DOCSLIB.ORG

Draft: Not for Citation Or Circulation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Draft: Not for Citation Or Circulation YUKIKAZE’S WAR The Second World War as the First World’s Resource War Draft: Please do not reproduce Brett L. Walker Regents Professor of History Montana State University, Bozeman [email protected] www.BrettLWalker.net Introduction: Marginalizing the Asia-Pacific Theater This paper examines the unusually long life of an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) destroyer named Yukikaze. More than a biography of a 388-foot submarine killer and escort vessel, the life of Yukikaze offers fresh insights into Japan’s participation in the Second World War, a story shaped by interwar arms treaties and fueled by the demand for oil. I have burdened Yukikaze and her 2,500 tons displacement with some rather sizable arguments in this paper, some of which will be viewed as revisionist, reductionist, and controversial, but this warship has plied heavier seas. I investigate the missions of Yukikaze through the lens of what is now called “resource wars” because that is the war she fought.1 Rather than view Japan as simply waging a “war of aggression”—or “unintelligent calculations” made by “self-willed militaristic advisers,” as the Potsdam Declaration (26 July 1945) proclaimed—I argue that Japanese war planners sought control over the oceanic empire of Nan’yô, or the South Pacific and its islands, for the entirely intelligent calculations of obtaining energy Draft:2 Not for citation or circulation autarky. Japan’s newly acquired place in the Fossil Fuel Civilization, its history since the Meiji Restoration of 1868, depended on it.3 Insisting that Japan waged a “war of aggression” not only misunderstands Japan’s strategies in the Second World War, but also misconstrues Japan’s entire modern experience. It also risks misidentifying where the next global conflicts will erupt, particularly those that involve Japan. As explained in the preamble to the Tripartite Pact (September 1940), the Axis considered it a “prerequisite of a lasting peace that each nation of the world would receive the space to which it is entitled.” The Axis sought to carve out a “greater East Asia space” for Japan and a “European space” for Germany and Italy and establish within them a “new order of things calculated to promote the mutual prosperity and welfare of the people concerned.” In a word, they sought autarky. Importantly,circulation Axis negotiators viewed space as more than acreage for homes; rather, space meant access to the food, energy, and other natural resources required for “mutual prosperityor and welfare” in the Industrial Age. Indeed, from the outset, lebensraum was viewed as the larder for agricultural and industrial development and was central to the struggle of the Axis nations.4 After all, Japan had sought lebensraum in Manchuria less than a decade earlier with the establishment of the puppet citationstate of Manchukuo— the real first shots of the Second World War when thefor global conflict is viewed through the lens of energy for bodies and machines.5 Unlike Notthe British and U.S., neither Germany nor Japan had ready access to oil on domestic soil or within empires. The Second World War, at least for Japan, was meant to remedy that, though Japanese often couched the reasons for the war in more ideological Draft:terms, such as waging a “final war” against the U.S. in a broader civilizational struggle, as Ishiwara Kanji (1889-1949) of the Kwantung Army called it in his famous Kyoto lecture in May 1940. “Truly,” he insisted, the “Japanese armed forces are the guardian 2 deity of that righteousness—the Japanese kokutai—which shall save the world.”6 Drawing on its national essence, Japan, through the instrument of its imperial armed forces, represented the salvation of the planet. In this paper I argue that, for all the ideological rhetoric, Japan was really after oil in the Southern Operation. The argument that Japan waged a strategic war to secure oil, rather than an ideologically-driven war of aggression, will likely strike scholars of East Asia as apologizing for Japanese militarism by rationalizing Japan’s conduct. Simultaneously, it will strike historians of the Second World War as rather boring because so much of the war was about energy and resource acquisition—aircraft carriers and battleships, Panzer and Sherman tanks, and Hurricanes and B-24 Liberators proved relentlessly thirsty machines of war. As Frederich von Mellenthin, a staff officer of the German Afrika Corps, acknowledged after the defeat at the second battle of El Alamein: a motorized division without fuel is mere scrap iron.7 In 1941, after U.S., British, and Dutch oil embargos of Japan, the IJN faced the very real prospect of commanding a fleet of scrap iron. My reason for revisiting this question of the nature of Japan’s participation in the Second World War is simple: when scholars view Japan as simply waging a “war of aggression,” they risk misinterpreting Japan’s role today in geopolitical hotspots, particularly in the South and East China Sea. Presently, Japan finds itself defending a new maritime empire, the sphere of its Exclusive Economic Zones, where substantial Draft:reserves of natural Not gas remain for untapped. citation Japan does so, however, or againstcirculation the backdrop of the legacies of having previously waged a “war of aggression and a war in violation of international law,” as the Indictments of the Military Tribunal for the Far East ultimately 3 determined. This legacy undermines Japan’s strategic position in the region; but it also misunderstands the underlying reason for Japan’s entering the Second World War in the first place. Consequently, we risk misidentifying flashpoints for future wars, which will most assuredly be fought over the last vestiges of hydrocarbon energy but be couched in the lofty language of a “final war” or “liberation” or “democratization” and so forth. More than any other conflict, historians portray the Second World War as an ideological war. “This was to be the world’s first wholly politically ideological war,” explained Andrew Roberts in The Storm of War. Liberalism, communism, and fascism found themselves pitted against each other in a struggle for survival.8 I disagree that the Second World War was “wholly” about political ideas. Whether liberal, communist, or fascist, the belligerents still required resources to fuel their industrial economies—some theorists, such as Timothy Mitchell, have even speculated that fossil fuels spawned mass liberal democracies, and democracies remain dependent on them to persist.9 Ideas without energy behind them are only musings—or intellectual scrap iron. My assertion is that the need for energy and other natural resources powered, and in some respects shaped, the ideologies that justified a world at war—political ideology marched to the steady drumbeat of the needs of industrial economies. It is a simple point, even a little reductionist, but one that often gets lost in the celebratory Greatest Generation fog of Second World War histories—as much as it was a ideological war, it was also a resource war, much like the wars of today. Draft:The preamble Not to the for Military citationTribunal for the Far East or (convened circulation 29 April 1946) is instructive. The Indictments stated that the “internal and foreign policies of Japan were dominated and directed by a criminal militaristic clique, and such policies were the cause 4 of serious world troubles, aggressive wars, and great damage to peace-loving peoples…” Japan’s parliamentary institutions implemented “widespread aggression,” and an imperial system emerged “similar to those then established by Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany and by the Fascist party in Italy…” Japan joined a conspiracy of “other aggressive countries,” which sought “domination… of the rest of the world.” The Tribunal leveled the Indictments against those defendants who “intended to and did plan, prepare, initiate, or wage aggressive war” against the Allies. With the Tribunal’s Indictments, any legitimate strategies in the South Pacific were relegated to a “plan or conspiracy” of aggression and lawlessness. Basically, the Allies relegated Japan’s experience during the first half of the twentieth century (between April 1928 and September 1945 as the Indictments stated) to a “war of aggression and a war in violation of international law.”10 The Tribunal rendered much of Japan’s modernity as borderline psychotic. East Asian historians also tend to view Japan’s participation in the Second World War through this victor’s lens, but for a different set of reasons. East Asian historians view Japan as waging a “war of aggression” because they often contextualize Japan’s campaign within a conflict called the Pacific War (1931-1945), a nearly fifteen-year regional struggle confined to the Asia-Pacific region and centered on the Second Sino- Japanese War (1937-45). In a sense, the war has become a topic of area studies, rather than viewed as part of a global conflict known as the Second World War. This paper Draft:argues that, by Notplacing IJN foroperations citation in Nan’yô within the orglobal contextcirculation of the Second World War, Japan’s resource acquisition strategies, in particularly the conquest and defense of Nan’yô, resembles those of other belligerents, both Axis and Allied powers. 5 Japan sought to hold territory it had gained in the Paris Peace Conference (1919), and expand into other resource-rich parts of the South Pacific held by Western powers, such as the U.S. in the Philippines, Britain in Malaya and Borneo, and the Netherlands in Borneo and the East Indies. Despite the “liberation of Asia” rhetoric, Japanese colonial rule in these areas was cruel and brutal, as was their military conquest of them, but it hardly constituted “unintelligent calculations” given the amount of oil there. My contention is that the separation of the Pacific War from the Second World War actually started outside of East Asian studies, with A.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Delve Deeper Study Guide Ken Ludwig's Dear Jack, Dear Louise
    CREEDE REPERTORY THEATRE Delve Deeper Study Guide Ken Ludwig’s Dear Jack, Dear Louise Directed by Michael Perlman Although nearly 3,000 miles apart, when US Army doctor Jack Ludwig begins writing aspiring actress Louise Rabiner, sparks fly. This engaging and heartwarming comedy tells a story of how connection and relationships unfold while a world apart. Based on the story of his parents’ courtship during WWII, Tony Award-winning playwright Ken Ludwig (Leading Ladies, Moon Over Buffalo, Lend Me a Tenor) explores love, isolation, and hope over great distance. Starring Graham Ward & Caitlin Wise. June 25 – Sept 4 in Seime Park Dramaturgs: Courtney Cauthon & Kate Berry Editor: Kate Berry creederep.org / 719-658-2540 Glossary Manischewitz: A popular kosher wine often consumed on Passover. It is budget friendly, made from labrusca grapes, and is combined with a large amount of residual sugar—its sweetness often making it the fodder of jokes. Malaria: An intermittent and remittent fever caused by a parasite transmitted by mosquitos in many tropical and sub-tropical regions. Norman Rockwell: A well known painter and illustrator who most famously created idealistic and sentimental covers for the Saturday Evening Post. His work was often dismissed by serious art critics, though some of his later work focused on more serious subjects such as racism in a series for Look magazine. Leave: In regards to the Army, leave is time away from duties and training. The Mess: An area where military personnel eat, socialize, and (in some cases) live. Betty Davis at the Stage Door Canteen USO: The United Service Organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Women's Science Fiction: Posthuman Bodies and the Representation of Gender Kazue Harada Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2015 Japanese Women's Science Fiction: Posthuman Bodies and the Representation of Gender Kazue Harada Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the East Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Harada, Kazue, "Japanese Women's Science Fiction: Posthuman Bodies and the Representation of Gender" (2015). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 442. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/442 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of East Asian Languages & Cultures Dissertation Examination Committee: Rebecca Copeland, Chair Nancy Berg Ji-Eun Lee Diane Wei Lewis Marvin Marcus Laura Miller Jamie Newhard Japanese Women’s Science Fiction: Posthuman Bodies and the Representation of Gender by Kazue Harada A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2015 St. Louis, Missouri © 2015, Kazue Harada
    [Show full text]
  • Record of the Istanbul Process 16/18 for Combating Intolerance And
    2019 JAPAN SUMMARY REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS EVENT SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 3 PLENARY SESSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 7 LAUNCHING THE 2019 G20 INTERFAITH FORUM.......................................................................... 7 FORMAL FORUM INAUGURATION – WORKING FOR PEACE, PEOPLE, AND PLANET: CHALLENGES TO THE G20 ............................................................................................................... 14 WHY WE CAN HOPE: PEACE, PEOPLE, AND PLANET ................................................................. 14 ACTION AGENDAS: TESTING IDEAS WITH EXPERIENCE FROM FIELD REALITIES ........... 15 IDEAS TO ACTION .............................................................................................................................. 26 TOWARDS 2020 .................................................................................................................................... 35 CLOSING PLENARY ............................................................................................................................ 42 PEACE WORKING SESSIONS ................................................................................................................ 53 FROM VILE TO VIOLENCE: FREEDOM OF RELIGION & BELIEF & PEACEBUILDING ......... 53 THE DIPLOMACY OF RELIGIOUS PEACEBUILDING ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Flight Plans and Rescues: Using Math to Explore the World War II Strategic Bombing Campaign
    Activity: Flight Plans and Rescues: Using Math to Explore the World War II Strategic Bombing Campaign Guiding question: How does the military use math and map skills to perform important duties? DEVELOPED BY JARRED STEWART Grade Level(s): 6-8, 9-12 Subject(s): Social Studies, Math Cemetery Connection: North Africa American Cemetery Fallen Hero Connection: Captain Walter C. Swarner, Jr. Activity: Flight Plans and Rescues: Using Math to Explore the World War II Strategic Bombing Campaign 1 Overview Using maps of the Mediterranean region, primary sources, and interactives from the American Battle Monuments Commission, students will identify important places and “The crews of the bombers ventured over large swaths individual contributions to the Allied effort in World War II. of continents searching for After reading a primary source document, students will write precise points; however, a response to a discussion question. With maps superim- precision was rarely posed with a graph, students will utilize algebraic functions attainable. Finding bombing to find specific locations that follow the story of Captain locations, paths home, and Walter Swarner and other bomber pilots. rescue coordinates required many calculations in the air and on the ground. It is Historical Context important to celebrate the The early American bombing campaign in Europe focused bravery of the crews and the on destroying Axis infrastructure and industrial capacity as mathematical skills needed well as softening up Sicily for the coming Allied invasion, for their jobs.” — Jarred Stewart codenamed Operation Husky. Captain Walter C. Swarner, Jr. was part of Operation Tidal Wave which directed American Stewart teaches at Lebanon Trail High bombers against the Axis oil refineries in Ploesti, Romania.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads of Technical Information
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2018 Nuclear Spaces: Simulations of Nuclear Warfare in Film, by the Numbers, and on the Atomic Battlefield Donald J. Kinney Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES NUCLEAR SPACES: SIMULATIONS OF NUCLEAR WARFARE IN FILM, BY THE NUMBERS, AND ON THE ATOMIC BATTLEFIELD By DONALD J KINNEY A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Donald J. Kinney defended this dissertation on October 15, 2018. The members of the supervisory committee were: Ronald E. Doel Professor Directing Dissertation Joseph R. Hellweg University Representative Jonathan A. Grant Committee Member Kristine C. Harper Committee Member Guenter Kurt Piehler Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii For Morgan, Nala, Sebastian, Eliza, John, James, and Annette, who all took their turns on watch as I worked. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Kris Harper, Jonathan Grant, Kurt Piehler, and Joseph Hellweg. I would especially like to thank Ron Doel, without whom none of this would have been possible. It has been a very long road since that afternoon in Powell's City of Books, but Ron made certain that I did not despair. Thank you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract..............................................................................................................................................................vii 1.
    [Show full text]
  • World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
    World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C.
    [Show full text]
  • 1207Wave.Pdf
    Tidal Wave It took sheer courage, and lots of it, for each bomber crew to press on into a huge cloud of flak at Ploesti. By Walter J. Boyne he Aug. 1, 1943 air raid on Only the indomitable bravery of the a carefully thought out charge into the Ploesti, Romania, had an ambi- Ploesti airmen under fire rescued the mouth of almost certain death. tious goal: Shorten World War attack from failure. What might have In wartime, heroism is often over- TII by knocking out much of Germany’s been an utter disaster was turned into looked in the press of events. That was petroleum production in a single blow. an admittedly costly American vic- not so with Ploesti, for a cascade of Called Operation Tidal Wave, the attack tory that established new standards for decorations proved how much the AAF by five United States Army Air Forces combat initiative, aggressiveness, and leadership understood the risks and ap- bomber groups on Ploesti was well- tenacity. preciated the sacrifice. planned and well-rehearsed. The raid called forth thousands of acts Five Medals of Honor were awarded It was undermined by an incorrect of heroism, most of them unrecorded, from the mission that day, more than in premise and faulty intelligence. The lost in the fiery crashes of B-24s disin- any other single air action. There was a American forces operated under the tegrating under the heavy German fire. profusion of other medals as well, but the illusion that a single strike could do ir- There was one common denominator, most important accolade shared by the reparable damage to a major target.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Maritime and Naval History
    TAMU-L-79-001 C. 2 Bibliographyof Maritime and Naval History Periodical Articles Published 1976-1977 o --:x--- Compiled by CHARLES R. SCHULTZ University Archives Texas A& M University TAMU-SG-79-607 February 1 979 SeaGrant College Program Texas 4& M University Bibliography of Maritime and Naval History Periodical Articles Published 1976-1977 Compiled by Char1es R. Schultz University Archivist Texas ASM University February 1979 TAMU-SG-79-607 Partially supported through Institutional Grant 04-5-158-19 to Texas A&M University by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Sea Grants Department of Commerce Order From: Sea Grant College Program Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION V I ~ GENERAL ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ t ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 I I . EXPLORATION, NAVIGATION, CARTOGRAPHY. ~ ~ ~ 5 III. MERCHANTSAIL & GENERAL SHIPPING NORTH AMERICA. 11 IV. MERCHANT SAIL & GENERAL SHIPPING OTHER REGIONS. 18 V. MERCHANT STEAM - OCEAN & TIDEWATER, 24 VI. INLAND NAVIGATION 29 VII. SEAPORTS & COASTAL AREAS. 31 VIII. SHIPBUILDING & ALLIED TOPICS. 33 IX. MARITIME LAW. 39 X. SMALL CRAFT 47 XI. ASSOCIATIONS & UNIONS 48 XII. FISHERIES 49 XIII. NAVAL TO 1939 NORTH AMERICA 53 XIV. NAVAL TO 1939 - OTHER REGIONS 61 XV. WORLD WAR II & POSTWAR NAVAL. 69 XVI. MARINE ART, SHIP MODELS, COLLECTIONS & EXHIBITS. 74 XVII. PLEASURE BOATING & YACHT RACING. 75 AUTHOR INDEX 76 SUBJECT INDEX. 84 VESSEL INDEX 89 INTRODUCTION It had been my hope that I would be able to make use of the collec- tions of the G. W. Blunt White Library at Mystic Seaport for this fifth volume as I did for the fourth which appeared in 1976.
    [Show full text]
  • Organization and Ran:~~ of Japanese Army An~J Navy Air
    "", ' ,j. ...'~ ......... ,,. ~l.. ~· -,_,; ... ';.:: ,,/< :l!t -~ ,3 i: .. \ ~~ N?/7 ~ ·· · ,~..t_l;6/ ORGANIZATION AND RAN:~~ JAPANESE ARMY OF AN~J NAVY A I R SERVICES ~~ ' .. f( i~ ;ft··:fv0 . I! ir'iP}-<-';> ....__ c--~j\,h)!.fl l~aP) \. Prepared /Jfl • ,., ' 1'Jii.~ ·~ ~·., AIR INFORMATION DIVISION ~~ ·~1~';;'/t ~~,'/ ;: l.'f.,;, );,i>·o·, .. ........· OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ;.,if~~ 1_.; NAVAL OPERATIONS, NAVY DEPARTMENT, WAS111NGTON D.C. \1 -- \• ·;.. ', ~ ~ r Y\-ta.fu f'\ ]) i V\'$ i o \tv "' Md:\ {~ \ :,~~~~''\'-~.(\-: \ r · ~ o9~\ -~e u~ / ·t . ,. • t A.I.D. # A2 August 1943 Op-35 "'1< J ORGANIZATION AND HANK IN THE JAPANESE ARMY Al'.'D NAVY AIP. SroNICES Revision o:f Air Information Repo1~ # 2 published by th~ Air Information Branch o:f the Bm·eeu or Aeronautics id March, 1943. Prepared by AIR INli'ORMATION DIVISION CF'FICE OF THE CBD;]' OF NAVJ.L OEERATIOUS NAVY D:E.'P.ARTMENT WASHINGTC:rJ D.c. ( Sten<lro'd Air Infol'llll:l.tion Division List. ;~ ' f .,A'.. • f~:-··- . _:.J -··- ____,_ __ ·------ "'"'··:·"'· •.. :'· ~.lt> --4). ,• ~:./ i _.! ': t -:. .. \-.--·. - ~ ·-- ~ .: :~ r· &.~ Air Information Reports Previous~ .; I Prepared by ,{:. Air Information llrench ·' llureau of Aeronautics J ly a * !lo. 1. 27 January 1943 "A1rcra.tt, Ellgines, and Armament of the Gennan Air Force". * Superseded by Air Information Report No. '3 (MicP Report #2) and Supplement I to Air Information Report No. 3. t c * No. 2. March 1943 "Orsenization and Rank in the Japanese Ar11r3 and Navy Air Services". ~~ * Superseded by A.I.D. # A2. 1 August 1943. C lfo. · 3. (MicP #2) 20 May 1943 "Operational Aircraft of the German Air Force" •.
    [Show full text]
  • BANDAI NAMCO Group FACT BOOK 2019 BANDAI NAMCO Group FACT BOOK 2019
    BANDAI NAMCO Group FACT BOOK 2019 BANDAI NAMCO Group FACT BOOK 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 BANDAI NAMCO Group Outline 3 Related Market Data Group Organization Toys and Hobby 01 Overview of Group Organization 20 Toy Market 21 Plastic Model Market Results of Operations Figure Market 02 Consolidated Business Performance Capsule Toy Market Management Indicators Card Product Market 03 Sales by Category 22 Candy Toy Market Children’s Lifestyle (Sundries) Market Products / Service Data Babies’ / Children’s Clothing Market 04 Sales of IPs Toys and Hobby Unit Network Entertainment 06 Network Entertainment Unit 22 Game App Market 07 Real Entertainment Unit Top Publishers in the Global App Market Visual and Music Production Unit 23 Home Video Game Market IP Creation Unit Real Entertainment 23 Amusement Machine Market 2 BANDAI NAMCO Group’s History Amusement Facility Market History 08 BANDAI’s History Visual and Music Production NAMCO’s History 24 Visual Software Market 16 BANDAI NAMCO Group’s History Music Content Market IP Creation 24 Animation Market Notes: 1. Figures in this report have been rounded down. 2. This English-language fact book is based on a translation of the Japanese-language fact book. 1 BANDAI NAMCO Group Outline GROUP ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW OF GROUP ORGANIZATION Units Core Company Toys and Hobby BANDAI CO., LTD. Network Entertainment BANDAI NAMCO Entertainment Inc. BANDAI NAMCO Holdings Inc. Real Entertainment BANDAI NAMCO Amusement Inc. Visual and Music Production BANDAI NAMCO Arts Inc. IP Creation SUNRISE INC. Affiliated Business
    [Show full text]
  • Shokaku Class, Zuikaku, Soryu, Hiryu
    ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF KOJINSHA No.6 ‘WARSHIPS OF THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE NAVY’ SHOKAKU CLASS SORYU HIRYU UNRYU CLASS TAIHO Translators: - Sander Kingsepp Hiroyuki Yamanouchi Yutaka Iwasaki Katsuhiro Uchida Quinn Bracken Translation produced by Allan Parry CONTACT: - [email protected] Special thanks to my good friend Sander Kingsepp for his commitment, support and invaluable translation and editing skills. Thanks also to Jon Parshall for his work on the drafting of this translation. CONTENTS Pages 2 – 68. Translation of Kojinsha publication. Page 69. APPENDIX 1. IJN TAIHO: Tabular Record of Movement" reprinted by permission of the Author, Colonel Robert D. Hackett, USAF (Ret). Copyright 1997-2001. Page 73. APPENDIX 2. IJN aircraft mentioned in the text. By Sander Kingsepp. Page 2. SHOKAKU CLASS The origin of the ships names. Sho-kaku translates as 'Flying Crane'. During the Pacific War, this powerful aircraft carrier and her name became famous throughout the conflict. However, SHOKAKU was actually the third ship given this name which literally means "the crane which floats in the sky" - an appropriate name for an aircraft perhaps, but hardly for the carrier herself! Zui-kaku. In Japan, the crane ('kaku') has been regarded as a lucky bird since ancient times. 'Zui' actually means 'very lucky' or 'auspicious'. ZUIKAKU participated in all major battles except for Midway, being the most active of all IJN carriers. Page 3. 23 August 1941. A near beam photo of SHOKAKU taken at Yokosuka, two weeks after her completion on 8 August. This is one of the few pictures showing her entire length from this side, which was almost 260m.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 1 5 ABDA and ANZA CN the Second World
    CHAPTER 1 5 ABDA AND ANZA C N the second world war the democracies fought at an initial disadvan- Itage, though possessing much greater resources than their enemies . Britain and the United States had embarked on accelerated rearmamen t programs in 1938, the naval projects including battleships and aircraf t carriers ; but this was a delayed start compared with that of Germany an d Japan. Preparing for munitions production for total war, finding out wha t weapons to make, and their perfection into prototypes for mass produc- tion, takes in time upwards of two decades . After this preparation period, a mass production on a nation-wide scale is at least a four-years' task in which "the first year yields nothing ; the second very little ; the third a lot and the fourth a flood" .' When Japan struck in December 1941, Britai n and the British Commonwealth had been at war for more than two years . During that time they had to a large extent changed over to a war economy and increasingly brought reserve strength into play . Indeed, in 1940, 1941 and 1942, British production of aircraft, tanks, trucks, self-propelled gun s and other materials of war, exceeded Germany 's. This was partly due to Britain's wartime economic mobilisation, and partly to the fact that Ger- many had not planned for a long war. Having achieved easy victories b y overwhelming unmobilised enemies with well-organised forces and accumu- lated stocks of munitions and materials, the Germans allowed over- confidence to prevent them from broadening the base of their econom y to match the mounting economic mobilisation of Britain .
    [Show full text]