Administrative Issues Journal Volume 3 Article 10 Issue 1 VOLUME 3, ISSUE 1: APRIL 2013

4-2013 TOLERANCE AS CIVILITY IN CONTEMPORARY WORKPLACE DIVERSITY INITIATIVES C. W. Von Bergen

George Collier

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Recommended Citation Von Bergen, C. W. and Collier, George (2013) "TOLERANCE AS CIVILITY IN CONTEMPORARY WORKPLACE DIVERSITY INITIATIVES," Administrative Issues Journal: Vol. 3 : Iss. 1 , Article 10. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/aij/vol3/iss1/10

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Administrative Issues Journal by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 86 Von Bergen & Collier Bergen Von DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 a INTRODUCTION

of a 6-year old named Calvin. In the comic above, Calvin presents a lame defense to his stuffed tiger companion, tiger his stuffed to a lame defense presents Calvin In above, old named Calvin. the comic of a 6-year value moral deny goes on to Calvin Further, not doing the right thing. him) for only to Hobbes (who is real ill Watterson (1996), creator of the well-known comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, entertained us with the adventures entertained and Hobbes, us with the adventures strip Calvin of the well-known comic (1996), creator Watterson ill

C. W. Von Bergen, Ph.D. Bergen, Von C. W. Ph.D. George Collier, State University Southeastern Oklahoma

ego and expresses misgivings about Calvin’s concept of tolerance. concept about Calvin’s misgivings ego and expresses B alter (often sarcastic) Hobbes serves as Calvin’s a philosophically urbane person such as himself. meaning for having CALVIN AND HOBBES © 1996 Watterson. Dist. By Dist. UNIVERSAL UCLICK. with permission. rights reserved. Reprinted All Watterson. AND HOBBES © 1996 CALVIN Figure 1. Calvin and Hobbes and Tolerance and Hobbes and 1. Calvin Figure past intractable conflict. past intractable acceptance forbearance, diversity, civility, intolerance, tolerance, Keywords: questioned. Nevertheless, contemporary interpretations of tolerance may be problematic for multicultural for multicultural may be problematic of tolerance Nevertheless, interpretations contemporary questioned. and appropriate as a more others is offered understood as respect and civility toward Tolerance programs. move communities and for helping tensions and groups toolbetween easing hostile for individuals effective relationships among workers by asking understood today participantsby tolerant—generally more become workers among to relationships highly a such is tolerance Because beliefs. and opinions, practices, others’ of acceptance and approval an as is its significance rarely values, and seemingly one of its few non-controversial quality U.S. society, in desirable and revolves around creating an inclusive environment in which everyone feels esteemed. This generally takes takes generally This in which everyone feels esteemed. environment inclusive an creating around and revolves interpersonal improve to attempt that programs and training management education a series of through place Valuing diversity emphasizes the awareness, recognition, understanding, and appreciation of human differences differences of human and appreciation understanding, recognition, the awareness, diversity emphasizes Valuing TOLERANCE AS CIVILITY IN CONTEMPORARY WORKPLACE IN CONTEMPORARY CIVILITY AS TOLERANCE INITIATIVES DIVERSITY ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 87 than to way explain why oflife acertain orbeliefshould beembraced. aworld where In allvalues are inherently equal challenge of explaining which values upholding.is far easier to are dispense with moral worth judgmentIt entirely and acceptance canbeseenas away ofavoiding difficultmoral choices, making anda way ofdisengaging from the the ideaofacceptance anddiscourages thequestioningofother people’s beliefs andlifestyles. Suchaffirmation ideology, every that practically value be made morally claim, or personal practice legitimate. relentlessly promotes It Tolerance today aspracticed goesbeyond aperson’s respecting rightto thinkandbehave differently.It demands regardless ofhow gracious theattempt, withoutinviting charges ofbeing hateful orsomeotherharshaccusation. and publiclysay socanbeconsidered xenophobic, insensitive, andoffensive. Few ideasorbehaviors canbeopposed, theideathatand rejects onecanbe free to express suchdistaste. To evaluate somethingas questionableorwrong beoffensiveThis newlyfashionedtolerance someone—may raises often suspicionoftheideathat something—or a definition, we believe, goes too far. dogmatism andabsolutism” (United Nations Educational, and Scientific Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 1995).Such diversity ofour world’s cultures, our forms of expression and ways involves of being human….It of therejection confused toleration andaffirmation whenitdeclared tolerance as acceptance“respect, andappreciation rich of the nonconventional and nontraditional. We believe that the U.N.’s decision to declare 1995 “The Year of Tolerance” Weissberg (2008)believes that thisnewinterpretation oftolerance requires rightness the of affirming persecution, andterrorism (Lickona, 2002). Moreover, theabsence oftolerance may well beconsidered theroot ofmuchevil:hate crimes, religious andpolitical even ‘ think that most of the time what we have in mind when we speak of tolerance issomethingcloserto ‘acceptance,’ or divergent ways oflife” (Oberdiek, 2001,p. ofmany 23)characteristic Western cultures. (1996),observed, Schwartz “I 2002, p. 1)andcanbeconsidered “indispensable for anyat leastfor decent societiesencompassing society—or deeply Contemporary understandingsoftolerance involve to accept ability “the thevalues andbeliefs ofothers” (Lickona, depraved to therequirement to accept ofthemorally different. thelegitimacy appears to have changeddefinition over the years from theobligation not to tolerate theperceived immoral and of tolerance becauseitisonlyahalfmeasure (Oberdiek, 2001). This hasled Weissberg (2008)to claimthat tolerance of life isinferior to yours? Who are you to judge?” 1996,p. (Schwartz, 27). Today, definition theorthodox somereject but tolerance involving acceptance andcelebration: are you to“Who ‘tolerate’ me? Who are you to say that my way understanding of tolerance has become insufferable. What these groups now demand isnot tolerance as While itmay once have beengoodenough forgroups minority to betolerated or “put upwith,” today suchan offensive inorder 1996). to coexist withothers(Schwartz, incorporating theideaofforbearance, inwhichtolerant individuals “put upwith” orendured what theyfound to be which onedisapproved. thanbeingperceived Rather asanevil, tolerance was seenasarelatively detachedattitude innocentharm people. Later, tolerance was seen as a permissive of allowing practice a person, practice, or thing of religious scholarsSt. Augustine andSt. Thomas Aquinas viewed tolerance asavice that and could corrupt society concept oftolerance lackedwidespread often recognition. Colesante andBiggs(1999)noted that early Western Although held in high regard by Locke (1689/1983), Voltaire (1859/1985), the (cited in Guterman, 1963),and Mill beliefs, opinions, orentire conduct, ways oflife. that emphasizes ofallpersons, anddignity respect rather thanrequired acceptance andaffirmationof everyone’s Finally, we address tolerance withinthecontext ofdiversity training andconclude intheworkplace withasummary tolerance regarded asforbearance andtolerance viewed asacceptance, asamore appropriate construal oftheterm. on thevalue ofdialogue. The authorsthenpresent tolerance interpreted ascivility, whichfallssomewhere between understood we asincludingacceptance. review section, theideaofintolerance thenext In andthenoffer adiscussion discussion ofthe concept, identifying the classicalmeaning as involving forbearance meaning andthecontemporary its roleandbusinesspractice. society inAmerican We begin addressing thetopic oftolerance by providing abrief The authorsagree withHobbesconcerning thecurrent viewoftolerancethiscontroversial andtackle topic and VOLUME 3,ISSUE1 DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 Von Bergen &Collier celebration .’ Acceptance implies approval, and celebration implies DISCUSSION b enthusiastic approval” (p. 24,italicsin original). endurance , ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 88 Von Bergen & Collier Bergen Von DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 beliefs, behaviors, or both must behaviors, beliefs, all a Condoms should be available to elementary to should be available school children. Condoms U.S. to alien so are values and practices that the carrierit is because be banned Islam should of different our security. to and even cohesion our national to a threat society they are that of the disease. the spread help prevent to with HIV/AIDS should be sterilized People Gay marriage should be banned in all states. • • • • Self-proclaimed progressive professor Barry Schwartz (1996) noted that “As good liberals in a liberal society—and in a liberal good liberals “As Barry professor Schwartz that (1996) noted progressive Self-proclaimed bigoted, rigid, and intolerant? We suspect that this is not the case, since not since suspect this is not the case, that We and intolerant? rigid, bigoted, Roberts (e.g., & be endorsed—only Some sanctioned tradition. researchers those within the liberal those largely by liberalism. both criticssupporters and to by central as recognized universally is tolerance that suggest 2006) Lester, While many might find these comments abhorrent, are those who disagree with such statements prejudiced, hateful, hateful, prejudiced, statements with such those who disagree are abhorrent, comments find these might many While the following, in the name of tolerance? the following, considered bigoted, ignorant, and worthy of derision—and could even be terminated from a job, as in Summers’ case. case. as in Summers’ a job, from be terminated even and worthy of derision—and could ignorant, bigoted, considered conduct,even and all beliefs celebrate affirm, and approve, to should everyone be required A key question becomes, role discrimination plays in the scarcity of female professors in science and engineering at such universities. It seems such universities. at and engineering in science professors of female in the scarcity discrimination plays role 2006). (Mansfield, his resignation force enough to was topic the broaching even that if one sanctions be and that, them, they could certain unacceptable suggest that seem to are examples views These stronger (Hilton, 2009). Consider also how Harvard’s former president, Lawrence Summers, caused a furor in 2005 by in 2005 by caused a furor Summers, Lawrence president, former Harvard’s also how (Hilton, 2009). Consider stronger top women in to the paucity of contribute might gender differences innate that meeting, a private at speculating, a of much how questioned Summers In Dr. addition, universities. elite at engineering and science, math, in positions Beauty Pageant. When openly gay pageant judge Perez Hilton questioned her views on gay marriage, Prejean replied replied Prejean marriage, on gay Hilton questioned her views judge Perez pageant openly gay When Beauty Pageant. Hilton Mr. marriage. gay approve thus failing to marriage a man and a woman, should be between she believed that called her something have liked to have and said he would on his popular blog “the B word” Prejean called Ms. people’s values and practices when they may believe some of those ideas and behaviors to be wrong? How, for for How, be wrong? to some of those ideas and behaviors believe and practices when they may values people’s ask supportersone can the validity abortionof the sides accept example, on opposite to marriage debates gay and in the 2009 Miss USA a contestant of Carrie case perspectives? Prejean, Recall the highly publicized of each other’s inclusion, and diversity. inclusion, and diversity. all accept can individuals be asked to poses a dilemma: how however, of tolerance, modern interpretation The York City. There is even an International Day for Tolerance that is observed on November 16 to educate people about educate 16 to is observed that on November Tolerance for an International Day is even There City. York more emphasis on tolerance is this growing nowhere that (1997) believes Vogt in society. tolerance the need for issues of multiculturalism, addressing programs and training it in education given in the prominence than evident intolerant. Such a moniker helps demonize certain individuals and groups by faulting their worldview as ignorant as ignorant faulting their worldview certain by Such a moniker helps demonize individuals and groups intolerant. and bigoted. and in New Angeles in Los it can be found so important to museums dedicated tolerance that consider many Today, life. The lexicon of today’s tolerance supporters requires approving others’ principles and standards. Weissberg (2008) Weissberg principles standards. and others’ approving supporters tolerance requires of today’s lexicon The life. endorsing polemic right-wing “mean-spirited, in of engaging charges otherwise argue to invite that would believes they are be that might today be said of a person could things that xi). Indeed, one of the worst (p. hatefulness” Conference, 2009). Within the last generation, tolerance rose to the apex of America’s public moral philosophy. Today, Today, philosophy. public moral of America’s the apex to rose tolerance generation, the last Within 2009). Conference, a virtue democracy tolerance considering and civilized for essential be tolerant, to person moral a good, believe many one of its few non-controversial values (Kreeft, 2007). Many people insist that, in a world burdened by injustice, injustice, by burdened in a world (Kreeft, people insist that, values 2007). Many non-controversial one of its few of tolerance, degree greater a involves evils these address to solution best the bigotry, and related inequality, Document of the Durban Review (Outcome and behavior views of others’ as an approval today understood generally relativistic world subjects one to charges of bigotry, dogmatism, and fanaticism where few things can be worth things few where and fanaticism dogmatism, of bigotry, subjects world charges one to relativistic defending. society and quality a highly desirable in U.S. essential, considered is today tolerance suggests that Hallemeier (2006) and a proclaimed hierarchy only reflects power, not demonstrable worth, why should anyone embrace capitalism capitalism embrace worth, anyone should demonstrable not why reflects only power, hierarchy and a proclaimed hold Party Republican of the Party?Judaism, or the Democratic of instead why Indeed, favor Islam in socialism, over today’s in convictions strong hold To else? anything than better be could nothing since anything, to attachments ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 89 liberal biases isproblematic. HenleandHolger(2004) indicated that AT&T representatives seemedto have thought some cases, to be terminated from theirjob. seemsthat having firmly-heldbeliefs It inconsistent withpolitically areperspectives convictions, considered often in legalisticindividualswith non-negotiabledoctrinal deserving, Those whooppose anunderstandingoftolerance asanapproval ofunconditional liberal-leaning opinionsand stupid. someonethinksanotheriswrong, If theyare calledintolerant 2003). (Kouki, may betold that iftheydisagree with abeliefinman-madeglobalwarmingthentheyare ignorant, uninformed, and do not,to thentheyare beingcalledoneormore subject ofthenameslisted inColumn 3.For example, anindividual or more oftheverbs inColumn 1from Figure 2)others’ __(pickoneormore ofthewords inColumn 2)andthat, ifthey today regarded asacceptance, tell individualswhomay questionordisagree withthemthat theyshould__(pickone motivations ofthosewhomay questionsuchanunderstandingoftolerance (seeFigure oftolerance, 2).Supporters shot inrapid fire reflexively (usingslander, toassaultthecharacter coercion, andpejorative personal attacks)and ofallviews.the equallegitimacy There isalitany ofwords andphrases that, likebulletsfrom amachinegun,are better orworse, butequivalent—and that aperson’s viewshouldautomatically beconsidered wrong ifitrejects diversity training are workshops,In frequently shouldbeconsidered participants told that everything different—not between could Americans produce ofU.S. aBalkanization (Schlesinger, society 1992). acceptance ofamyriad despite ofdissimilarities someauthors’ warningsthat excessive emphasisuponthedifferences encouraged to applauddifferences and to create aclimate of tolerance that entails appreciation, approval, and differencesacknowledge andbeinclusiveRowe, andopen& to them (Gardenswartz 1993).Hence, trainees are thesedevelopmental to In value diversity, efforts itisoften common to hearthat individualsshould recognize and as akeycomponent Bergen, 2012). ofinclusionandmulticultural training (Von “tolerance” were recently entered search intheGoogle engine, about250,000hitsregistered, illustrating tolerance programs involves teaching tolerance. For example, whenthekeyterms “diversity training intheworkplace” and 67% ofU.S. organizations provided multicultural training program initiatives (Esen,2005).Akeycomponent ofsuch some form of diversity training (Galvin, 2003). Additionally, for Human theResourceSociety found Management that the widelycirculated practitioner-oriented ontraining intheUnitedDiversity training States report canalsobefound prepared intheworkplace. An industry by Teaching Tolerance Magazine differences inappearance, values and attitudes, perspectives, assumptions, and conduct” (p. 155). Additionally, that, inhighereducation, students are told that diversity training shouldemphasize “tolerance… for and respect topic now majorcollegiate incorporated every innearly andgraduate businessprogram. (1996)observed Benjamin to Lansing andCruser (2009),diversity training today isconsidered that itcanbefound soimportant asacommon its endorsement central to many diversity andmulticultural training initiatives (Clements &Jones, 2008).According Promoting andadvocating tolerance asacceptance iswidespread today andcontinues to betaught extensively with unreasonable—worse, utterly wrong—to demandthat we shouldtolerate divergent every belief, orpractice” (p. 4,). one shouldnotbeforced to approve. Furthermore, we concur withOberdiek (2001)whoargued that would be “It women to see, letaloneread from the Torah” (p. 28). We agree, andfeel that there may beissuesandbeliefs that clinics. And itissimplynotpossiblefordemonstrating outsideabortion meto approve ofJews whowon’t allow (1996)whostated thatSchwartz issimplynotpossiblefor meto“It approve ofcommitted anti-abortionists notalignedBeliefs withmore andconduct liberal leaningsare readily dismissed. This was illustrated by Professor it proposes to eliminate. interpretation oftolerancea one-sided asacceptance divisiveness liberal views engendersthevery ofprimarily often generally applauded, findsilence onemight whenit typically comes to fundamentalistorthemilitary. Christians Such the politicalspectrum’s progressive acceptance. flankdeserving For example, whilegaysrights andcivil groups are graciousness impliedinthe “appreciate differences” brand of tolerance may beselective, withonlythose residing on onwhichaliberal, ofcharacter tolerance mostdepends” pluralistic society istheonevirtue (p. 24).Unfortunately, the especially ascitizens ofthat bastionofliberalism, theacademy—we value tolerance.... we deeplybelieve that VOLUME 3,ISSUE1 DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 Von Bergen &Collier showcases innovative tolerance initiatives across theU.S. DIVERSITY TRAINING Training Magazine b indicated that 72%ofresponding companies offered ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 90 LLC, 2004, LLC, Von Bergen & Collier Bergen Von DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6

Buonanno v. AT&T Broadband Broadband AT&T Buonanno v. a

any different religious beliefs.” AT&T informed Buonanno that they would terminate him should he refuse to sign the to sign refuse him should he terminate would they Buonanno that AT&T informed beliefs.” religious different any Buonanno Mr. his employment. terminated AT&T immediately and the document, sign to He declined certificate. damages ( of $146,260.00 in award an his winning in resulting sued AT&T, then he would not discriminate against or harass people who were different from him, including homosexuals, but that but that including homosexuals, him, from different people who were against or harass not discriminate he would Buonanno stated, Mr. beliefs. held religious his sincerely because it contradicted the statement not sign he could homosexuality But I cannot value and of their lifestyle. all people regardless and appreciate a Christian, I love “As Buonanno shared his concerns with his immediate supervisor declaring with his immediate he had no problem him that his concerns and informed Buonanno shared “sexual orientation.” However, Mr. Buonanno’s strongly held religious beliefs regarding the homosexual lifestyle lifestyle homosexual the regarding beliefs religious held strongly Buonanno’s Mr. However, orientation.” “sexual the practice of homosexuality. approving him from prevented tolerance regarding of intimidation Sequence 2. Figure contained a statement that the employee signing it “agreed with and accepted” all of the terms and provisions of the of the and provisions all of the terms with and accepted” “agreed it signing the employee that a statement contained Broadband AT&T person at “each that a provision contained handbook The handbook, and rules. including its policies including all of us,” among the differences respect and value fully recognize, to with the responsibility is charged this when they fired Albert Buonanno after he refused to agree to portions of the company’s employee handbook handbook employee to portions Albert company’s to agree they fired this when of the refused Buonanno after he acknowledgment written a sign to required were employees all AT&T, At beliefs. his religious violated believed he that certificate The “Certificate of Understanding.” a and sign handbook new employee the firm’s had received they that ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 91 and begin to address inconsistencies, tensions, and blindspotsinone’s thinking. ofdialogue canbea This kind self-understanding aswell asathoughtful consideration ofanother’s canalso helponerecognize perspective. It and assumptions, what asmuchlearning might bevalued by others. of exchangeThis type canleadto greater abouttheother, asmuchlearning self-exploration, ofone’s and2)thearticulation own previously implicitvalues (Richardson,2003).Dialogue involves andlearning intheircultural self-exploration include theotherasapartner 1) exchange ofinformation, butrather questiontheirown actively and perspectives aprocess inwhich theparticipants include dialogueandopennessto others. The form richest ofcivildialogueshouldnotbeconstrued asmerely an of thepeoplewhoengageinthem.Keycomponents oftolerance construed asincorporating alarge doseofcivility necessarily agreeing withoraccepting theirvalues, to ofthesepractices theway practices, oflife ortheimportance Tolerance as advocated here incorporates and involves civility treating without and dignity others with respect thatof dignity shouldberecognized by all. not we disapprove ofwhat theydo” (Hill,2000,p. oftheirhumanity, 69).Simplyby virtue allpeoplequalifyfor astatus beings are to beregarded ashumanbeings, ofrespect asworthy regardless ofhow theirvalues differ andwhetheror of theiractions” (p. 212,italicsinoriginal). Ellis’ isconsistent that perspective withtheKantian observation “human their personhood, andyou never damn theirtotal selves. You tolerate whiledisagreeing theirhumanity withsome one isnotrequired to “tolerate ofotherpeople.... theantisocial and sabotaging Butyou actions always accept them, with renowned Ellis’ psychotherapist Albert (2004) concept of unconditional other-acceptance, which declares that absurd. would beinappropriate It to tolerate suchthingsasracism, sexism, orhate speech. This viewisconsistent for theperson. The viewthat noperson’s beliefs may beany better thananother’s canbeconsidered irrational and another’sviews have ortruth.Rejecting merit, equalworth, shouldnotbeequated ideasorpractices withdisrespect different issue. Tolerance ofindividuals requires that eachperson’s viewpoint receives hearing, notthat a all courteous Note that isaccorded respect theperson. Whether hisorherideasbehavior should betolerated isanentirely accordingly.acting it requires empathy by puttingone’s own immediate self-interests inthecontext ofthelarger common goodand them norto hate theminorder to beciviltowards them” (p. 58). The third element isself-regulation inthesensethat This issimilarto Carter’s (1998)viewthat “civility equipsusfor everyday life withstrangers.... We needneitherto love the term. The firstelement is respect for others. The second aspublicbehavior element iscivility towards strangers. Billante theliterature (2002)surveyed andSaunders andsuggested three oncivility elements that together constitute Figure 3. Three interpretations oftolerance 127). (1999), wevalue. believe that Like Ury “tolerance is...showing person” for respect inevery theessential humanity (p. Individuals, we feel, shouldbeshown ashumanbeingseven basicrespect iftheyholdbeliefs that othersmay not with civility, dignity, even aswe andcourtesy recognize and thattension isinevitable(see someconflict Figure 3). view involves treating peoplewithwhomwe differ neitherwithappreciation, acceptance, nor endorsement, but occupying a middle ground which lies somewhere between traditional interpretations. and contemporary This demands too littleofus, nor “acceptance,” whichdemandstoo much. We offer tolerance incorporating as civility We to anotionoftolerance believe preserve that that itisextremelyimportant isneither “putting upwith,” which of affairs? we Must embrace1C). difference ordoesitsuffice ifthe occurrence of difference is considered normal tobea state religious beliefs, and “employees shouldn’t beforced to forswear theirreligious values inthenameoftolerance” (p. p. 155).According to Hudson (2004),employers shouldnotforce workers to adoptbeliefs inconsistent withtheir VOLUME 3,ISSUE1 DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 Von Bergen &Collier TOLERANCE ASCIVILITY b ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 92 The 7 Habits of The Von Bergen & Collier Bergen Von DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 a , referred to a similar concept when he suggested that people should “seek first to understand, to understand, first “seek people should that when he suggested a similar concept to , referred Mangalisco (2001) noted that “treat[ing] others with dignity and respect...is a cardinal point of Ubuntu. Everything Ubuntu. of point dignitywith others cardinal a respect...is and “treat[ing] that noted (2001) Mangalisco collective unity simply because of a person’s humanness. The Ubuntu value system provides a framework for how how for a framework provides system value Ubuntu The humanness. unitycollective simply because of a person’s from delineated imperative An everyone system. the in respect for collective a values and others treat should people Indeed, kindness, and humility. compassion, i.e.,with others as family, important it remains can be that treat Ubuntu to for the sake of harmony based on benevolence and love, but would but not necessarily feel obligated to accept and accept to obligated feel but not necessarily but would and love, based on benevolence the sake of harmony for the fabric of South African into is woven Kani of Ubuntu the concept (2006) describes how endorse them. Similarly, and dignity, sensitivity, respect, others with harmony, treating a collection for of values represents Ubuntu society. relationships through avoidance of conflict and compliance with social norms. Jiang (2006) observed with social norms. atmosphere of conflictcompliance the and avoidance through relationships (2006) stated Lo without conformity. implies harmony whom tolerance from of Confucius, in the teachings of harmony values and in beliefs differences for allow graciously person would or Confucianism-inspired a true Confucianist that The conceptualization of tolerance as civility presented here seems consistent with Eastern and African thinking. and African with Eastern consistent seems here as civility presented of tolerance conceptualization The particularly building harmonious societies, interpersonal Asian stress like China, Japan, and South countries Korea, you be allowed to say what you want, when others are denied that right by you” (p. 273)? (p. you” right by denied that when others are want, you what say to be allowed you as Civility in Other Cultures Tolerance someone. Indeed, Barrow (2005) goes so far as to say that protesting that one is being offended by our interpretation by our interpretation one is being offended that protesting that say (2005) goes so far as to Barrow Indeed, someone. personal hurt as one’s when it means treating “that taking offence, and self-serving of the supreme acts,” “one is should why fair—for play or to freedom allow to tolerance, show to a refusal involves response, punitive for grounds or approve the behaviors (Kouki, 2003). Persons should listen to and learn from everyone, but not feel obligated to to obligated but not feel everyone, and learn from to listen should (Kouki, the behaviors 2003). Persons or approve of their conduct. It a disservice all be considered can to or approve with every their viewpoints, person, accept agree upset might that or doing anything saying and dignity imply never respect, charity, tolerance, when believing that to make it possible for you to continue to write” (Guterman, 1963, p. 143). We can strongly disagree with others’ ideas with others’ disagree can strongly We 143). 1963, p. (Guterman, write” to continue to you it possible for make to of individuals in spite respect for still must show but we oppose them in the public square, or conduct and forcefully those beliefs to incorporate required should not be but they of others, People should be inclusive those differences. in the public square, but still display respect for individuals despite those differences. individuals despite respect for but still display in the public square, It is belief; belief. that have only his or her right to another person’s as civility accepting does not mean Tolerance life my give I would but write, you what “I detest Voltaire: to falsely) attributed (some say the famous words similar to whether they agree with them or not, then everyone will be one step closer to living in a truly charitable world. living in a truly charitable world. closer to then everyone with them or not, will be one step whether they agree in a place their views and allowing them politely by treating beliefs can respect those who hold different People against them contend and vigorously ideas, with each other’s disagree strongly may Persons community discourse. Tolerance comprising courteousness recognizes the rights of others to both have and express their opinion. Ifopinion. their express and have both to others of rights the courteousness comprising recognizes Tolerance their understanding of reality, and express have respectindividuals can learn the rights of all human beings to to from resolving conflicting claims to truth. Can it be considered intolerant to claim the sun as the center of our solar center the sun as the to claim intolerant considered it be Can conflictingto truth. claims resolving from they when intolerant think the earth Should scholars be considered because others might system center? be the to and another false? true one hypothesis believe Tolerance as civility allows differing views to have an equal right to exist, although not necessarily to have an equal to have although not necessarily exist, to an equal right to have views differing as civility allows Tolerance be criticism might and immune from equal values are all that the view Indeed, issues. different are These truth. in share individuals suggesting civility does not excuse Tolerance made. can be judgments moral of the belief that intolerant suggesting that individuals listen with the intent to understand others’ perspectives; not listen solely with the intent intent the with solely perspectives; listen not others’ understand to intent the with listen individuals that suggesting reply. to beliefs cannot enter into dialogue with those who keep them. Covey (1989), in his very text, successful those who keep them. Covey dialogue with into cannot enter beliefs People Highly Effective by communication improve to can be intended and empathy to is similar This 235). (p. be understood” then to ways that members of diverse groups understand: what might be good for them, what might be praiseworthy, and be praiseworthy, might what them, be good for might what understand: groups of diverse members that ways being. into goodness bring that to how those who do not share others that so unacceptable hold certain are some may or practicesOf that beliefs course, productive way to question the values and standards of one’s cultural community in light of other viewpoints. At its At viewpoints. of other community in light cultural one’s of and standards the values question to way productive clarity alterations and sometimes about, greater in and enriching can result and can be challenging dialogue best, in self-examination and transformation for possibilities profound introduces Such dialogue worldview. own in, one’s ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 93 We advocate toward toward civility that includescourtesy civility others withwhomwe others and disagree—a along theway. terrain between forbearance andacceptance, possibilities ofmutualunderstandingandaccommodation exploring silent aboutour differences. Tolerance interpreted does, ascivility however, strongly encourage us to explore the entails noobligation to esteem others’ ways oflife asamorally informed way oflife, nordoesitdecree that we be doesnotrequireIt embracing another’s right hisorher onlyaffirming to have that belief. belief; Tolerance ascivility Tolerance asendorsedhere employs for andcivility respect persons, individualpossessesinherent since value. every to adoptothers’ orconvictions. thinking Inclusiveness shouldnotdemandthat differences bedeniedorproscribed. Tolerance mustincorporate for anddignity respect canbetolerant everyone. Individuals withouttherequirement imposed onthepublictoday. decidedly liberal tilt. Nonetheless, some(e.g., Lickona,2002)seemto questionthetolerance asacceptance rhetoric which one may disagree and find but objectionable, also celebrating and endorsing them—at least those having a objectionable. Today, however, tolerance increasingly meansnotonlyapproving thoseviews andbehaviors with Tolerance historically meant that personsmustbewilling to put upwithothers’ beliefs that theyfound andconduct tolerance, understood asinvolving civil, relationships, respectful canbeausefulinstrument utilized by theNICD. informed and creative peopleto change their values but doesnot expect decision-making, or perspectives. Certainly challenged, cancontribute to theoverall ofpubliclife clarity (Furedi, 2011). The institute inspires thesearch for more ideasandopinionsthat insightsconflicting into truthmay begained. Even erroneous views, oftheirbeing intheact dialogue anddeliberation that ensures allpoints ofvieware expressed andunderstood.isthrough theclashof It people withdiverse viewpoints andto offer a venue for vigorous debate and while allowingrespectful for structured debate cantakeplacemanner. inapolite andcourteous Oneofthekeygoalsfor theinstitute with isto connect andconstructive engagementcivic engagement inpublicdiscourse, andcivility where discussionand vigorous Bill Clinton,center standsasanational, for nonpartisan debate, research, generation regarding education andpolicy Discourse (NICD;n.d.) at theUniversity ofArizona. The NICD, chairsPresidents withhonorary George H. W. Bushand University, (n.d.), (n.d.)Bullying Institute Institute theCivility at JohnsHopkins andtheNationalfor Institute Civil This fueledthecreation level institutes, ofdiscourteousness ofseveral includingthe civility-enhancing Workplace over thelastseveral years. of respondents considered to thegeneral beaproblem tone andlevel inthecountry that hasincreased of incivility are countrymen “becoming more rudeandlesscivilized,” andapollby Weber Shandwick(2011)revealed that 94% asaform (2008)views discrimination inorganizations. incivility ofmodern Indeed, Cortina believe Americans their to have quite theopposite effect asincreasing levels steal ofboorishness from andhumanity. peopletheirdignity another person that displays alack of regard for that Magley, person(Cortina, Williams, &Langhout, 2001)—appears Unfortunately, therecent increase ofincivility—insensitive, impolite, disrespectful, orrudebehavior directed at Rising Incivility:AnImpedimenttoDialogue harsh, vilifying, seentoday. often andover-the-top rhetoric compromise solutionsorcommon ground cannotbefound for allissues, butthat doesnotjustifyengaging inthe ofothersevenessential when they express worth ideas deemed disagreeable oroffensive.It isunderstood that can, however, disagree withoutdemonizingthosewithwhomtheydiffer.In civility, and the personsaffirm dignity peoplewillsincerelyGood disagree, nature andtheissuesthat dividethemby impassionthem.Individuals theirvery here anddevelop theircorporate diversity programs accordingly. operations inAfrican orAsian countries would bewell-advised to takeheedoftheconcept oftolerance promulgated oftolerance practice managerial construed for asrespect others. incharge Managers ofmultinationalwith firms for tolerance viewed aspresented ascivility here. As implications such,there for could across-cultural beimportant We believe theseAfrican- andAsian-based to consistent principles beclearly withandpresent astrong argument hinges onthiscanon,includinganemphasishumility, harmony, andvaluing diversity” (p. 32). VOLUME 3,ISSUE1 DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 Von Bergen &Collier SUMMARY ANDCONCLUSION b ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 94 Von Bergen & Collier Bergen Von DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 a reciprocity (Kolm, 2000) may be effective in enhancing civility. be effective (Kolm, 2000) may reciprocity backlash that sometimes arise in response to terms such as “diversity,” “inclusion,” and “discrimination,” it is possible it is possible “discrimination,” and “inclusion,” “diversity,” such as backlash terms to sometimes arise that in response research Some programs. the efficacytraining existing multicultural of improve on civility could instead focusing that 2008), and & Ku, Wang, or perspective taking empathy skills incorporating (Galinsky, civility, addressing suggests that (2011) observed that firms can improve performance by creating and maintaining norms of civility. Training programs programs Training norms and maintaining of civility. performanceby creating (2011) observed firms can improve that disfavor to tendencies behavioral their (often unconscious) overcome and leadership activities help employees may and demanding—civility the resistance Given encouraging—indeed members by in all interactions. out-group organizational performance (King, Dawson, West, Gilrane, Peddie, & Bastin, 2011). Subtle mistreatment characteristics & Bastin, 2011). Subtle mistreatment Peddie, Gilrane, West, performance Dawson, organizational (King, psychological salience, career impact job satisfaction, negatively to job withdrawal, been shown of incivility have 2008). King et al. Cortina, (Lim, problems health & Magley, 2001), and self-reported physical (Cortina et al., distress be a valuable approach to addressing inclusion in organizations and institutions. Tolerating or respecting people, respectingor people, Tolerating institutions. and organizations in inclusion addressing to approach a valuable be and practices. and endorsing all their ideas with accepting be confused must never however, Not only is civility an importantmeaningful but it is also a of predictor in the workplace, value interpersonal understood, tolerance means treating people with respect and without malice; it does not require us to dissolve dissolve us to it does not require people with respect and without malice; means treating tolerance understood, of understanding an Such 138). (p. beliefs” honorable and ancient to commitment our weaken normssocial to or and can effectiveness program training diversity can enhance as civility here, as tolerance to refer we what tolerance, engage trainers regarding their definition of the term and question interpretations that imply that participants that imply that term and question interpretations their definition of the regarding engage trainers “properly agree withthat Bennett (2001) We (p. x). everything” “accept and and affirm all differences should appreciate Implications for Managers respectfullyshould tolerance encourage that workshops diversity attending those that suggests (2008) Weissberg are reminded of the words of noted English philosopher William Rowe who said: “… those who are most eloquent most eloquent those who are “… who said: Rowe William English philosopher of noted of the words reminded are or action of thought to their freedom to deny the first and practices are views their own for in demanding freedom (1930). neighbors” We support the idea of a truly pluralistic society, in which differing views have an equal and legal right to exist, but exist, to and legal an equal right have views in which differing support society, the idea of a truly pluralistic We disagreement where their worldviews, accept all to require groups interest not a society driven in which ideologically We acceptance. simply means required tolerance and where and hatred, stupidity, as bigotry, is often misconstrued “Open hearts. Open minds. Fair-minded words” in the context of “… friendship, civility, hospitality and especially love” hospitality and especially love” civility, friendship, “… of in the context words” hearts. Fair-minded Open minds. “Open civilityas tolerance of interpretation the with remarkably are consistent words presidential These 2009). (Obama, here. suggested discourse; i.e., on how Americans should engage in public debate on issues with which they fundamentally disagree. disagree. on issues with which they fundamentally Americans in public debate should engage on how i.e., discourse; they with passion and conviction, and should be presented Obama observed would views while opposing that Mr. a model: Then he suggested (Obama, 2009). to caricature” views with differing those “without reducing be done could should not be invited to speak at a Catholic university because his “pro-choice” position on abortion position contradicts “pro-choice” because his university Catholic a speak at to should not be invited a devoted Obama President him an honorary degree. awarding objected the university to doctrine, and many Church on public on the meritsone abortion of rather another—but the protests—not section to position over of his address us” (Bush, 1991/2010). In spring 2009, amid much public controversy and protest demonstrations, President Obama President demonstrations, protest and In1991/2010). (Bush, spring controversy public much amid 2009, us” the president that persons thought “pro-life” Some Dame University. Notre at address the commencement delivered civility said, “Every action done in company ought to be done with some sign of respect to those that are present” present” are those that of respect to be done with some sign to “Every ought action in company done civility said, of the University at address Bush, in a commencement W. H. George 2003, p 1). President (Washington & Brookhiser, with people who disagree to bad motives assign to the temptation must conquer “We Michiganthat 1991, indicated in and voice of others. of and voice a school into copied Washington George a teen, As civility. appeals for various presidential is similar to approach This rules of Washington’s of first The and Conversation.” in Company Behavior Rules of Civility“110 & Decent workbook the approval of them as a basic object of moral concern. Civility permits conflict and criticism of others’ beliefs and beliefs Civility object of them as a basic permits concern. conflict of moral and criticism of others’ the approval based cannot be blind, it to be civil, For criticism which this conflict in can be pursued. it limits the ways but practices, the identity knowledge for concern and basic requires rather but viewpoints, opposing debasing or stereotypes on ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES JOURNAL: EDUCATION, PRACTICE, AND RESEARCH 95 Guterman, N.(1963). 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Shoulddiversity training workshops bemodifiedorimproved to include For example, itwould beinteresting how to customers, intolerance know impact suppliers, andincivility andother As thediscussionanddebate ontolerance continues, more research isneededto situations. examine variousworkplace Implications forFurther Research VOLUME 3,ISSUE1 Retrieved from http://www.michigandaily.com/content/president-george-hw-bushs-commencementaddress- DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 Von Bergen &Collier (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: KoganPage US. , 55-75. , 185-199. The road to tolerance: The philosophy ofrational emotive therapy. behavior Workplace practices diversity report. survey Civility Thepeople 7 habitsofhighlyeffective Cultural diversity, educational equity, andthetransformation ofhighereducation: Group profiles as 404-419. A book ofFrenchA book quotations, withEnglishtranslations. he broken hearth . New York: BasicBooks. President George H.W. 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Dr. Collier’s retirement degree management isinindustrial andappliedstatistics from Purdue University. teaching career His includes HereceivedOklahoma. hisPh.D. State ineconomics undergraduate from University in1978.His Oklahoma George Collier ([email protected]. ) periodicals. behavior issues. and businessandlegal journals Hehasover practitioner-oriented 100publications inprimarily experience addressing across ofindustries humanresources, avariety employee relations, andorganizational Tech University, University in New Zealand. and Massey Von also has over 20 years and consulting industrial graduate andundergraduate levels using bothonlineandtraditional formats at Purdue University, Louisiana industrial/organizational psychology. Hehastaught numerous psychology andbusinesscourses at boththe State Hereceived University inDurant,Oklahoma Oklahoma. hisPh.D. from Purdue University in1974 C. W.([email protected].) VonBergen Workplace BullyingInstitute. (n.d.). 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The paradox distinctive ofreligious tolerance: Active tolerance asamean Richardson, F. C.(2003). ethics,Virtue dialogue, and “reverence.” VOLUME 3,ISSUE1 DOI: 10.5929/2013.3.1.6 Von Bergen &Collier Getting toGetting peace. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. Tolerance &education: Learning to live anddifference. withdiversity Pernicious tolerance: How teaching to “accept differences” underminescivilsociety. The disunitingofAmerica: on multicultural Reflections society. Civility inAmerica 2011. Civility he Philosopher, 8, (n. d.). Retrieved from http://www.tolerance.org New York: The Penguin Group. is aProfessor State University inDurant, at Oklahoma Emeritus Southeastern Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org ABOUT THEAUTHORS Public AffairsQuarterly, 20 Rules of civility: The 110precepts thatguidedour firstpresidentRules ofcivility: in is the John Massey Professoris theJohnMassey at ofManagement Southeastern unknown pagenumbers. alsotheweb unknown See site http://www.the- Retrieved from http://www.webershandwick.com/resources/ b American Behavioral 47 Scientist, , 347-380. New York: Norton. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA: Academe, 82, , 442-458. 24-28. Declaration New