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Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo Facultad De Biología

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Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo Facultad De Biología UNIVERSIDAD MICHOACANA DE SAN NICOLÁS DE HIDALGO FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA Programa Institucional de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas. Revisión taxonómica de Salvia subgénero Calosphace sección Scorodoniae y reconstrucción del genoma de cloroplasto en representantes de Scorodoniae, Sigmoideae y Uricae. TESIS Como requisito para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas en Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales Presenta Edgar Ismael Olvera Mendoza Directora de Tesis: Dra. Sabina Irene Lara Cabrera Agosto de 2017 A mis padres Justino-Adela y mi hermana Yochabel. Agradecimientos Deseo agradecer al programa Institucional de Doctorado en ciencias Biológicas y la facultad de Biología, también agradezco a él apoyos de la Coordinación de la Investigación Científica de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, proyecto 8.16, a la beca recibida por parte del CONACyT número 290575. Agradezco igualmente a mi asesora la Dra. Sabina Lara por su confianza, paciencia y ayuda constante en este trabajo, además de darme la oportunidad junto con los Dres. J. Mark Porter y Grant Godden de trabajar los datos para la reconstrucción de los genomas de cloroplastos aquí presentados. Por la colaboración en el artículo morfológico agradezco a la Dra. Brenda Bedolla, además del Dr. Sergio Zamudio por sus valiosos comentarios del mismo. Así como a los miembros de la mesa sinodal Dres. Mario A. Espejo Serna, Gabriela Domínguez Vázquez, Miguel Martínez Trujillo, S. Zamudio Ruíz y Victor W. Steinmann, por sus enseñanzas y crítica revisión durante todo este trabajo. A los encargados de los herbarios visitados por las facilidades otorgadas para la consulta BIGU, EBUM, ENCB, IEB, MEXU y UAMIZ. Al herbario BIGU de Guatemala, a las colectas realizadas y el recibimiento tan cálido recibido por Mario Véliz. A los colectores y acompañante de colecta, Dr. Arnulfo Blanco, M. En C. Anna Paizanni, Dra. Brenda Bedolla, Lic. Cesar Alfaro, Dr. Juan Carlos Montero, Sr. Justino Olvera, Dr. Manuel Ramírez, y Dr. Sergio Zamudio. Al director M. en C. Mario Hernández y equipo de trabajo del jardín Botánico Charco del Ingenio en San Miguel de Allende, por permitir colectar un poco de tejido dentro de sus instalaciones. Al Dr. Jesús G. González Gallegos por facilitar el artículo e imágenes del holotipo y su publicación de Salvia evadens. Por la enseñanza en la elaboración de los mapas presentados a la Bióloga . Mariela Alejandre. Por sus ilustraciones al M. en C. José Manuel Ramírez Amezcua. Por el apoyo y confianza durante el examen predoctoral agradezco a los Dres. Cuauhtemoc Saenz, Miguel Martínez, Gabriel Domínguez, Omar Dominguez y los que a falta de mi buena memoria no puedo recordar. A mis amigos que me proporcionaron una o muchas veces algún artículo o bibliografía necesaria, para la realización de este documento: Ramón Bartolo, Rafael Aguilar Romero, Fernando Pineda, Yocupitzia Ramírez Amezcua y Felix Alberto Guzmán. A todos los compañeros del laboratorio y al Dr. Juan Carlos montero por apoyo constante durante todo este tiempo, y por la invitación a su articulo de divulgación. Por último, a mis queridos amigos y familiares. Índice Resumen ................................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 9 Introducción general ............................................................................................................. 11 Capítulo I. Revisión taxonómica de Salvia subg. Calosphace secc. Scorodoniae (Lamiaceae), endémica de México. ...................................................................................... 16 1.1 Resumen ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Introducción ................................................................................................................ 18 1.3 Materiales y métodos .................................................................................................. 18 1.3.1 Historia taxonómica de la secc. Scorodoniae....................................................... 19 1.4 Resulatdos ................................................................................................................... 19 1.4.1 Morfología ............................................................................................................ 19 1.4.2 Distribución y fenología. ...................................................................................... 22 1.4.3 Taxonomía. ........................................................................................................... 24 Literatura citada. ................................................................................................................... 48 Capítulo II. Filogenómica del cloroplasto para especies de Salvia subg. Calosphace secc. Scorodoniae y especies afines. ............................................................................................. 52 2.1 Introducción ................................................................................................................ 53 2.2 Materiales y métodos .................................................................................................. 59 2.2.1 Muestreo de los taxa. ............................................................................................ 59 2.2.2 Reconstrucción del Genoma de Cloroplasto. ....................................................... 62 2.2.3 Polimorfismo ........................................................................................................ 65 2.2.4 Análisis filogenéticos ........................................................................................... 66 2.3 Resultados ................................................................................................................... 68 2.3.1 Genoma de cloroplasto reconstruido .................................................................... 68 2.3.2 Polimorfismo ........................................................................................................ 74 2.2.3.1 Valores de diversidad nucleotídica en genes y espaciadores ............................ 74 2.2.3.2 Polimorfismo entre genes y espaciadores ......................................................... 81 2.2.3.3 Polimorfismo en la región invertida repetida A ................................................ 85 2.2.3.4 Polimorfismo en la region invertida repetida B ................................................ 86 2.2.3.5 Polimorfismo en la copia única larga ................................................................ 87 2.2.3.6 Polimorfismo en la copia única corta ................................................................ 89 [1] 2.2.3.7 Variación en genes y espaciadores .................................................................... 90 2.2.3.8 Sitios repetitivos simples (SSRs) ...................................................................... 99 2.3.3 Reconstrucción filogenética ............................................................................... 104 2.4 Discusión . ................................................................................................................ 124 2.5 Concluiones . ............................................................................................................ 136 Conclusiones generales ...................................................................................................... 138 Perspectivas futuras. ........................................................................................................... 140 Literatura citada. ................................................................................................................. 141 [2] Cuadros capítulo I. Cuadro 1: Cronología de la clasificación de las especies Salvia secc. Scorodoniae .......... 20 Cuadro 2: Comparación entre Salvia pannosa Fernald y S. gonzalezii Fernald. ................ 33 Cuadro 3: Comparación entre Salvia ramosa Brandegee y S. variana Epling. .................. 46 Figuras capítulo I. Figura 1: Forma de los tricomas del cáliz de Salvia L. secc. Scorodoniae ......................... 21 Figura 2: Forma de la lámina foliar de Salvia L. secc. Scorodoniae .................................. 21 Figura 3: Distribución de las especies de Salvia L. secc. Scorodoniae .............................. 23 Figura 4: Rango altitudinal de distribución de las especies de Salvia L. secc. Scorodoniae .............................................................................................................................................. 23 Figura 5: Meses de floración de las especies de Salvia L. secc. Scorodoniae .................... 24 Figura 6: Salvia dugesii Fernald ......................................................................................... 32 Figura 7: Salvia keerlii Benth ............................................................................................. 37 Figura 8: Salvia melissodora Lag........................................................................................ 41 [3] Cuadros capítulo II. Cuadro 1: Genomas de cloroplasto utilizados como grupo externo, pertenecientes al Orden Lamiales. .............................................................................................................................. 60 Cuadro 2: Material vegetal utilizado para la extracción de ADN.
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