Lichen Flora of the Kawerua Area, by B. W. and G. C. Hayward, P 125
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TANE 20 1974 LICHEN FLORA OF THE KAWERUA AREA by B.W. Hayward* and Glenys C. Haywardf SUMMARY One hundred and twenty-six lichen species from forty-one genera are recorded from Kawerua and the surrounding area. The marine lichen, Lichina confinis is recorded from New Zealand for the first time. Studies on maritime — marine lichens indicate that increased exposure to the sea's forces affects their zonation in the same way it affects intertidal zonation i.e. the lichen zones are widened and extended upwards with increasing exposure. A distinctive associa• tion of Cladonia species is recorded from sand-dunes and a large number of Cladonias are found on the sandy ground beneath semi-open manuka heath and in pine forest canopy gaps. A luxuriant lichen flora of crustose and foliose species is described from kauri forest. A vegetation map of the Kawerua area, a transect through sand-dune vegetation, and a north-south transect over a ridge in kauri forest are also presented. INTRODUCTION The lichens recorded here were collected and studied by the authors during the May 1973 trip to the A.U.F.C. scientific hut at Kawerua, North Auckland. A species list is presented for the surrounding area together with a description of the various habitat associations with detailed accounts of lichens from marine — maritime, sand-dune and kauri forest habitats. Few lichens have previously been recorded from North Auckland and earlier collections are meagre. All lichens from the present study are held in the authors' collection, and many duplicates are held by the Auckland Museum and Dr D.J. Galloway. That a number of species remain unidentified despite valuable assistance from Messrs Martin, Rawson and Dr Galloway, is an indication of our lack of knowledge of the New Zealand lichen flora. The study of lichen ecology is also hindered by this and by the difficulties in field identification of species. SPECIES LIST The location of major collection sites from various habitats are shown on the Kawerua vegetation map (Fig. 1), except for kauri forest lichens (Fig. 7). Species occur in the following habitats - 1 = intertidal, 2 = maritime, 3 = sand-dune, 4 *Geology Department, University of Auckland. fC/- Biology Department, Auckland Girls' Grammar School. 124 = hard-pan, 5 = grassland, 6 = manuka heath, 7 = pine forest, 8 = kauri forest. Substrates - b = clay banks, d = decaying logs, e = epigean (on sand or soil), f = fence post, ch = brick and mortar chimney, r = rocks, rstm = rocks in streams; on the bark of the following trees: Ag = Agathis australis (kauri), Br = Brachyglottis repanda (rangiora), Btr - Beilschmiedia tarairi (taraire), Btw = Beilschmiedia tawa (tawa), Ca = Cassinia retorta (dune tauhinu), Co = Cordyline australis (cabbage tree), Cu = Cupressus macrocarpa (macrocarpa), ft = fruit trees, Kn = Knightia excelsa (rewarewa), Le = Leptospermum scoparium (manuka), Me = Metrosideros excelsa (pohutukawa), Muehlenbeckia complexa (wire vine), My = Myrsine australis (mapou), Pi = Pinus spp. (pines), Po = Podocarpus totara (totara), Rh = Rhopalostylis sapida (ink an i. Buelliaceae Buellia alboatrum 2r B. punctata 2r,5Me,6rstm B. stellulata 2r Buellia 3 spp+ 2r,5Ch,7e Buellia subdisciformis var meiospora 2r Caloplacaceae Coloplaca holocarpa 2r Caloplaca sp 2r,6f Cladoniaceae Baeomyces cinnabarinus 6b,7b Cladonia didyma 6e B. fungoides 6brstm C. floerkeana f. carcata 6e B. heteromorphus 6b C. cf. fimbriata 3e,6eLe,7e Baeomyces sp 4 C. gracilis var chordalis 6b,7e Cladonia capitellata 6e C. leptoclada 4,6be,7e,8e C. cervicornis 4 C. ochrochlora 3e,6e,7e C. coniocraea f. ceratodes 3e,7e C. pityrea var phyllophora 4,7d C. coniocraea f. truncata 2r,3e,6e,7e C. pityrea f. subacuta 3e C. coniocraea f. stenoscypha 3e,7e C. cf. pyxidata 6e C. cf. coniocraea 6e,7e C. scabriuscula f. adspersa 7e C. chlorophaea 7e C. scabriuscula f. cancellata 7e C. cornutoradiata f. capreolata 7e C. scabariuscula 6e,7e C. cornutoradiata f. subulata 7e C. subcariosa 4,7e C. cornutoradiata n.f. 6e,7e C verticillata f. apoticta 6be,7e C. cornutoradiata 6e Cladonia 8 spp 3e(3 spp),4(l sp),6e(3 spp),7e(2 spp),8e(l sp) Clathrinaceae Cladia aggregata 4,6be,7e C. retipora 6e Coenogoniaceae Coenogonium implexum 8Btr Collemaceae Collema sp 8rMyBrRh Chiodectaceae Chiodecton sp 8d Dermatocarpaceae Normandina pulchella 3Ca Graphidaceae Graphis scripta 7Pi Graphis sp 5CuMe,8Btr 125 Lecanoraceae Lecanora sp 8Ag Placopsis brevilobata 2r Phylctella uncinata 6Le P. parellina 8rstm Lecideaceae Bacidia sp 8rstmKn Catillaria kelica 8Br Lecidea albipraetexta 6f C. melaclina var melastegia 8dKn L. crustulata 2r Megalospora sulphurata 8dAg L. meiospora 6b M. sulphurata var campylospora Lecidea 2 spp 3Ca,5efMeCu,8BtrBrPo 5f,8dBrKnMyRh Lopadium monosporum 8Ag Lichinaceae Lichina confinis Pannariaceae Pannaria nigrocincta 8Btr Parmeliella cf. corallinoides 8Ag P. cf. pholidota 8Btw Parmeliella 2 spp2r,6Co,8AgBtrBtwKnRh Pannaria 2 spp+ 8BtrMyCa Psoroma sphinctrinum 8d Parmeliaceae Parmelia cf. amoldii 7Mu P- rudior 8d P. cetrata 8AgRh P- cf- signifera 7Pi P. isidiigera 2i 3r P- subcrinita 8Btr P. ci.otagensis 2r Parmelia spp 6Le,8BtwBtr P. perlata 6rstmLe Menegazzia nothofagi 8Ag P. reticulata 5f 6f ^ circumsorediata 6Le,8AgRh Peltigeraceae Peltigera dolichorhiza vat oceanica 8e P. virescens 8d Pertusariaceae Pertusaria cupularis 8AgBrBtr P. 8Ag P. graphica 2rstm Pertusaria sp 8Br Physciaceae Anaptychia pseudospeciosa 2r,6CoLerstm,8d A. obscurata 6CoLe Anaptychia sp 5f Pyrenulaceae Arthopyrenia sp lr Pyrenula knuthii 8Br Clathroporina endochrysea 8BtrRh Pyrenula sp 6Co,8d Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophorus melanocarpus var australis 8Ag Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulon ramulosum 4,6erstmb,7e,8rstm Stictaceae Lobaria cf. montagnei 8dAg P. multifida 8AgBrBtrMy Pseudocyphellaria aurata 6Co P. cf. polyschista 8Rh P. amphisticta 6CoLe Sticta caperata 8Ag P. cinnamomea 8KnRh S. filix 8Ag P. delisea 8Rh S. internectens 8Ag P. flavicans 6Co S. latifrons 8BrKnMyRh P. hirta 6Co S. sinuosa ,8Rh P. impressa 6Co,8BtrKn S. variabilis 8AgPo P. lacerata 8rRh S. weigelii 8BrRh 126 Teloschistaceae Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. denudatus 5fr Xanthoria parientina vai parietina 2rstmr,3r,5ch Usneaceae Ramalina cf. menziesii 6f7Pi Usnea florida 5fr Ramalina sp 2r (7. rubescens 6f Usnea 6 spp+ 3Ca(l sp),5f(2 spp),6fLe(4 spp),7MuPi(3 spp),8Ag(l sp) Verrucariaceae Verrucaria maura lr HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS /, 2 Intertidal and maritime Intertidal and maritime lichens occur on non-mobile basalt boulders, reefs and cliffs but not on sandy or mobile gravel beaches nor on friable cliffs or Pleistocene or recent sands. A basalt point, just south of Kawerua (Fig. 1), surrounded on three sides by lichen-covered rocky cliffs, was chosen for detailed study. Six transects were studied on these cliffs (Figs. 2, 3) having a range of exposure conditions (to waves, spray, sun and wind) varying from extreme (transect IV) to slight (transect I). The north, west and south-west sides of the point are low rocky cliffs (3-6m high), with a sandy beach and dune encroaching over the inland end from the south (Fig. 4a). This landward half of the point is covered by mobile sand partially fixed by Calystegia soldanella, Spinifex hirsutus and patches of Cassinia retorta (Fig. 2). Lichens occur on the lower branches of Cassinia in this typical "yellow dune" vegetation (see section 3). The flat-topped seaward end of the point is covered in a dense growth of Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass) with patches of Muehlenbeckia complexa, Phormium tenax and Cassinia. No lichens occur in this area. The rocky cliffs extend up to the edges of the Stenotaphrum but have a wide upper fringe with plants of Samolus repens (sea-primrose) and Disphyma australe (iceplant) growing in cracks (Fig. 2). The lower edge of Samulus - Disphyma is bordered by an irregular narrow belt of scattered Salicomia australis (glasswort). The distribution of the major lichens on transects I to VI are shown in Fig. 3 alongside profiles and zonation belts of Chamaesipho brunnea and C. columna (barnacles), Melarapha oliveri and M. cinta (periwinkles) and Apophloea sinclairii (a red gelatinous alga)1, as well as zones shown in the vegetation map (Fig. 2). The three intertidal lichens are: Arthopyrenia, occurring on Chamaesipho in the mid to upper eulittoral, Verrucaria maura on rock in a zone 0.5 to 2m below high tide and Lichina confinis, as tufts on rock in the splash zone on exposed faces (transects III, IV) but below high tide on more sheltered faces (transects II, V, Fig. 3). At high tide, transect IV is exposed to the pounding waves of the Tasman Sea, and has few microhabitats away from the splash and salt spray and at lower tides the sun and wind. Here the intertidal zones are extended upwards and no maritime lichens occur on the rock cliff face above the Lichina zone (Fig. 3); scattered Melarapha, black encrusting fungus and bare rock reaches up into the 127 sandy beach m s sand dunes A r eg Scirpus flats pohutukawas • X flax Nil grassland 0 Fig. 1: Vegetation map of the coastal strip around Kawerua. Location of lichen collections from the various habitats are arrowed; habitats are numbered according to species list key. Inset: Location of Kawerua on the North Auckland Peninsula. 128 reef reef fog; ©"si '' Cassinia Stenotaphrum 30a boulder beach ] Muehlenbeckia sand beach 0 S p i n i f g x - Ca J_vjjj eg i a • rock faces &. he hens Lichina Fig. 2: Vegetation map of low point at Kawerua, showing position of six lichen transects around its steep rocky cliffs (Fig. 3). Location of point is shown on Fig. 1. 129 Fig. 3: Distribution of lichens (A to J) on six marine - maritime rock transects (Locations shown on Fig. 2) and their relationship to cliff profiles, high water mark and the red gelatinous alga (Apophloea), barnacles (Chamaesipho) and periwinkles (Melaraphe zones. Key to lichens - A. Verrucaria maura, B. Lichina confinis, C. black fungus, D. Buellia spp., E. Caloplaca holocarpa, F.