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Las Fuerzas Armadas Argelinas: Desafíos Nacionales E Internacionales
LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS ARGELINAS: DESAFÍOS NACIONALES E INTERNACIONALES Carlos Echevarría Jesús Documento de Trabajo (DT) Nº 8/2004 1/3/2004 Área: Mediterráneo y Mundo Árabe / Defensa y Seguridad – DT Nº 8/2004 1/3/2004 Las Fuerzas Armadas argelinas: Desafíos nacionales e internacionales Carlos Echevarría Jesús ∗ EL PAPEL DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS: DESDE LA INDEPENDENCIA HASTA EL COMIENZO DEL PROCESO DE DEMOCRATIZACIÓN (1962-1988) Las Fuerzas Armadas argelinas surgen del llamado Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), sobre todo del denominado “de las fronteras” que, como recuerda el General Jaled Nezzar en sus Memorias, comienza a jugar un papel preponderante bajo el mando del Coronel Huari Bumedián a partir de fines de 1959: éste ya haría frente sin tregua a las fuerzas francesas desplegadas en las fronteras de Marruecos y de Túnez hasta el fin del conflicto en 1962 (1). Aunque la creación del ELN como tal se sitúa a principios de octubre de 1954, no es hasta el Congreso de la Summam, el 20 de agosto de 1956, cuando se determina su estructura y se le considera instrumento de las políticas a desarrollar por el partido: el Frente de Liberación Nacional (FLN). Las luchas internas en el seno del tándem FLN-ELN, dentro y fuera de Argelia, han sido descritas por múltiples autores, tanto los enfrentamientos habidos en el Consejo Nacional de la Revolución Argelina (CNRA) como en los diversos congresos del FLN en los años de la guerra o inmediatamente posteriores –Congreso de la Summam (1956), Congreso de Trípoli (1962) y Congreso de Argel (1964)– para hacerse con el control del embrión de las futuras Fuerzas Armadas. -
The Algerian Armed Forces: National and International Challenges
THE ALGERIAN ARMED FORCES: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGES Carlos Echeverría Jesús Working Paper (WP) Nº 8/2004 1/4/2004 Area: Mediterranean & Arab World / Defence & Security – WP Nº 8/2004 (Trans. Spanish) 1/4/2004 The Algerian Armed Forces: National and international challenges ∗ Carlos Echeverría Jesús THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE FIRST STEPS TOWARD DEMOCRACY (1962-1988) The Algerian Armed Forces arose from the National Liberation Army (ALN), particularly from the so-called ‘border army’ which, as General Jaled Nezzar recalls in his Memoirs, began to play a dominant role under the command of Colonel Houari Boumedienne in late 1959: this army relentlessly waged war on the French forces deployed on the borders of Morocco and Tunisia until the conflict ended in 1962 (1). Although the creation of the ALN itself dates back to 1954, it was not until the Summam Congress, on August 20, 1956, that its structure was determined and it became considered an instrument for implementing the policies developed by the party: the National Liberation Front (FLN). The internal struggles within the FLN-ALN tandem, both in and outside Algeria, have been described by many authors: both the confrontations within the National Council of the Algerian Revolution (CNRA) and those at the various FLN congresses during and immediately after the war –the Summam Congress (1956), Tripoli Congress (1962) and Algiers Congress (1964)– aimed at taking control of the embryo of the future Armed Forces. According to Mohamed Harbi, the session of the CNRA held in December 1959 – January 1960 was crucial, as it abolished the Ministry of the Armed Forces, replacing it with an Inter-Ministerial War Committee (CIG), directed by military officers of a General Chiefs of Staff (EMG) led by Boumedienne, who went on to become Defense Minister of the first independent government and, starting in June 1965, President until his death in 1978. -
The Civil Concord
THE CIVIL CONCORD: A PEACE INITIATIVE WASTED 9 July 2001 Africa Report N° 31 (Original Version in French) Brussels Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1 II. THE ORIGINS OF THE CIVIL CONCORD..........................................................................3 A. THE AIS TRUCE (1997) AND THE SECURITY STANCE OF THE ANP ..............................................4 B. THE ELECTION OF BOUTEFLIKA AND THE CIVIL CONCORD (1999)..............................................5 III. THE FAILURE OF THE LAW ON CIVIL CONCORD AND THE SENSE OF BETRAYAL AMONGST ISLAMIC SUPPORTERS OF THE CONCORD ...............................................8 IV. THE ARMY’S STRATEGY: MILITARY VICTORY, POLITICAL DEADLOCK .........10 A. ERADICATE AND "TERRORISE THE TERRORIST"..........................................................................11 B. DIVIDING THE ISLAMISTS ...........................................................................................................12 C. MISTAKES MADE .......................................................................................................................12 1. Interruption of the Electoral Process in December 1991................................................................13 2. Sant’Egidio: A Failed Initiative .....................................................................................................13 -
Autonomous Trade Unions in Algeria an Expression of Nonviolent Acts of Citizenship
KARIM MAÏCHE Autonomous Trade Unions in Algeria An Expression of Nonviolent Acts of Citizenship Tampere University Dissertations 238 Tampere University Dissertations 238 KARIM MAÏCHE Autonomous Trade Unions in Algeria An Expression of Nonviolent Acts of Citizenship ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Tampere University, for public discussion in the auditorium 1100 of the Pinni B building, Kanslerinrinne 1, Tampere, on 17 April 2020, at 12 o’clock. ACADEMIC DISSERTATION Tampere University, Faculty of Social Sciences Finland Responsible Professor Emeritus supervisor Tuomo Melasuo and Custos Tampere University Finland Supervisor Doctor of Social Sciences Anitta Kynsilehto Tampere University Finland Pre-examiners Professor Daho Djerbal Professor Marnia Lazreg Université d’Alger 2 The City University of New York Algeria United States Opponent Professor Rachid Tlemçani Université d’Alger 3 Algeria The originality of this thesis has been checked using the Turnitin Originality Check service. Copyright ©2020 author Cover design: Roihu Inc. ISBN 978-952-03-1524-5 (print) ISBN 978-952-03-1525-2 (pdf) ISSN 2489-9860 (print) ISSN 2490-0028 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-1525-2 PunaMusta Oy – Yliopistopaino Tampere 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Preparing this thesis has been simultaneously challenging and rewarding experience. My deepest gratitude goes to all the Algerian trade unionists who shared their views and experiences. The constructive and valuable comments of the pre- examiners, Professors Daho Djerbal and Marnia Lazreg, helped to improve this work from multiple aspects. I feel extremely grateful for my supervisors Professor Tuomo Melasuo and Doctor Anitta Kynsilehto. This thesis was prepared in Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI). -
A Political Chronology of Africa
A POLITICAL CHRONOLOGY OF AFRICA A POLITICAL CHRONOLOGY OF AFRICA FIRST EDITION First Edition2001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk." © Europa Publications Limited2001 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, United Kingdom (A member of the Taylor & Francis Group) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be photocopied, recorded, or otherwise reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN 0-203-40309-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-41211-7 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 0-203-40995-7(Print Edition) Editor: David Lea Assistant Editor: Annamarie Rowe Contributors: Annalisa Henderson, Clare Higgins, Owain Johnson, Sondeep Kandola, Dr Isabel Miller, Linda Van Buren Data manipulation and database design: Mark Wilson, Bibliocraft Ltd zvv Foreword This is the fourth title in a new six-volume series of Political Chronologies of the World. The previous volumes concerned Europe, Central, South and East Asia, and the Middle East; forthcoming titles will deal with South-East Asia and Oceania, and the Americas. Although the book includes greater coverage of more-recent events— particularly in countries with a recent history of political upheaval—it also provides invaluable detail on the early history of each nation. Each chronology begins at least as early as the emergence of an entity resembling the modern nation, and in many cases considerably earlier. -
Les Massacres En Algérie, 1992-2004
Comité Justice pour l'Algérie Les massacres en Algérie, 1992-2004 Dossier n° 2 Salima Mellah Mai 2004 1 Table Résumé.......................................................................................................................................4 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................6 II. Les massacres dans le temps...............................................................................................9 1992-1993 : violences ciblées................................................................................................9 1994-1995 : la terreur et l’horreur s’installent.....................................................................11 Forces régulières ............................................................................................................12 Escadrons de la mort ......................................................................................................13 Les groupes armés islamistes..........................................................................................14 Les milices anti-islamistes ..............................................................................................16 1995-1996 : l’armée prend le dessus, avec l’aide des GIA, et les massacres s’intensifient..................................................................................................................................18 Les « grands massacres » de l’été 1997...............................................................................20 -
Algeria Country Report BTI 2010
BTI 2010 | Algeria Country Report Status Index 1-10 4.86 # 83 of 128 Democracy 1-10 4.37 # 84 of 128 Market Economy 1-10 5.36 # 70 of 128 Management Index 1-10 3.94 # 101 of 128 scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) score rank trend This report is part of the Transformation Index (BTI) 2010. The BTI is a global ranking of transition processes in which the state of democracy and market economic systems as well as the quality of political management in 128 transformation and developing countries are evaluated. The BTI is a joint project of the Bertelsmann Stiftung and the Center for Applied Policy Research (C•A•P) at Munich University. More on the BTI at http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/ Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2010 — Algeria Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2009. © 2009 Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh BTI 2010 | Algeria 2 Key Indicators Population mn. 33.9 HDI 0.75 GDP p.c. $ 7748 Pop. growth % p.a. 1.5 HDI rank of 182 104 Gini Index 35.3 Life expectancy years 72 UN Education Index 0.75 Poverty2 % 23.6 Urban population % 64.6 Gender equality1 0.31 Aid per capita $ 11.5 Sources: UNDP, Human Development Report 2009 | The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009. Footnotes: (1) Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). (2) Percentage of population living on less than $2 a day. Executive Summary Over the past two years, Algeria’s economy grew with a GDP growth rate of 3.1% for 2007 and an estimated rate of 4.9% for 2008. -
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Abdelaziz Bouteflika Argelia, Presidente de la República Duración del mandato: 27 de Abril de 1999 - En funciones Nacimiento: Oujda, Marruecos, 02 de Marzo de 1937 Partido político: FLN ResumenEl estado de salud del presidente Abdelaziz Bouteflika, hospitalizado en París desde que sufrió un ictus a finales de abril, ha sumido en una profunda incertidumbre política a Argelia. El país es la primera potencia demográfica y económica del Magreb, uno de los mayores exportadores mundiales de gas ?con muy importantes implicaciones estratégicas para el sur del Europa- y actor clave para la estabilidad de toda la región sahelo-sahariana, convertida en campo de operaciones del terrorismo jihadista. Los achaques vienen minando el físico de Bouteflika, cuyo tercer mandato quinquenal concluye en abril de 2014. Entonces se cumplirán 15 años desde su acceso a la jefatura del Estado, un ejercicio en el poder que ya ha batido el registro de Houari Boumédiène, su antiguo superior y mentor en la dictadura del Frente de Liberación Nacional (FLN), del que fue la mano derecha.Aunque las autoridades aseguran que el presidente, de 76 años, "se recupera" de su accidente cerebrovascular, la opacidad informativa alimenta las especulaciones sobre la proximidad de un proceso sucesorio para el que, de producirse ahora, no hay candidatos claros. Por el momento, el interesado no ha confirmado ni desmentido la intención que le atribuyen de volver a presentarse a las elecciones de 2014, acogiéndose por segunda vez a la enmienda constitucional de 2008 que dio luz verde a su reelección indefinida. Desde 1999, el diminuto Boutef, precoz y brillante ministro de Exteriores entre 1963 y 1979, frustrado heredero del bumedianismo para luego pasarse 19 años en la sombra y superviviente de la generación de líderes revolucionarios que, al cabo de una cruenta guerra de liberación nacional, condujeron a Argelia a la independencia de Francia en 1962, ha regido el país norteafricano con buenas dosis de astucia, inercia conservadora y ambigüedad. -
Algeria in Transition Routledgecurzon Studies in Middle Eastern Politics
ALGERIA IN TRANSITION ROUTLEDGECURZON STUDIES IN MIDDLE EASTERN POLITICS ALGERIA IN TRANSITION REFORMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS Edited by Ahmed Aghrout with Redha M.Bougherira Algeria in Transition Reforms and Development Prospects Edited by AHMED AGHROUT (with Redha M.Bougherira) University of Salford Foreword by PROFESSOR JOHN KEIGER University of Salford LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2004 by RoutledgeCurzon 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2004 Ahmed Aghrout and Redha M.Bougherira All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-203-30763-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-34848-X (Print Edition) To the most cherished memory of my grandmother -
Abdelaziz Bouteflika
» Biografías Líderes Políticos » África » Argelia » Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelaziz Bouteflika Argelia Acttualliizaciión:: 19 septtiiembrre 2021 Presidente de la República (1999-2019) Mandatto:: 27 abrriill 1999 -- 3 abrriill 2019 Naciimiientto:: Oujjda ((Marrrruecos)),, 2 marrzo 1937 Deffunciión:: Zérrallda,, wiillaya de Arrgell,, 17 septtiiembrre 2021 Parttiido pollííttiico:: Frrentte de Liiberraciión Naciionall ((FLN)) Editado por: Roberto Ortiz de Zárate Presentación El estado de salud del presidente Abdelaziz Bouteflika, hospitalizado en París desde que sufrió un ictus a finales de abril de 2013, ha sumido en una profunda incertidumbre política a Argelia. El país es la primera potencia demográfica y económica del Magreb, uno de los mayores exportadores mundiales de gas –con muy importantes implicaciones estratégicas para el sur del Europa- y actor clave para la estabilidad de toda la región sahelo-sahariana, convertida en campo de operaciones del terrorismo jihadista. Los achaques vienen minando el físico de Bouteflika, cuyo tercer mandato quinquenal concluye en abril de 2014. Entonces se cumplirán 15 años desde su acceso a la jefatura del Estado, un ejercicio en el poder que ya ha batido el registro de Houari Boumédiène, su antiguo superior y mentor en la dictadura del Frente de Liberación Nacional (FLN), del que fue la mano derecha. Aunque las autoridades aseguran que el presidente, de 76 años, "se recupera" de su accidente cerebrovascular, la opacidad informativa alimenta las especulaciones sobre la proximidad de un proceso sucesorio para el que, de producirse ahora, no hay candidatos claros. Por el momento, el interesado no ha confirmado ni desmentido la intención que le atribuyen de volver a presentarse a las elecciones de 2014, acogiéndose por segunda vez a la enmienda constitucional de 2008 que dio luz verde a su reelección indefinida. -
Du MALG Au DRS
Lyes Laribi Du MALG au DRS Histoire des services secrets algériens Hoggar Du MALG au DRS : Histoire des services secrets algériens Lyes Laribi Lyes Laribi Du MALG au DRS : Histoire des services secrets algériens ISBN 2-940130-27-2 © 2011 Hoggar www.hoggar.org [email protected] © 2011 Hoggar 2 www.hoggar.org Du MALG au DRS : Histoire des services secrets algériens Lyes Laribi « Il n'est point un secret que le temps ne révèle » © 2011 Hoggar 3 www.hoggar.org Du MALG au DRS : Histoire des services secrets algériens Lyes Laribi © 2011 Hoggar 4 www.hoggar.org Du MALG au DRS : Histoire des services secrets algériens Lyes Laribi TABLE DES MATIÈRES Introduction, 9 1— Historique, 13 2— Biographie des principaux patrons des services, 27 2.1— Abdelhafid Boussouf, 27 2.2— Laroussi Khalifa, 30 2.3— Mohamed Boukharouba, 30 2.4— Messaoud Zeghar, 31 2.5— Ali Mecili, 33 2.6— Kasdi Merbah, 34 2.7— Nourdine Zerhouni, 35 2.8— Mejdoub Lakhal Ayat, 36 2.9— Larbi Belkheir, 37 2.10— Mohamed Betchine, 39 2.11— Mohamed Mediène, 40 2.12— Smaïn Lamari, 41 3— Relations des services secrets algériens avec les autres services, 43 3.1— Le KGB, 44 3.2— La DST et la DGSE, 51 3.3— La CIA, le FBI et la NSA, 56 3.4— Le Mossad et les mercenaires, 69 4— Le contrôle des champs politique, judiciaire et médiatique, 71 4.1— Le contrôle des partis politiques, 72 4.2— Le choix des présidents, 75 4.3— Le choix des chefs de gouvernement et des ministres, 77 © 2011 Hoggar 5 www.hoggar.org Du MALG au DRS : Histoire des services secrets algériens Lyes Laribi 4.4— La fabrication des élus, -
A-W-The Algerian Islamist Movement
The Algerian Islamist Movement between Autonomy and Manipulation Extracts from a report presented by the Justice Commission for Algeria at the 32nd Session of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ALGERIA (1992-2004) 5 - 8 November 2004 Salima Mellah May 2004 The full report is in French: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dossier_19_mvt_islamiste.pdf Table SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................3 HISTORY OF THE FIS.......................................................................................................6 THE 1989 POLITICAL REFORMS AND LEGALIZATION OF THE FIS ............................................6 THE ISLAMIST 'NEBULA'.......................................................................................................7 THE "SOUND OF BOOTS"......................................................................................................9 WHAT HAPPENS WITH FIS AFTER THE INTERRUPTION OF THE ELECTIONS?...........................11 1992-1994: THE ORGANIZATION OF ARMED GROUPS...........................................12 MANIPULATION, FROM THE START .....................................................................................12 THE GIA ESTABLISHES ITSELF AND SUPPLANTS ALL OTHER GROUPS....................................15 Uniting within the GIA..................................................................................................15 The political context .....................................................................................................17