigorous optimist and that pessi­ Nations Dnies est de maintenir la paix, mais il bar mistic remark might have escaped him in a n'existe pas, dans le monde, de paix Et maintenil'. All, mom.ent of depression. Mr. Tsaldaris could ~I. Evatt est g6neralement tres optimiste et cette the state, however, that, as far as his country was remarque pessimiste lui a peut-i3tre echappe n( concerned, that statement was only too tragi­ dans un moment de decouragement. Mais jusl cally true. M. Tsaldaris affirme que, en ce qui concerne Son an~ pays, la remarque de M. Evatt n'est - la chose Hal est tragique - que trop juste. hao In that connexion he wished to draw the A ce sujet, it desire attirer l'attention de i'As­ lillr Assembly's attention to some of the conclusions semblee sur les conclusions auxquelles est par­ mill reached by the United Nations Special Com­ venue la Commission speciale pour les Balkans Igo mittee on the Balkans after systematic work, apres un travail methodique execute avec une and to the perfect impartiality of which he wished impartialite alaquelle it desire rendre hommagc. in I to pay public tribute. The Special Committee La Commission speciale a note que les Gouver­ it 0 pointed out that the Governments of Albania, nements respectifs de I'Albanie, de la Bulgarie em' Bulgaria and Yugoslavia still refused to co­ et de la Yougoslavie refusent toujours de coope­ pea operate with iLl Furthermore, it found that reI' avec elle 1. En outre, ellea conclu que ccs BuI, those Governments had not complied with Gouvernements n'ont pas observe l'ordre donne litl the injunction laid down in the General Assembly dans la resolution de I'Assemblee generale de Ch~ resolution Cl to do nothing which could furnish (( ne rien faire qui puisse constituer une assis­ ( aid and assistance" to the guerrillas in Greece. tance et un soutien" aux francs-til'eurs qui se of The Greek guerrillas had continued to receive hattent en Grece. Les francs-tireurs grecs ont its aid and assistance OD a large scale from Albania, continue de recevoil', sur une vaste echell(~, , tale Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, with the knowledge assistance et soutien de la part de l'Albanie, rou of the Governments of those countries. The de la Bulgarie et de la Yougoslavie, ce fait etant by Special Committee was convinced that the guer­ connu des Gouvernements de ces pays. La Com­ frie rillas in the frontier zones had been largely mission speciale est convaincue que les francs­ Sta dependent on external supply. Great quan­ tireurs, dans les zones frontieres, ont l'e~u Ieur pill titjes of arms, ammunition and other military ravitaillement en gl'ande partie de I'extel'ieul', pl'l1 stores had come across the border. Strongly De grandes quantites d'armes, de munitions, the held positions of the guerrillas had protected et autres fournitures militaires ont franchi la '. life their vital supply lines from Bulgaria, Yugo­ fronticre. Les francs-tireurs ont protege, par !i sfS slavia and particularly from Albania. In recent des positions fortement tenues, leurs lignes de ~ G~ months, there had been less evidence of receipt ravitaillement essentielles apartir de la B ulgarie, ~. H, of supplies from Yugoslavia by the guerrillas. la Yougoslavie, et plus particulierement l'Alha­ ~ a) Further, the guerrillas had frequently moved nie. Au cours des derniers IDois, les cas de fou1'­ - "! or at will in territory across the frontier for tactical nitures de materiel aux francs-tireurs par les ] reasons, and had thus been able to concentrate Yougoslaves semblent avoir ete moins nombreux. its their forces without interference by the Greek Ces francs-tireurs ant, de plus, librement et an Army, and to return to Greece when they wished. frequemment franchi la frontiere pour des rai­ fill Lastly, they had frequently retired safely into sons de tactique, et ont pu ainsi concentrer leurs Ilf the territory of Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia forces sans craindre d'intervention de la part 11' when the Greek Army exerted great pressure. de l'armee grecque et rentrer en Grcce lorsqu'ils ha le desiraient. Enfin, ces francs-tireurs se sout lis retires, en securite, l'interieur du territoire a ;1 TI de l'Albanie, de la Bulgarie et de la Yougoslavie ;~ pI

lorsque la pression de l'armee grecque etait '~ bl trap forte. '~ ql 'fhe recent victories won by Greek troops may Les recentes victoire~ l'emportees parIes oJ! have created the impression that the gravity t~oupes grecqu,es ont peut-~tre don~e I'impres­ re of the so-called Greek question had diminished. swn que ce qu on a appeIe la questIOn grccque of But that was not the case. Despite the successes avait perdu de sa gravite. Il n'en est l'ien. En re which had brought the Greek Army to the fron­ d~pit ~es succes qu.i,ont permis al'armee gl'ecque tier lines, or rather because of the fighting, d attemdre la frontIere, ou plut6t en raison meme dl the situation had become extremely serious. de ces succes, la situation est devenue extr~me­ al Driven back during the latest mopping-up oper­ ment serieuse. Refoulees au cours des dernieres rE ations of the Greek Army, the terrorist gangs operations de nettoyage menees par I'armee le

1 See O/ficial ilec(mu of the General Assembly, third session, 1 Voir les DOCltmB7Its officiels de l'Assemblee {{unit-uZ" troi. ~/5411. supplCment No. 8, and document sieml; session, supplement ne 8, et le document 'Aj5 lil,. ' ! 0 28 leptembre 1948 803 147' leanee pl4ia.lAJre liI had found . shelter in neighbouring territory. grecque, les handes terroristes ont trouve we lU'. After being re-equipped and re-grouped there Itte sur le territoire des pays voisins. Apres avoir ete they had just reappeared on another sector equipees et regroupees, •pe of ces bandes ont fait the frontier. An untenable situation had laur apparition en un autre point [ais just been de la frontie.re• created on the frontiers of Greece La situation est devenue intenable sur ~on and les fron­ had recently assumed alarming proportions. tieres de la Grace et a rev~tu ose Having recemment de. that in mind, the Special Committee aspects alarmants. Tenant compte had de ce fait, spoken of its conviction that the continua­ la Commission speciale a exprime As­ tion of sa conviction such a situation constituted an insur­ que le maintien d'une telle situation Isr­ mountable obsta~le constitue to the establishment of un obstacle insurmontable a l'etablissement ans «good neighbourly relations" between Greece des et rapports de bon voisinage" entre la Grace line and its northern neighbours, as recommended 1ge. et ses vOlsins du nord que recommande la reso­ in the General Assembly resolution. Still more, lution de I'AssemhIee generale. rer- it Bien plus, cette . constituted a threat to the political independ­ situation constitue une menace lrle ence and contre l'ind&­ territorial integrity of Greece and to pendance politique et l'intewite ~erritoriale ,pe- peace in the Balkans. The conduct of Albania, de la Grace et contre la pah: Jans les Balkan&. ces Bulgaria and Yugoslavia had been inconsistent nne La conduite de l'Albanie, de la Bulgarie et de with the purposes and the principles of the de la Yougoslavie est en opposition avee lea hut. . Charter. et les ISlS- principes de la Charte. , Greece had been one of the greatest victims La Grace a ete rune des principales victimes I se of the war. Its territory had been ravaged, de la guerre. Son territoire a ete ravage, sa popu­ ont its population decimated and its bhores ~lle, devas­ lation decimee f't ses rivages devastes. Et cepen­ . tated. And yet the Greek people had not peupl~ me, lost dant, le grec n'a point perdu cou­ courage and had gone hack to work hard, aided ~u lant rage; Hs'est remis travail de toutes ses forces, by the most generous assistance of theu' great aide, avec la plus grande om­ friends, generosite, par lea the United Kingdom and the United deux grands ~aysamis, le Royaume-Uni ncs­ State3 of America. et lea Mr. Tsaldaris wished to Etats-Unis d Amerique. M. Tsaldaris desire leur point out in that connexion that that admirable eur. souligner, a ce propos, que cette admirable proof of human solidarity, so consistent with ons, preuve de solidarite humaine, si conforme 1 the spirit of the Charter, was now hringing back i la I'esprit de la Charte, et grAce a laqueRe lea life to Greek countryside, the Greek I transport campagnes, les transports et les ports deserts I par system and the deserted ports of Greece. I ~ The de la Grace reprennent peu a peu leur activite, i de Greek population did . not regard it as a sign of n'apparait pas au peuple grec comme une mani­ ilr16, rcapitalist imperialism" but on the I Jba­ contrary festation de et l'imperialisme capitaliste" mais, I as a splendid example of devotion to the cause au contraire, comme our­ of un exemple remar,;; table humanity. de devouement a la , le8 cause de I'humanite. I Had Greece heen left to make the hest of I S'il avait ete permis a la Grace d'exploiter a I its own resources I and of the measures of assist­ fond ses propres ressources et d'utiliser t et ance offered by l'appui I . its friends, it would be a happy \ accorde par ses amis, eRe serait aujourd'hui rID- country at the present moment. I ,eur8 The revival un pays heureux. Mais cette renaissance de la of Greece was, however, not desired by those I part Grace, ceux qui considarent a tort les differences who wrongly held that ideological differences ideologiques iU'il8 comme une harriere insurmontabIe I had to he an insurmountahle harrier to the estab­ it l'etahlissement d'une politique de hon voisi­ sont lishment of a policy of 8'Q()dneighhourliness. toire nage n'en veulent point. e'est la le fond m~me That fact was in reality th" mina­ regions ravagees pendant la guerre. Many facts :ne de led to the conclusion that certain Un grand nomhre de faits nous permettent mt countries were la grossly violating the obligations de conclure que certains pays violent d'une li sont assumed by them under the General Assembly's fac;on flagrante les obligations qu'ils avaient ~st en­ decision condemning all forms of propaganda assumees aux termes de la resolution de l'Assem.. IIus et for a new war. That decision of the General blee generale condamnant toutes xes formes de In mo­ Assembly and the basic principles of the United propagande en faveur d'une nouvelle guerre. ogique. NatioI'.s as set forth in the Charter placed all Cette resolution de l'AssembIee generale, de ldio et Governments under the obligation to further m~m.e que lea principes fondamentaux deB nt des hy all the means at their disposal the develop­ Nations Unies tels qu'ils Gont definis dans la lur un ment of friendly relations between peoples and Charte, obligent tous les Gouvernements ~. governments. afavo­ Aux That demand was echoed by riser, par tous les moyens it leur disI"osition, all progressive le course mankind whose goal was perma­ developpeme~ .. t des relations amicales entre nent peu­ lrodue-­ peace and friendship among the nations. pIes et entrf) gouvernements. Cette resolution la pro" a ete favora.11ement accueillie par tous . egale­ les par­ tisans du progres, dont le but est une paix raetere permanente et l'amitie entre nations.

20. 147th plenary meeting 308 28 September 1948 Mr. Kiselev then turned to the request from M. Kisselev parle ensuite de la requ~te pre­ • certain Members of the United Nations, including sentee par certains Membres des Nations Unies, Cl Argentina, for a reconsideration of the principle parmi lesquels se ~rouve I'Argentine, au sujet W of unanimity among the five great Powers, the d'une revision du principe de I'unanimite des dl so-called right of veto. He pointed out that, cinq grandes Puissances, c'est-a-dire de ce qu'on th at the second session of the General Assembly, appelle le droit de veto. Il fait remarquer que, th a strong attack had been made against that prin­ au cours de la deuxiem.e session de l'AssembIee DJ ciple of unanimity, but it had been rejected by generale, une offensive vigoureuse 'avait et6 of a majority of Members. In order to undermine lancee contre ce principe de I'unanimite, mais It the principle of the unanimity of the great qu'eUe avait ete repoussee par la majorite des th Powers, the United States delegation had carried Etats Membres. En vue de saper le principe 0] out a side-stepping manreuvre and had suc­ de l'unanimite des grandes Puissances, la dele­ of ceeded in achieving the creation of the Interim gation des Etats-Unis a effectue une manreuvre grl Committee, the so-called et Little Assembly". astucieuse, et elle a reussi a obtenir la creation That Committee was designed to take the place de la commission interimaire, dite et petite Fo of the Security Council. AssemhIee", commission creee pour remplacer Re le Conseil de securite. he; It was worthy of note that sixteen United Il est a noter que seize senateurs des Etats­ Iy~ States senators had formally introduced a draft Unis ont officiellement presente un projet de pr) resolution demanding a revision of the United resolution demandant la revision de la Charte vet Nations Charter and the abolition of the prin­ des Nations Unies et l'abolition du principe de nel ciple of unanimity among the five great Powers. l'unanimite des cinq grandes Puissances. Selon .tiOJ That draft suggested that the President of the ce projet de resolution, le President des Etats­ In. United States of America should be empowered Unis d'Amerique serait autorise a prendre I'ini­ pr] to initiate a revision of the Charter. The six.teen tiative d'une revision de la Charte. Les seize' Nat senators held that, if possible, the revision of the senateurs estiment que la revision de la Charte of Charter was to be accomplished with the appro­ devrait s'effectuer, si possible, avec I'at>probation on val of all the Member States of the United Nations, de tous les Etats Membres des Naj~ions Unies, Orf hut that if any permanent m.ember of the Secur­ mais que si I'un quelconque des m\~mhres per­ . .uu(. ity Coucil chose to veto the proposal for a manents du Conseil de securite decidait d'user IS 1 revision, the United States would have to pro­ de son droit de veto pour emp~cher cette revi­ the ceed on the basis of the revised Charter with sion, les Etats-Unis devraient se fonder sur la for the creatian of what was described as a more Charte ainsi revisee pour. creer une organisation the: effective international organization for the mutual internationale pretenddment plus efficace, pour hot defence of the Member nations, without the la dMense mutuelle des Etats membres, sans la fOfl participation of the abstaining countries. participation des pays qui se seraient abstenus. } The Senate had referred that draft resolution Le Senat a transmis ce projet de resolution, pas without discussion to the Senate Committee sans I'avoir discute; a sa Commission des affaires poli onF or eign Affairs. The United Press agency etrangeres.. L'agence United Press a decrit ce had had described the draft as a step towards the projet de resolution comme un pas vers la destruc­ two destruction of the United ~ations and the crea­ tion de I'Organisation des Nations Unies et la and tion of a direct military alliance. Thus, instead creation d'une alliance rnilitaire v~l'itable. Ainsi, Nati of strengthening international co-operation on au lieu de renforcel' la cooperation Internationale litio a basis of respect for the independence and en se fondant sur le respect de I'independance stri, sovereign equality of peoples and of mutual et de l'egalite souve1.'aine des peuples, de m~me as t; observance of the rights and interests of all que sur un respect mutuel des droits et inter~ts stOll participants, measures were being taken towards de tous les participants, on est en train de prendre of tl the destruction of the United Nations. des mesures en vue de detruire I'Organisation diat des Nations Unies. .was Mr. Kiselev then quoted Generalissimo Stalin M. Kisselev cite ensuite les declarations du, In I as having said that the strength of the United marechal Staline qui a dit que la force de I'Orga.. T Nations lay in the fact· that it was founded on nisation des Nations Unies est fondee sur le seco the principle of equal rights of States and not principe de l'egalite des droits de tous les Etate its SI on the principle of the domination of some States et non sur celui de la domination de certaine anal by others, and that if the United Nations suc­ Etats S\lr les autres et que, si I'Organisation tee ~ ceeded in maintaining the principle of equality reussissait asauvegarder le principe de l'egalite in the future, it would certainly play a very impor­ des droits, elle jouerait certainement un r61e - tant political part in ensuring world peace and h 1 • I politique tres important dans le maintien de S security. paix et de la securite universelles. ~f the ,948 28 septembre 1948 309 147' seance pl6niere The p.re- activities of the opponents of the prin­ Depuis longtemps, toute l'activite ciple of unanimity des adver­ mes, had for some time back borne saires du principe de l'unanimite temoigne mjet witness to a persistent effort on their part to d'un effort tenace en vue ~irectly de detruire directe­ des, destroy, or indirectly! t~e prin~iple of ment ou indirectement le principe the de l'egalite uon equalIty of peoples, a prInCIple which was des peuples - principe qui est the la pierre angu­ que, very foundation stone of the Charter of the laire de la Charte des Nations Unies United - et d'etahlir Iblee Nations, and to establish the principle le principe de la domination de certains of the domination pays sur et6 of certain countries by others. les autres. Il est evident que le hut . It was quite de cette malS clear that"those activities struck at activite est de detruire les fondements m~mes '~ des the very foundations of the young interna.tional de la jeun~ Organisation internationale . Organization, qui a IlClpe which had been set up as a result ete etablie it la suite des efforts opiniAtres of et du dele- strenuous efforts and hard work by three dur laheur de trois grandes Puissances. mvre great Powers. ation Mr. Kiselev recalled that the Minister of M. Kisselev rappelle que M. Molotov, Ministre >etite Foreign Affairs of the Union )lacer of Soviet Socialist des affaires etrangeres de I'Union des Repu­ Republics, Mr. Molotov, 2~) had stated on Octo­ hliques socialistes sovietiques, avait declare a ber 1946 in the General Assembly, when 1;, ana­ I'Assemhlee generale, le 29 octohre 1946, ~tats- lysing the origins 1 of the campaign agaiIhst the iorsqu il a analyse les origines de la principle of campagne 3t de unanimity : tt The dispute about the dirigee contre le principe de l'unanimite harte veto and the whole : presen.t discussion make it tt Les controverses sur le veto et toute la discus­ >e necessary to speak de upenly about the contradic­ sion actuelle nous obligent it. parler Selon tions and the principal ouverte­ political trends existing ment des contradictions et des grandes tendances ~tats~ in international affairs in our times... Two politiques qui se manifestent dans la vie inter­ l'ini- principal trends are . struggling within the United nationale actuelle. Deux tendances de principe seIze' Nations to gain influence over the main course s'affrontent au sein de I'Organisation des Nations ~harte of its work. One of those trends bases itself Unies et cherchent it determiner la direction >ation on the main fundamentals de of the United Nations principe de son activite. La premiere tendance Unies, Organization and on respect for the principles s'appuie sur le respect des principes qui ; per­ underlying it. sont a The other, on the contrary, la base de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. l'user is intended to shake La . the foundations on which seconde, au contraire, s'efforce d'ebranler les l reVI- the United Nations rests and to pave the way fondations de I'Organisation et de frayer la voie sur la for the proponents of a different course. From aux representants d'une autre politique. Ce sont sation these latter now come all kinds of onslaught ces derniers qui menent actuellement des at­ I both in the form pour of direct attacks and in the taques de toute sorte en operant de 1 front ou ans la form of flanking manoouvres. 1 par mouvements tournants ." tenus. Mr. Kiselev thought that the events of the M. Kisselev estime que les evenements ,ution, past two years des fully confirmed the profound deux dernieres annees ont entierement confirme lfi'aires political analysis made by Mr. Molotov. It l'analyse politique approfondie faite par M. Mo­ ~rit ce had to be admitted that the clash between the lotov. Il faut reconnaitre que le'conflit entre les ~struc­ two basic tendencies had reached full intensity, deux tendances principales a extr~m6 and atteint une : et la that a split, therefore, existed in the United intensite et que, par consequent, Ainsi, Nations. une scission Those who sought ,to obtain the abo­ s'est produite it l'interieur de l'Organisation ~ionale lition of the des principle of unanimity were in fact Nations Unies. Ceux qui veulent obtenir ldance striving to destroy la sup­ the United Nations, inasmuch pression du principe de l'unanimite s'efforcent, m~me as the principle of unanimity was the foundation en realite, de detruire l'Organisation d,es nter~ts stone of the Nations whole Organization. The abolition Unies, dont ce principe est la pierre rendre of the principle allgulaire. of unanimity would mean imme­ La suppression du principe de isation ' diate disaster l'unanimite for the United Nations, which serait un desastre immediat pour I'Organisation, was like a ship coursing near the Atlantic shores qui ressemble a un navire croisant in stormy weather. par mer ms du, demontee le long des c6tes de I'Atlantique. l'Orga­ The creation of the Interim Committee at the La creation de la Commission second session' interimaire sur le of the General Assembly and au cours de la seconde session de s its subsequent I'Assemblee Etats work fully confirmed Mr. Molotov's generale et le travail qu'elle a accompli ~ertains analysis. par la The reference to the Interim Commit­ suite confirment aussi entierement tee of the l'analyse Lisation problem of the unanimity of the great de M. Molotov. Le renvoi du r~obleme 'egalite de 1'11na- III r61e n deh 1 See O.ffieial Records of the ,econd part oJ t'M .(ir" ,BI,icm 1 Voir Documentl officisll de la ,ecotde part", de la ~r the General A,umbly, plenary meetIngs, page premiirB 838. ,mion de I'AwrmbUB g4n6rau, seances p16nieres, page 838.

20 A 147th plenary meeting 310 28 September 1948 Powers could not be considered as anything nimite des grandes Puissances devant la Com­ hut a step towards the abolition of that principle. mission interimaire ne peut tJtr~ considere que c?mme un pas vers la suppressIOn de ce prin­ CIpe. At the very first meeting of the Interim Com­ Des la premiere seance de la Commission inte­ mittee (AjAC.j18jSR.1), the representative of rimaire (AlAG .1S/SR.1), le representant de la, New Zealand had made a proposal to take the bull Nouvelle-Z8lande a propose, selon sa propre by the horns, as he said, and to start the work expression, de prendre le taureau par les comes of the Committee by taking up the problem et de commencer par examiner le prohleme du of the veto. l'hat proposal had been supported veto. Cette proposition a eM soutenue par les hy representatives of certain other countries. representants de certains autres pays. Le repre­ The representative of Argentina had submitted sentant de I'Argentine a propose de reunir a proposal to call a general conference to con­ une conference afin d'examiner le probleme de sider the problem of the abolition of the veto la suppression du veto (A/586), question qui, (A/586), a question which had already been pourtant, avait eM retiree de l'ordre du jour de withdrawn once from the agenda of the s.econd la deuxieme session de l'AssembIee generale. session of the General Assembly. Side by side A coM de ces tentatives non dissimulees en vue with those overt attempts to ensure the abolition d'obtenir la suppression du droit de veto, il y a of the veto, there had also been the cJuasi­ eu egalement la prop.osition, en quelque sorte compromise proposal of the United States and transactionnelle, des Etats-Unis et du Royaume­ the United Kingdom to restrict and modify Uni et qui visait alimiter et amodifier I'emploi the use of the veto. Actually, however, all du veto. Mais, en realiM, toutes ces propositions those proposals had the same strategic aim; ont le m~me but straMgique, a savoir la sup­ namely, the abolition of the right of veto; lead­ pression du droit de veto, qui doit aboutir a la ing to the full mastery of certain Powers over domination complete de certaines Puissances others in the United Nations and in the Security au sein de I'Organisation des Nations Unies et Council, the central organ of the Organization. au Conseil de securiM, organe central de l'Orga­ nisation. The representative of Uruguay had made a Le representant de l'Uruguay s'est oppose de very reasonable objection in the Interim Com­ fayon tres sensee, devant la Commission inte­ mittee (AjAC.18jSR.15 and A/AC.18jSR.18) rimaire (A/AG. 18jSR.15 et AjAC.18jSR.18), to those attacks against the principle of unanimity. aux attaques dirigees contre le principe de l'una­ In his speech he had most pertinently asked nimite. n a fort judicieusement demande pour­ why the lack of efficiency in the work of the quoi on rendait le veto responsable du manque Security Council was attributed to the right d'efficacite du Conseil de securite. Le droit de of veto. No such right existed in the General veto, a-t-il dit, n'existe pas al'Assemblee gene­ Assembly, and yet its activity could not be consid­ rale. Pourtant, on ne peut pretendre que son ered to have been very effective. No answer activite ait ete tres efficace. Cependant, per­ had, however, been given to that argument. sonne n'a reponclu tJ. cet argument. It was interesting to recall an article in the nest interessant de rappeler un article du New Yorlc Times of 6 May 194.8 to the effect that New-Yorlc Times en date du 6 mai 194.8, dans the proposals for revision of the United Nations lequel il etait dit que les propositions visant a Charter were aimed at strengthening the United la revision de la Charte des Nations Unies avaient i Nations as a result of the abolition of the veto pour but de renforcer l'Organisation par la and the formation of international police forces suppression du veto et la formation d'une force that would be independent of any strategic con­ de police internationale employee independam­ sideration. The newspaper had gone on to say ment de toute consideration d' ordre strategique. that no one hoped that the Soviet Union would Selon cet article, personne n'esperait que l'Union agree to all that, so that the exclusion of the sovietique consentirait atout cela et, par conse­ USSR and its satellites from the United Nations quent, l'exclusion, de I'Organisation, de l'URSS was already a fqregone conclusion. et de ses satellites etait un fait escompte d'avance. Mr. Kiselev stated that such was the purpose of M. Kisselev declare que c'est la le but de those who wished to bring about a split in the ceux qui desirent provoquer une scission au Organization and of the inciters of a new war. sein de l'Organisation et le but des incitateurs The well-known French journalist, Pertinax, had it une nouvelle guerre. Pertinax, le journaliste written in the newspaper, France-Soir, that the franyais bien connu, a ecrit dans le journal Interim Committee had been conceived as the France-Bair que la Commission interimaire avait embryo of an anti-Soviet coalition. That state­ ete conyue comme l'embryon d'une coalition ment was both" frank and correct. Analysis of antisovietique. Cette declaration est it la fois the work of the Interim Committee led to the franche et exacte. L'analyse des trayaux de la 28 septembre 1948 3H 1470 seance pIeniere conclusion that the Committee was the destruc- Commission interimaire conduit a. la conclusion tive force which was undermining the founda­ que cette Commission est la force destructrice tions of the laboriously erected edifice of the qui est en train de saper les fondations de United Nations in order that it might collapse l'edifice de I'Organisation des Nations Unies as soon as possible. The Committee had adop­ construit apres tant d1efforts, dans le but de l~ ted a number of recommendations and resolu­ fa~re. 6crouler aussi vite que possible. La Com­ tions designed to amend the Charter and change mISSIOn a adopt6 un certain nombre de recom­ the structure of the United Nations in the inte­ mandations et de resolutions destinees aamender rests of certain Powers. la ~harte et It ,~hanger la structure de I'Organi­ saLIOn dans i mter~t de certaines Puissances. The delegation of the Byelol'ussian SSR was La delegation de ia RSS de Bielorussie est sure that at the present session the majority of certaine que, au cours de la presente session la the General Assembly would once again speak majori!e de I'Assemhlee generale se prononc'era against revision of the Charter; favour the obser­ une fOls de pius contre la revision de la Charte, vance of the principles of the Charter of the encouragera le respect des principes de la Charte United Nations, and support effective co-opera­ des Nations Unies et se d6darcra en faveur d'une tion among small and large Powers which would . cooperation efficace entre les petites et les bust correspond to the interests of peace-loving grandes Puissances, ce qui serait conforme aux peoples and that they would act in the name of inter~ts des peupies pacifiques; cette majorite peace ancI security throughout the world. agira ainsi pour la paix et la secmite mondiales. The General Assembly resolution &1 (I) on the La resolution 41. (I) de l'Assemblee generale prohibition of atomic weapons had not heen sur I'interdiction des armes atomiques n'a pas implemented. Mr. Bevin, speaking on that mat­ ete mise en ceuvre. Parlant de cette question aia ter at the 14!!th plenary meeting, had stated 1&&" seance pleniere, M. Bevin a declare que thot et •• .ifthe black fury, the incalculable disaster « ...si jamais la sombre fureur, le desastre of atomic war should faH upon us, one Power, incalculable que serait une guerre atomique by refusing its co-operation in the control and s'abattait sur le monde, la Puissance qui refu~ development of these great new forces for the serait de cooperer au contr61e ot au developpe­ Hood of humanity, will alone be responsible ment de ces forces immenses et nouveHes pour for the evils which may he visited upon man­ le hien de l'humanite, serait seule responsable kiniL" des maux qui pourraient fondre sur les hommes". Mr. Bevin did not leave any doubt as to which M. Bevin ne laisse aucun cloute quant Et la Power he had in mind. Actually, he was attemp­ Puissance aiaquelle il pense. n essaie; en realite, ting to transfer the responsibility for the failure de faire passeI' la responsabilite de I'echec de of the Atomic Energy Commission from the la Commission de l'energie atomique de la partie guilty to the innocent p~y.. E:eryone knew coupable a I'innocente. La position de I'URSS the position of the USSR, whICh lllSISt~d upon the est hien connue; ce pays a recommande nvec immediate prohibition of th~ atomIc. we~pons insistance l'interdiction immediate des armes and the establishment of strIct effectIve mter­ atomiques et I'institution d'un contr6!e int?r~ national control in order that that prohibition national rigoureux et efficnce en vue de falre miaht be enfol'cod and atomic energy used only respecter cette ~nterdiction ,et de. ~eiller a~e que for peaceful purposes. .The necessity. for such l'energie atomlqlle ne SOIt utrbse~ qu ~ ~cs prohibition of the atomIC weapon demed from fins pacifiques. La necessite de celte lI1terdlctIon m~me a~w~" i' the very nature of the weapon, which was one of decouie de la nature de I'arma atomique, l'offCI:siv~, "~ aggression, designed for attack, for th,e d~struc­ arme d:agression .destinee 3., It la lion of towns and the mass extermmatlOn of destructIOn des vIlles et Et I extermmatIon en pa~ifiques. L?r~que peaeeful populations. Mr. Bevin, when he ?n­ masse de populations S?VletI~ue llOUlll'ccl that the Soviet Union was opposmg M. Bevin d6clarait que I Umon s'opposait tout. accord su: la creatIOn,. d un [In}' agreement on the e~tabli~hment of i~t~r~a­ a tioual control in conneXlon WIth the prohlblt~on contrMe internatIOnal relahvomcnt a I mter­ wea~ons, .w~s diction de fabriquer des armes atomiques, il of till' production of atomic trymg publi~~e d~g to distract the attention of publIc OpInIOn from tentait de d6tourner l'opinion responsabies. En realite, si aucune d6c~slOn n a the l'(!spomible parties. Actually, those r.e~lly prise, il faut g'en prendre ceux qm ~o sont l'Niponsihle for the fact that so far no declSlon eM .a. ent8tes a rejeter les proposItIOns de I URSS: haei heen reached were those who stubbornl,Y c~~ Roy~ume-.ull1 par~­ C'est, en particulier, le du rldpelpd the USSR proposal. .That was Etats-Unis. Les Illiheux reactIOnnatres an~ et des I' . d' t, culady true of the United Kmgd.om t e de certains pays ont eu pOUf 'po ~tlque. emp- United States. The policy of reactIonary CIrcles .. .. h cl been to prevent the cher l'interdiction de la fabrIcatIOn des armes In certam countlles a. 20 A.

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14!7th plenary mefJting 31.2 28 September 1948 prohibition of the production of atomic weapons atomiques et la creation d'un contr6le interna­ a. and the establishment of effective internatIonal tional efficace de l'energie atomique et de deve­ If control of atomic energy and. to expand the pro­ lopper la fabrication de ces armes. Des credits duction of atomic weapons. Jncreasing finan­ de plus en plus importants sont alloues acetta cial allocations were being made for that pur­ fin~ ce qui ne peut manquer d'accrottre l'inquie... pose, a fact which was bound to increase anxiety tude et l'instabilite dans les relations interna.. e: and instability in international relations and tioaales et d'aggrayer la psychose de guerre 0: aggravate the war psychosis from which many qui affecte deja de nombreux peuples. L people were already suffering. Mr. Bevin must know that those were the Il faut que M. Bevln sache que t(~lIes sont cl basic reasons why, since the Atomic Energy Com­ essentieUement les raisons pour lesquelles les mission had been created two years previously, Nations Unies n'ont pu se mettre, d'accord, ni the United Nations had not reached an agreement sur l'interdiction des armes atomiques, ni sur of either on the prohibition of atomic weapons or le contr61e de l'energie atomique depuis que la )?( on the control of atomic energy. Commission de l'energie atomique a ete creee, cO il y a deux ans. Se re The peoples of the whole world demanded that Les peuples du monde exigent que cette that problem should be resolved at the earliest question soit reglee le plus t6t possible. A cette possible moment. With that idea in mind, fin, le representan~ de l'Union sovietique a the representative of the Soviet Union had soumis a l'examen de la troisieme session de ne submitted for the consideration of the third I'AssembMe generale une proposition (A/658) session of the General Assembly a proposal prevoyant l'interdiction de l'arme atomique, (A/6 58) for the prohibition of the atomic wea­ en tant qu'arme offensive et non defensive, ainsi Ge pon intended for aggressive end not for defen­ que la creation, dans le cadre du Conseil de w~ I sive purposes, and for the creation, within the securite, d'un organisme internaitional de con... {pl ( framework of the Security Council, of an inter­ tr6le charge de surveiIler et de contr61er I'appli­ Th national cq>ntrol agency for the supervision and cation des mesures relatives a iR E'eduetion des sin ! control of the implementation of meusures for armements et des forces armees et a rinterdiction Iev L I the reduction of armaments and armed forces de l'arIDe atomique. the and for the prohibition of the atomic weapon. reF The delegation of the Byelorussian SSR would La delegation de la RSS de Bielorussie appuiera em. wholeheartedly support that proposal. cetta proposition avec enthousiasrne. eXI: In his statement, Mr. Bevin had said that M. Bevin a dit, dans sa declaration, que, selon eco according to the Marxist-Leninist conception la doctrine marxiste-Ieniniste, il ne pouvait poi there could be no real agreement between the exister d'entente reeIle entre I'URSS et les Etats of t USSR and non-Communist States, and that the non communistes, et que les propositions de witl proposals of the Soviet Union for good-neigh­ l'Union sovietique tendant a encourager les of j bourly relations between States; for the reduction relations de bon voisinage entre les Etats, a .war of armaments; for the prohibition of the atomic reduire les armements et a interdire l'arme ImF weapon, etc., were simply definite tactical moves. atomique, etc., n'etaient que des manreuvres 'I He had obviously distorted a speech of Lenin d'un caractere tactique bien defini. 11 a deforme poli made in 1918, at a time when the young de maniere flagrante un discours que Lenine was Sovi~t Republic was repelling the attacks of avait prononce en 1918, alors que la jeune conl British and other foreign armies of intervention. Republique sovietique reponssait l'intervention on 1 If his approach to history had been more con­ arm.ee de )a Grande-Bretagne et d'autres pays Unil scientious, the United Kingdom representative etrangers. S'il avait etudie I'histoire avec plus T might have found many facts completely refuting de serieux, le representant du Royaume-Uni of tl his contention that Marxism and Leninism denied aurait pu y trouver des faits qui refutent entia­ in t} the possibility of estabIishinJ good-neighbourly rem.ent ses allegations selon lesquelles le mar­ pur) or friendly relations between the USSR and, for marxisme et le leninisme nieraient la possibiIite out instance, Great Britain or France. Lenin had d'etablir des relations amicales et de bon voisi­ lida1 stressed that possibility in a number of his state­ nage entre I'URSS et la Grande-Bretagne ou la triel] ments, in particular in his interview with France, par exemple. Lenine a souligne cette with Mr. Farhman, the Observer and Manchester Guardian possibiIite. dans plusieurs de ses declarations, et deIel correspondent. It was quite clear, therefore, en particulier dans l'entrevue qu'iI a accordee sessi that Mr. Bevin's conception was devoid of all a M. Farbman, correspondant de l'Ob~rver et the 1 foundation. Mr. Bevin had quite consciously du Manchester Guardian. Aussi est-il evid-ant que force ignored quotations from Lenin and Stalin which l'opinion de M. Bevin est sans fondement. COUl spoke of the possibility of peaceful co-operation M. Bevin a sciemment passe sous silence lea third

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28 leptembre 1948 at3 147' aeance plemere and of the co-existence of the USSR with capital- passages de I'muVl'e de I~enine ist States. et de Staline eur la possibilite de la coexistence et de la cooperation Its pacifique de l'URSS et ~te des Etats capltaliEles. In that le- connexion, he wished to quote an A ce propos, M. Kisselev t,ient excerpt from aciter un pas­ la­ the works of Generalissimo Stalin, sage de l'muvre du marechal Staline, one of the ami tres ~re closest friends and colluborators of intime et collaborateur de Lenine: Lenin :

«The foreign policy of the Soviet Union is «La politique etrangere clear de I'Union sovietique mt and evident : est elaire et evidente : les • «1. We favour peace and the nI consolidation «1. Nous sommes (I,n faveur de la of business relations paix et mr with all countries. Our d'un renforcement des relations ~zonomiques position is and will a~) la remain such as long these avec tous les pays, Notre position est countries have et restera ee, the same relations with the telle aussi longtemp~. que ces pays entretiendront Soviet Union and do not try to violate the inte­ les m~mes relations avec I'Union sovietique et rests of our country. ne tenteront ~tte pas de porter atteinte aux inter~ts ,tte de notre pays. et 2. We favour peaceful, i a close and good­ et.2. Nous somrnes desireux d'entretenir des neighbourly relations with countrj~s." de all relations etroites, pacifiques et de bon voisi­ i8) nage avec tous les payfI". ue, That excerpt was from the selfsame book by , . Ce passage est precisement extrait du liv.::'e InSI Generalissimo Stalin, Problems of Leninism, to du marechal Staiine, Problemss du UniniJlm!J, de which Mr. Bevin had referred in his speech auquel M. Bevin a fait allusion dans son discours on­ (page 574 of the eleventh Russian edition). (p. 574 de la onzieme edition en russe), Le pli­ There were many other statements of Generalis­ marechal Staline a fait de nombreuses autres f des simo Stalin's on the same I . suhject, but Mr. Kise­ declarations sur le m~me' sujet. lon lev would mention only the M. Kisselev I conversation between .se bornera a'pbl'ler de la conversation I the Generalissimo and Mr. entre le Harold Stassen. In marechll Staline et M. Sta.'~sen, I reply to ¥r. Stassen, Harold Reron­ Generalissimo Stalin had dant aM, Stassen, le marechal . emphasized the Stalin':} a souhgne tera possibility of the peaceful co­ la possibilite d'une existence of countries coexistence padrlque des with different social and pays dotes de regimes economic systems. economiques et sociaux lion As a clear examfle, he had differents. 11 a cite, pointed to atitre d'exemple caracteris­ vait the close collaboration 0 the Union tique, la collaboration of Soviet Socialist etroite entre I'Union des tats Republics, a socialist country, Republiques socialistes with tbe co~ntries sovjetiques, pays socia­ de capitalist of the United States liste, et les of America Etats-Unis d'Amerique et le Royaume­ les and the United Kingdom, during the Uni, pays capitalistes, war of liberation pendant la guerre de libe­ I, against fascist Germany and l'ation a imperialist contre l'Allemagne nazie et le Japon rme Japan. imperialiste, The wJiole thirty fl'es years' history of the foreign Toute l'histoire des trente annees policy ofthe USSR-and de politique rme he hoped that Mr. Bevin etrangere de I'URSS - M. Kisselev espere was familiar with that que line history-was an eloquent M. Bevin la connait bien - confirme fa~on confirmation of Generalissimo de une Stalin's statements eloquente les declarations du marechal Staline ~ion on the essence of the foreign policy of the Soviet sur les principes Union. fondamentaux de la politique lays etrangere de i'Union sovietique. The proposals ~Ius made hy the rerresentatives Les propositions des representants de of the USSR in the I'URSS ·Dni former League 0 Nations and ala Societe des Nations, hier, et aujourd'hui in the present United Natioas a ltie­ pursued one single !'Org~nisation des Nations Unies, n'ont qu'un purpose: to ensure peace mu'- and security through­ seul hut : assurer la paix et la securite dans out the world; to prevent le mM new wars; to conso­ monde entier, emp~cher de nouvelles guerres, lidate international co-operation [)isi­ and to promote intensifier la cooperation internationale et friendly relations between favo­ u la all nations. It was riser les relations amicales entre toutesles nations. :ette with that purpose in mind that the Soviet Union e'est dans cette intention delegation que la delegation de s, et had made its proposals at the present I'Union sovietique a recommande session recommending aux memhres l'dee that, as a first step along permanents du Conseil de securite, la session the road to a reduction of Qrmaments a r et and armed aetuelle de l'Assemblee, comme premier pas vers forces, the permanent members que of the Security la reduction des armements et des forces armees, ~ent. Council should undertake to reduce by one­ de reduire d'un tiers, pendant una annae, toutas third during one year lea all land, air and naval lea forces terrestres, navales et aeriennas, d'intar-

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148th plenary meeting ~li4 29 September 1948 forces, and also that they should prohibit atomic dire l'arme atomique, arme destinee a des fins () weapons as weapons intended for aims of aggres­ d'agression et non ades buts defensifs et, onfin, l sion and not for those of defence, and, finally, d'instituer, dans IEI cadre du Conseil de securite, JJ. that they should create within the framework of un organisme international de contr61e charge 1) the Security Council an international control de surveiller et de contrMer l'application des 1'J agency that would supervise and control the mesures relatives a la reduction des armements ~ implementation of measures for the reduction et des forces armees ainsi qu'a l'interdiction F of armaments and armed forces and the prohibi­ des al1nes atomiques. tl tion of atomic weapons. The delegation of the Byelorussian Soviet La delegation de la Republique socialiste sovia.. " Socialist Republics wholeheartedly supported tique de Bielorussie appuie avec enthousiasme tl the proposals with regard to the reduction by les propositions tendant a reduire d'un tiers, one-third within the coming year of all arma­ pendant l'ann~e prochaine, tous les armements t ments of the five permanent members of the des cinq membres permanents du Conseil de 0: Security Council. Those proposals showed a, securite. Ces propositions temoignent du desir h sincere desire on the part of the peoples who sincel'e des peuples qui ont ~onnu toutes les h had suffered from the horrors of war to consoli­ horreurs de la guerre, de renforcer et d'affermir 8( date an enduring and firm peace. la paix. b He expressed the hope that the third session M. Kisselev espere que la troisieme session A of the General Assembly would carry ou~ its de l'AssembIee generale ne faillira pas dans sa fo. work of establishing peace and security through­ tilche, qui est d'assurer la paix et la securite VI out the world. dans le monde entier. NI el The meeting rose at 6.55 p.ro. La seance est levee a 18 h. 55. of

th at HUNDRED AND FORTY·EIGHTH CENT.QUARANTE-HUITIEME h) PLENARY MEETING SEANCE PLENIERE of Se Held at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris, Tenue au Palais de Cka:tlot, Paris, ex on Wednesday, 29 September 1948, at 10.30 a.m. le mercredi 29 septembre 1948, a10 h. 30. th President: Mr. H. V. EVATT (Australia). President: M. H. V. EVATT (Australie). an vo • tel 30. Continuation of the general debate 30. Suite de la discussion generale de to Mr. COSTA pu RELS (Bolivia) stated that the M. COSTA ,.U RELS (Bolivie) constate que la third session of the General Assembly of the troisieme session de I'Asst'mhIee generale des ter we lJnited Nations had opened in an atmosphere of Nations Unies s'est ouverte dans liDa ~tmosphere anxiety add uneasiness. Optimistic words had de malaise et d'inquietude. Des paroles d'opti­ Nal been spokel1 from the rostrum, but there had misme ont ete prononcees acette tribune, mais int also been bitter and disappointing words, to the il y a eu aussi des paroles amer~s et decevantes; cor point where the representative of one of the le representant de l'une des grandes Puissances J great Powers that had done so much for the qui a tant fait pour la paix et qui fendant trente the cause of peace and for thirty years had devoted ans s'est employee a fond afin d emp~cher des syn itself to the task of averting ca.tastrophes, had catastrophes, a declare que son pays se trouvait cep stated that his country was forced to interrupt its dans l'obligation d'entraver son relevement Th. reconstruction in order to turn its energies economique pour se consacrer ala triste indus­ COl. to that gloomy industry: the ma.nufacture of tria qu'est la fabrication de materiel de guerre. ZInI war material. to. By a strange irony, the spirit of the men Par une ironie hien slnguliere, l'etat d'esprit arIS responsible for world destiny seemed to be in del' hornmes responsables de la destinee du Assl contradiction with the admirable capital of ID,onde semble ~tre en contradiction avec le F mitj France where, for five centuries, everything had cadre admirable de la capitale de la France OU been based on the strictest rules of logic and tout, depuis cinq siecles, a ete bilti selon les of ( reason. re~es les plus pures de la logique et de la int ralson. sion ity Nevertheless, it was to be hoped that French Aussi faut-il esperer que le genie fran~ais qui genius, so strongly evident in the admirable city s'exprime si fortement dans la belle ville de Paris, vie" of Paris which offered free men. the very image ville qui ofl're aux hommes libres l'image m&:ne ClOm

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