TANE 20 1974 FLORA OF THE KAWERUA AREA

by B.W. Hayward* and Glenys C. Haywardf

SUMMARY

One hundred and twenty-six lichen species from forty-one genera are recorded from Kawerua and the surrounding area. The marine lichen, Lichina confinis is recorded from New Zealand for the first time. Studies on maritime — marine indicate that increased exposure to the sea's forces affects their zonation in the same way it affects intertidal zonation i.e. the lichen zones are widened and extended upwards with increasing exposure. A distinctive associa• tion of Cladonia species is recorded from sand-dunes and a large number of Cladonias are found on the sandy ground beneath semi-open manuka heath and in pine forest canopy gaps. A luxuriant lichen flora of crustose and foliose species is described from kauri forest. A vegetation map of the Kawerua area, a transect through sand-dune vegetation, and a north-south transect over a ridge in kauri forest are also presented.

INTRODUCTION

The lichens recorded here were collected and studied by the authors during the May 1973 trip to the A.U.F.C. scientific hut at Kawerua, North Auckland. A species list is presented for the surrounding area together with a description of the various habitat associations with detailed accounts of lichens from marine — maritime, sand-dune and kauri forest habitats. Few lichens have previously been recorded from North Auckland and earlier collections are meagre. All lichens from the present study are held in the authors' collection, and many duplicates are held by the Auckland Museum and Dr D.J. Galloway. That a number of species remain unidentified despite valuable assistance from Messrs Martin, Rawson and Dr Galloway, is an indication of our lack of knowledge of the New Zealand lichen flora. The study of lichen ecology is also hindered by this and by the difficulties in field identification of species.

SPECIES LIST

The location of major collection sites from various habitats are shown on the Kawerua vegetation map (Fig. 1), except for kauri forest lichens (Fig. 7). Species occur in the following habitats - 1 = intertidal, 2 = maritime, 3 = sand-dune, 4

*Geology Department, University of Auckland. fC/- Biology Department, Auckland Girls' Grammar School.

124 = hard-pan, 5 = grassland, 6 = manuka heath, 7 = pine forest, 8 = kauri forest. Substrates - b = clay banks, d = decaying logs, e = epigean (on sand or soil), f = fence post, ch = brick and mortar chimney, r = rocks, rstm = rocks in streams; on the bark of the following trees: Ag = Agathis australis (kauri), Br = Brachyglottis repanda (rangiora), Btr - Beilschmiedia tarairi (taraire), Btw = Beilschmiedia tawa (tawa), Ca = Cassinia retorta (dune tauhinu), Co = Cordyline australis (cabbage tree), Cu = Cupressus macrocarpa (macrocarpa), ft = fruit trees, Kn = Knightia excelsa (rewarewa), Le = Leptospermum scoparium (manuka), Me = Metrosideros excelsa (pohutukawa), Muehlenbeckia complexa (wire vine), My = Myrsine australis (mapou), Pi = Pinus spp. (pines), Po = Podocarpus totara (totara), Rh = Rhopalostylis sapida (ink an i.

Buelliaceae Buellia alboatrum 2r B. punctata 2r,5Me,6rstm B. stellulata 2r Buellia 3 spp+ 2r,5Ch,7e Buellia subdisciformis var meiospora 2r Caloplacaceae Coloplaca holocarpa 2r Caloplaca sp 2r,6f Cladoniaceae Baeomyces cinnabarinus 6b,7b Cladonia didyma 6e B. fungoides 6brstm C. floerkeana f. carcata 6e B. heteromorphus 6b C. cf. fimbriata 3e,6eLe,7e Baeomyces sp 4 C. gracilis var chordalis 6b,7e Cladonia capitellata 6e C. leptoclada 4,6be,7e,8e C. cervicornis 4 C. ochrochlora 3e,6e,7e C. coniocraea f. ceratodes 3e,7e C. pityrea var phyllophora 4,7d C. coniocraea f. truncata 2r,3e,6e,7e C. pityrea f. subacuta 3e C. coniocraea f. stenoscypha 3e,7e C. cf. pyxidata 6e C. cf. coniocraea 6e,7e C. scabriuscula f. adspersa 7e C. chlorophaea 7e C. scabriuscula f. cancellata 7e C. cornutoradiata f. capreolata 7e C. scabariuscula 6e,7e C. cornutoradiata f. subulata 7e C. subcariosa 4,7e C. cornutoradiata n.f. 6e,7e C verticillata f. apoticta 6be,7e C. cornutoradiata 6e Cladonia 8 spp 3e(3 spp),4(l sp),6e(3 spp),7e(2 spp),8e(l sp)

Clathrinaceae Cladia aggregata 4,6be,7e C. retipora 6e Coenogoniaceae implexum 8Btr Collemaceae Collema sp 8rMyBrRh Chiodectaceae Chiodecton sp 8d Dermatocarpaceae Normandina pulchella 3Ca Graphidaceae Graphis scripta 7Pi Graphis sp 5CuMe,8Btr

125 Lecanoraceae Lecanora sp 8Ag Placopsis brevilobata 2r Phylctella uncinata 6Le P. parellina 8rstm Lecideaceae Bacidia sp 8rstmKn Catillaria kelica 8Br Lecidea albipraetexta 6f C. melaclina var melastegia 8dKn L. crustulata 2r Megalospora sulphurata 8dAg L. meiospora 6b M. sulphurata var campylospora Lecidea 2 spp 3Ca,5efMeCu,8BtrBrPo 5f,8dBrKnMyRh Lopadium monosporum 8Ag Lichina confinis Pannariaceae Pannaria nigrocincta 8Btr Parmeliella cf. corallinoides 8Ag P. cf. pholidota 8Btw Parmeliella 2 spp2r,6Co,8AgBtrBtwKnRh Pannaria 2 spp+ 8BtrMyCa Psoroma sphinctrinum 8d Parmelia cf. amoldii 7Mu P- rudior 8d P. cetrata 8AgRh P- cf- signifera 7Pi P. isidiigera 2i 3r P- subcrinita 8Btr P. ci.otagensis 2r Parmelia spp 6Le,8BtwBtr P. perlata 6rstmLe Menegazzia nothofagi 8Ag P. reticulata 5f 6f ^ circumsorediata 6Le,8AgRh Peltigeraceae Peltigera dolichorhiza vat oceanica 8e P. virescens 8d Pertusariaceae Pertusaria cupularis 8AgBrBtr P. 8Ag P. graphica 2rstm Pertusaria sp 8Br Physciaceae Anaptychia pseudospeciosa 2r,6CoLerstm,8d A. obscurata 6CoLe Anaptychia sp 5f Pyrenulaceae Arthopyrenia sp lr Pyrenula knuthii 8Br Clathroporina endochrysea 8BtrRh Pyrenula sp 6Co,8d Sphaerophoraceae Sphaerophorus melanocarpus var australis 8Ag Stereocaulaceae Stereocaulon ramulosum 4,6erstmb,7e,8rstm Stictaceae Lobaria cf. montagnei 8dAg P. multifida 8AgBrBtrMy Pseudocyphellaria aurata 6Co P. cf. polyschista 8Rh P. amphisticta 6CoLe Sticta caperata 8Ag P. cinnamomea 8KnRh S. filix 8Ag P. delisea 8Rh S. internectens 8Ag P. flavicans 6Co S. latifrons 8BrKnMyRh P. hirta 6Co S. sinuosa ,8Rh P. impressa 6Co,8BtrKn S. variabilis 8AgPo P. lacerata 8rRh S. weigelii 8BrRh

126 Teloschistaceae Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. denudatus 5fr Xanthoria parientina vai parietina 2rstmr,3r,5ch Usneaceae Ramalina cf. menziesii 6f7Pi Usnea florida 5fr

Ramalina sp 2r (7. rubescens 6f Usnea 6 spp+ 3Ca(l sp),5f(2 spp),6fLe(4 spp),7MuPi(3 spp),8Ag(l sp)

Verrucariaceae Verrucaria maura lr

HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS

/, 2 Intertidal and maritime Intertidal and maritime lichens occur on non-mobile basalt boulders, reefs and cliffs but not on sandy or mobile gravel beaches nor on friable cliffs or Pleistocene or recent sands. A basalt point, just south of Kawerua (Fig. 1), surrounded on three sides by lichen-covered rocky cliffs, was chosen for detailed study. Six transects were studied on these cliffs (Figs. 2, 3) having a range of exposure conditions (to waves, spray, sun and wind) varying from extreme (transect IV) to slight (transect I). The north, west and south-west sides of the point are low rocky cliffs (3-6m high), with a sandy beach and dune encroaching over the inland end from the south (Fig. 4a). This landward half of the point is covered by mobile sand partially fixed by Calystegia soldanella, Spinifex hirsutus and patches of Cassinia retorta (Fig. 2). Lichens occur on the lower branches of Cassinia in this typical "yellow dune" vegetation (see section 3). The flat-topped seaward end of the point is covered in a dense growth of Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass) with patches of Muehlenbeckia complexa, Phormium tenax and Cassinia. No lichens occur in this area. The rocky cliffs extend up to the edges of the Stenotaphrum but have a wide upper fringe with plants of Samolus repens (sea-primrose) and Disphyma australe (iceplant) growing in cracks (Fig. 2). The lower edge of Samulus - Disphyma is bordered by an irregular narrow belt of scattered Salicomia australis (glasswort). The distribution of the major lichens on transects I to VI are shown in Fig. 3 alongside profiles and zonation belts of Chamaesipho brunnea and C. columna (barnacles), Melarapha oliveri and M. cinta (periwinkles) and Apophloea sinclairii (a red gelatinous alga)1, as well as zones shown in the vegetation map (Fig. 2). The three intertidal lichens are: Arthopyrenia, occurring on Chamaesipho in the mid to upper eulittoral, Verrucaria maura on rock in a zone 0.5 to 2m below high tide and Lichina confinis, as tufts on rock in the splash zone on exposed faces (transects III, IV) but below high tide on more sheltered faces (transects II, V, Fig. 3). At high tide, transect IV is exposed to the pounding waves of the Tasman Sea, and has few microhabitats away from the splash and salt spray and at lower tides the sun and wind. Here the intertidal zones are extended upwards and no maritime lichens occur on the rock cliff face above the Lichina zone (Fig. 3); scattered Melarapha, black encrusting and bare rock reaches up into the

127 sandy beach m s sand dunes

A r eg

Scirpus flats pohutukawas • X flax Nil grassland 0

Fig. 1: Vegetation map of the coastal strip around Kawerua. Location of lichen collections from the various habitats are arrowed; habitats are numbered according to species list key. Inset: Location of Kawerua on the North Auckland Peninsula.

128 reef reef

fog;

©"si ''

Cassinia Stenotaphrum

30a boulder beach ] Muehlenbeckia sand beach 0 S p i n i f g x - Ca J_vjjj eg i a • rock faces &. he hens Lichina Fig. 2: Vegetation map of low point at Kawerua, showing position of six lichen transects around its steep rocky cliffs (Fig. 3). Location of point is shown on Fig. 1.

129 Fig. 3: Distribution of lichens (A to J) on six marine - maritime rock transects (Locations shown on Fig. 2) and their relationship to cliff profiles, high water mark and the red gelatinous alga (Apophloea), barnacles (Chamaesipho) and periwinkles (Melaraphe zones. Key to lichens - A. Verrucaria maura, B. Lichina confinis, C. black fungus, D. Buellia spp., E. Caloplaca holocarpa, F. Xanthoria parietina, G. Parmelia isidiigera, H. Anaptychia pseudospeciosa, I. Parmelia reticulata, J. Parmelia sp.

130 a

Fig. 4a: View looking west over low point, Kawerua, at almost full tide. Lichen transects I, II, III were made along the north (right-hand) side of the point 4b: View south over the sand-dune area studied (Fig. 6), south of Kawerua. Maunganui Bluff in distance. 4c: 30cm wide clump of Stereocaulon ramulosum growing on a weathered rock in a canopy gap in manuka heath.

131 Fig. 5a: Pannaria sp (x 2); 5b. Lecidea meiospora (x 2); 5c. Peltigera dolichorhiza (x 1); 5d. Buellia subdisciformis (larger apothecia) and Buellia stellulata (whiter thallus, upper right of centre) (x 2); 5e. Sphaerophorus melanocarpus (x 1.7); 5f. Sticta latifrons (x 0.5); 5g. Menegazzia circumsorediata (x 2); 5h. Megalospora sulphurata var campylospora (x 1.5); 5i, Pyrenula knuthii (x 1.5).

132 Samolus - Disphyma zone. Maritime lichen zones, however, extend progres• sively lower towards high tide as exposure decreases (transects III to I). A bare rock area exists above the Lichina zone and the lowest lichen colonisers are three Buellia species — B. punctata (buff-coloured thallus, black apothecia), B. subdisciformis var meiospora (yellow-grey aerolate thallus, black apothecia) and B. stellulata (white aerolate thallus, black apothecia) (Fig. 5d). Slightly above these crustose species, yellow Xanthoria parientina and Caloplaca holocarpa (black thallus, orange apothecia) first appear. Parmelia isidiigera extends the lowest down the cliffs of the green foliose lichens, followed by Anaptychia pseudospeciosa, Parmelia reticulata and a dark grey Parmelia (Fig. 3). Several large boulders in the Stenotaphrum and Spinifex - Calystegia zones have a rich lichen flora of X. parientina, A. pseudospeciosa, P. reticulata, Buellia alboatrum, B. subdisciformis, Parmelia otagensis and Cladonia conio• craea. Maritime Ramalina plants are rare and were found only on the sheltered eastern face of a large boulder at the top of a gravel beach. Stream boulders in the maritime zone at the mouth of the Waiotane Stream (Fig. 1) have an unusual association of Xanthoria, Pertusaria graphica and Placopsis brevilobata.

3. Sand-dune Coastal sand-dunes, l-2km south of Kawerua (Fig. 1) show the usual zonation of higher plants in belts running parallel to the coast. A transect, made at right angles to the coast, shows the vegetation zones and distribution of the major species (Fig. 6). Lichens only occur in the pine zone (see section 7), "yellow dune" and at the back of the fore-dune. Yellow Xanthoria parientina and yellow-green isidiate Parmelia isidiigera occur on isolated basalt boulders that are found at the back of the fore-dune. The "yellow-dune" is characterised by clumps of Cassinia retorta with intervening sandy patches and dry hollows sparsely covered by Calystegia soldanella, Hypochaeris radicata, Spinifex hirsutus and towards the back of this zone Ammophilia arenaria (Fig. 4b). These sandy hollows at the back of the "yellow dune" are often partially carpeted with decaying Spinifex, Ammophilia and Cassinia and although dry are probably the most moist habitat on the dune and some support a patchy lichen flora of xerophytic Cladonia species. The most common species are three forms of C. coniocraea and three unidentified species having well developed rather thick primary thalli (possibly such a thallus is able to retain moisture for a prolonged period). Species of Parmelia, Usnea, Lecidea and Normandina pulchella occasion• ally occur on the lower branches of Cassinia beneath its dense protecting outer foliage.

4. Hard-pan Patches of exposed well-developed hard-pan produced by limonite formation near the surface of Pleistocene sands of the Kaihu Group2 occur near the coast in canopy gaps in upper dune or manuka vegetation. Lichens are mostly confined to more moist and sheltered parts but Baeomyces and the

133 xerophytic Cladonia species, C. subcariosa are the only plants to survive on the open parts of the hard-pan. Stereocaulon ramulosum, Cladia aggregata and five species of Cladonia grow around the partially sheltered edge of the hard-pan.

5. Grassland Grazed grassland occurs on the coast in the vicinity of Kawerua (Fig. 1) but no lichens grow on the ground with the grasses. In this area a few stands of rough-barked trees, Cupressus macrocarpa and Metrosideros excelsa, support a sparse lichen flora of Parmelia, Lecidea, Buellia and Graphis. Fence posts and battens, on the other hand, are densely covered in Usnea, Parmelia reticulata, Anaptychia, Lecidea, Buellia and Graphis. Yellow Xanthoria, together with Lecidea and two species of Buellia grow on the brick and mortar chimney of the scientific hut. Yellow, tufted Teloschistes chrysophthalmus was only found on the bark of fruit trees in an old orchard at Pawakatutu, as was Usnea florida.

6. Manuka heath This natural heath covers a large coastal area around Kawerua extending inland to the Waipoua Kauri Forest and replaced in some areas by pine plantations or grassland (Fig. 7). The dominant species is Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) and other common species are Hebe stricta, Pomaderris 1

50

METRES

1 PINE FLAX GRASS Marram YELLOW FORE- DRIFT sub-zone ZONE ZONE ZONE LUPIN ZONE DUNE DUNE ZONE , i

Fig. 6: Profile from ocean beach, south of Kawerua (Fig. 1) through sand-dunes to pine plantation showing lichen distribution and usual dune zonation of higher plants, a. Pinus spp., b Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass), c. Phormium tenax (N.Z. flax), d. Muehlenbeckia complexa (wire vine), e. Hypochoeris radicata (catsear), f. Scirpus nodosus, g. Cyperus ustulatus, h. Lupinum arboreus (tree lupin), i. Tertagonia trigyna, j. Calystegia soldanella (shore bindweed), k. Ammophilia arenaria (marram grass), 1. Cassinia retorta (dune tauhinu), m. Spinifex hirsutus (silver sand grass), n. Desmochoenus spiralis (pingao).

134 spp., Gleichenia 2 spp., Coprosma 3 spp., Carmichaelia cunninghamii, Lyco• podium deuterodensum, Dracophyllum sp., Pteridium aquilinum and Cassytha pubescens. The branches of manuka and most of the other species present have a sparse to non-existent lichen flora. Parmelia is the most common lichen here with less frequent Usnea, Anaptychia and occasional Pseudocyphellaria amphisticta, Menegazzia circumsorediata (Fig. 5g), Phlyctella uncinata and Cladonia cf. fimbriata. A rich epigean lichen flora forms a mat over the sandy ground beneath and between low windswept manuka (30cm - lm high) that occurs along a coastal strip around the Ohae Stream mouth and also where the canopy is broken by old forestry roads. The flora is dominated by thirteen species of Cladonia with Cladia aggregata and Stereocaulon ramulosum (Fig. 4c) swards also common. The coral lichen Cladia retipora is rare. Several of the old roads that pass through the manuka have sandy clay banks with damp, steep slopes having a slightly different lichen association. C. aggregata and S. ramulosum are dominant with four subdominant Cladonia species. On more solid parts of the banks, crustose Lecidea meiospora (Fig. 5b) sometimes occurs whereas Baeomyces fungoides and B. heteromorphus are common and B. cinnabarinus is rare.

If

stream

Fig. 7: Upper - North-south profile across a ridge of kauri forest, on the western margin of the Waipoua forest, Kawerua, showing zonation of higher plants on which lichens were studied. Lower - Generalized vegetation map of the area inland from Kawerua. Location of profile is arrowed.

135 Well rounded basalt boulders in streams flowing through the heath support a lichen flora of Buellia, Stereocaulon, Parmelia, Anaptychia and Baeomyces in decreasing abundance respectively. Patches of higher bush occur along these main streams and one such on the Ohae Stream (Fig. 1) has a number of lichen-festooned Cordyline australis. Foliose lichens are dominant especially Pseudocyphellaria aurata (with its yellow soredia) and P. impressa (foveolate with narrow dichotomous lobes) and less abundant P. amphisticta, P. flavicans, P. hirta, Anaptychia, Parmeliella and crustose Pyrenula.

7. Pine forest Since 1948, pines have been planted in a number of plots around Kawerua and inland to the south (Figs. 1, 7). The lichen associations of twenty-two year old plantations around Kawerua were studied. No lichens occur where the canopy is complete and the ground covered in pine needles. On the forest margins or where the canopy is broken by a fallen tree, the lower trunks and branches of the pines support a scattered flora of Ramalina, Usnea, Parmelia and Graphis. Rotting fallen logs beneath semi-open canopy sometimes support Parmelia and Cladonia pityrea var phyllophora. Several large canopy gaps (30m across) have the sandy substrate covered in Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Meuhlenbeckia complexa, moss and six species of Cladonia. The narrow intertwined stems of Muehlenbeckia support a sparse flora of Parmelia, Usnea and Buellia. The pine forest has a semi-open canopy where an old pack-horse track passes through it just north of Kawerua. The track has numerous damp mossy sand banks with an abundance of Cladonia (10 spp.), Cladia aggregata and Stereocaulon ramulosum. In one place a small hard-pan beside the track is covered by Cladia aggregata and Baeomyces cinnabarinus.

8. Kauri forest The Waipoua Kauri Forest covers a large rugged area to the east and its western margins reach 6km from the coast near Kawerua, with pockets of forest approaching even closer down the Wairau River and Ohae Stream. The lichens associated with kauri forest in a pocket in the headwaters of the Ohae Stream (Fig. 7) were studied. A representative collection of the lichens present was obtained along a north-south transect over a forest-covered ridge. The bush along the transect was divided into four zones (Fig. 7): 8A1. Kauri — high, light canopy; dry beneath with an incomplete subcanopy of Myrsine australis, Beilschmiedia tarairi, Knightia excelsa, Dysoxylum spectabile (kohekohe) and Rhopalostylis sapida. Occurs on ridge.

8A2. Kauri margin — beneath margins of open kauri canopy with a low semi-open subcanopy of trees from all other zones. Occasional stumps of milled kauri present. 8B. Ponga-taraire — high, open canopy of B. tarairi and rare B. tawa with very dense subcanopy of Cyathea dealbata (ponga) and Rhopalostylis sapida with Ripogonum scandens (supplejack) beneath; damp. Occurs in valley and on north side of ridge. 8C. Mapou-taraire-rangiora — these trees together with Melicytus macro-

136 phyllus, Coprosma australis, Knightia excelsa, Podocarpus totara and others form a semi-complete canopy; moist. Occurs in valley and on south side of ridge.

8A1 Kauri zone Despite the shedding of bark by kauri — a rich lichen flora grows on the lower 2-3m of the trunk. Foliose and crustose species are equally abundant here and throughout most of this podocarp — broadleaf forest. The most common foliose lichens on the trunks of the kauris belong to the families Sticaceae and Parmeliaceae and include Lobaria, Pseudocyphellaria multifida (with marginal lobules and isidia), Sticta caperata (pale orange apothecia), S. filix (dissected narrow lobed thallus on a basal stalk), S. internectens, Parmelia cetrata, Menegazzia circumsorediata (Fig. 5g) and the minutely lobed M. nothofagi. Also present are species of Parmeliella (with black hypothalline border) and dark grey Pannaria (Fig. 5a). The most common crustose species are Megalospora sulphurata (with large black-rimmed purple apothecia, Fig, 5h) and Pertusaria cupularis (with white dusty soralia). Other common crustose lichens are Lopadium, Thelotrema and Lecanora. Usnea and Sphaerophorus melanocarpus (Fig. 5e) have been seen growing on the canopy branches of the kauri. The trunks of subcanopy trees are also covered in a rich lichen flora including many species of Pseudocyphellaria (P. delisea, P. multifida), Sticta (S. weigelii, S. latifrons with its basal stalk, Fig. 5f), Parmelia (P. cetrata, P. rudior, P. reticulata) and species of crustose Graphis, Megalospora, Pyrenula, Catillaria, Pertusaria, Clathroporina and Chiodecton. Coenogonium implexum, an unusual lichen with a green felted thallus and yellow apothecia, was found on a B. tarairi trunk. Collema and Pseudocyphellaria impressa were found on a solitary rock in this zone.

8A2 Kauri margins Tree trunks in this zone support a similar lichen association to that growing on subcanopy trees in the kauri zone. In the semi-open around the stump of a milled kauri grow the reindeer lichen, Cladonia leptoclada together with Pertusaria laevis, Sticta caperata, Cladonia sp. and Peltigera dolichorhiza (apothecia on the tips of the thallus lobes, Fig. 5c).

8B Ponga-taraire zone Very few lichens grow beneath the dense subcanopy of Cyathea dealbata and Rhopalostylis sapida. Collema (a grey, gelatinous, foliose lichen) and Pseudocyphellaria lacerata (dark green, narrow lobed) occasionally colonise the trunks of R. sapida whereas P. lacerata is the only lichen found on the numerous damp, moss-covered rocks near the stream. No lichens were found on C. dealbata trunks or Ripogonum scandens vines. In the lighter conditions of the B. tarairi canopy above the dense subcanopy, Parmeliella, Lecidea, Pseudocyphellaria multifida, P. impressa and Pertusaria cupularis were found.

8C Mapou-taraire-rangiora zone Epiphytic lichens are common on most trees in this zone. In addition to many of the species growing on subcanopy trees in zones 8A1 and 8A2, Pannaria

137 "nigrocincta (minutely lobed with a black hypothallus), crustose Bacidia, Catillaria kelica (bright yellow apothecia) and Pyrenula knuthii (Fig. 5i) also grow in the slightly darker and more moist conditions of this zone. Rocks in the stream bed support a flora dominantly of Stereocaulon ramulosum, Bacidia and Placopsis parellina (with its pink apothecia).

DISCUSSION

The marine — maritime lichens and their zonation are very similar to those seen in other places around the northern North Island8 4. Lichina confinis, a common lichen on English coasts, is recorded here from New Zealand for the first time. Subsequently it has also been noted from the Slipper Island Group4 and on re-examining earlier collections it appears that L. pygmaea var intermedia of Hayward and Hayward3 is also the round-tipped, shorter lobed L. confinis and not the lower tidal species recorded from southern New Zealand. It appears that lichens have rarely, if ever, been recorded from New Zealand sand-dunes yet the Cladonia association in hollows at the back of the "yellow dune" is well worth noting. The large number of Cladonia species (24 spp.) recorded here is perhaps a reflection of the large areas of suitable sandy substrate beneath semi-open canopied manuka heath and pine forest in the Kawerua area. The lichens associated with kauri forests also appear to be the first records from this habitat, so no comparisons with other areas are possible. Distinctive here is the luxuriant growth of Stictacean species and the large, brightly coloured apothecia on many of the crustose lichens. In contrast to the rich flora of the kauri forest, it is interesting to note the scarcity of lichens beneath dense canopies of ponga-nikau, pine forest or manuka heath.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are indebted to Mr W. Martin (Dunedin) for his assistance in identifying some of the fruticose and foliose lichens, especially the Cladonia; Mr T.W. Rawson (Christchurch) for identifying many of the crustose lichens and Dr D.J. Galloway (London) for much encouragement and for identifying many of the lichens of the families Pannariacaea, Parmeliceae, Physciaceae, Stereocaulaceae and Stictaceae. We also wish to thank Messrs. J.E. Braggins and D.J. Court for critically reading the manuscript.

REFERENCES

'Hayward, B.W. 1971: Some factors affecting zonation of rocky shore organisms at Kawerua. Tane 17: 137-48. Hayward, B.W. 1972: Geology of the Kawerua coastline, North Auckland. Tane 18: 149-68.

138 Hayward, G.C.; Hayward, B.W. 1973: A summary of lichen associations in different habitats from four off-shore islands, north-east New Zealand. Tane 19: 205-11. Hayward, B.W.; Hayward, G.C. 1974: Botany of Shoe Island and the Slipper Island Group. Part III. Lichens. Tane 20:

139