Call for Data
“Inventory and condition of stock of materials at UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites”
Part II – Risk assessment
Johan Tidblad & Pasquale Spezzano
4th Joint Session of the SB to EMEP and the WGE Geneva, Switzerland 10 - 14 September 2018 List of the cultural objects
Six Countries are participating in the Call for Data: Croatia, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland
Data on twenty-one unique monuments that are part of UNESCO world cultural heritage list
Country Name of the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site Name of the cultural object Location Latitude Longitude Croatia Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian Cathedral of Saint Domnius Split 43.5094 16.4433 Germany Aachen Cathedral Aachen Cathedral Aachen 50.7744 6.0844 Germany Speyer Cathedral Speyer Cathedral Speyer 49.3167 8.4430 Germany Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square Würzburg Residence Würzburg 49.7928 9.9389 Germany Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Porta Nigra Trier 49.75 6.6333 Trier Germany Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen Town Hall of Bremen Bremen 53.0759 8.8075 Germany Wartburg Castle Wartburg Castle (palace and keep) Eisenach 50.9668 50.9668 Germany Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe Hercules Monument Kassel 51.3158 9.3931 Germany Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch The Gatehouse of Lorsch Abbey Lorsch 49.6537 8.5686 Italy Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City The Colosseum Rome 41.8902 12.4923 Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura Italy Piazza del Duomo, Pisa The Tower of Pisa Pisa 43.7230 10.3964 Italy Residences of the Royal House of Savoy Palazzo Madama Turin 45.0725 7.6857 Italy Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena Ghirlandina Tower Modena 44.6462 10.9257 Italy 18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Royal Palace Caserta 41.0733 14.3264 Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex Norway Rjukan-Notodden Industrial Heritage Site Hydroparken Notodden 59.8786 8.5936 Norway * Nidarosdomen Trondheim Sweden Royal Domain of Drottningholm Drottningholm Palace Theatre Ekerö 59.32306 17.88333 Sweden Church Town of Gammelstad, Nederluleå church Luleå 65.64611 22.02861 Sweden Hanseatic Town of Visby Wall of the Hanseatic Town of Visby Gotland 57.64167 18.29583 Switzerland Abbey of St Gall Towers of the cathedral of the Abbey of St Gall 47.42333 9.37778 St. Gall Switzerland Old City of Berne Bern Minster Bern 46.94806 7.45028
* Nidarosdomen is not an UNESCO site. It is considered to be the world’s northern most medieval cathedral. As the most monumental and well known stone heritage building in Norway it was considered to be interesting in this context. The cultural objects Occurrence of materials in the twenty-one cultural objects
Name of the UNESCO cultural object Total Limestone Sandstone Render, Brick Glass Copper Bronze Other surface marble (m2) mortar, (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m2) plaster (m2) Cathedral of Saint Domnius 1960 1385 0 42.99 492.08 13 - Yes Wood, steel Aachen Cathedral 17300 3287 7698 - 17 1557 - Yes Greywacke, trachyte, tuff, granite, lead, slate Speyer Cathedral 26000 16900 - - 1040 7800 Yes Slate Würzburg Residence 41100 1027 19522 5959 - 3493 - - Painted surfaces, slate Porta Nigra 5500 4840 - - - 660 - - Town Hall of Bremen 4060 1868 41 690 244 1218 - Painted surfaces, Wartburg Castle (palace and keep) 4300 201 2165 - - 120 765 - Wartburg-Konglomerat Hercules Monument 15100 - 0 - - - 151 - Tuff The Gatehouse of Lorsch Abbey 570 17 120 200 - Yes - - Slate The Colosseum 22750 19450 - - Yes - - - Roman concrete, tuff The Tower of Pisa 7735 7735 - - - - - Yes - Palazzo Madama 7300 2700 - 900 3500 200 - - Gneiss, terracotta tiles Ghirlandina Tower 2650 2623 27 - - - - Yes Trackyte, lead Royal Palace of Caserta 149800 54700 - 4000 28500 17400 - - Steel, terracotta tiles, wood Hydroparken 40460 - - 11220 1460 2820 - - Painted surfaces, Tar paper/ruberoid, concrete Nidarosdomen 4430 60 60 - - 94 1165 Yes Talc-schist, slate Drottningholm Palace Theatre 4205 - 55 1577 - 288 - - Painted surfaces, wood Nederluleå church - - 2603 - 175 2 Yes Painted surfaces, wood, 3166 tarred shingles Wall of the Hanseatic Town of Visby 62000 58900 - 3100 - - - - - Towers of the cathedral of the Abbey 3150 158 2918 - - - 75 Yes - of St. Gall Bern Minster 8980 240 8740 Yes - Yes - Yes Lead
Total outer surface area of about 430,000 m2 (60% natural stone, 17% artificial stone materials, 6.5% glass, 3% copper, 2.5% waterproof materials, 2% painted surfaces, bronze, others) Environmental parameters in the surroundings of the twenty-one cultural objects
Name of the UNESCO cultural object SO2 NO2 O3 PM10 HNO3* T RH Rain Rain µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 °C % mm pH Cathedral of Saint Domnius 4 24 96 19 1.53 17.5 56 798.9 5.6 Aachen Cathedral 1.5** 14 46 14 0.71 10.3 79.1 826.5 5.2 Speyer Cathedral 3.1** 29 37 18 1.03 13.3 73.3 431.4 5.2 Würzburg Residence 0.9** 42 62** 23 1.43 10.3 77.9 550.8 5.2 Porta Nigra 1 30 64** 18 1.21 10.2 79.8 751.3 5.2 Town Hall of Bremen 2 23 46 17 1.06 10.1 80.6 546.7 5.2 Wartburg Castle (palace and keep) 0.5** 15 44 15 0.69 9.3 79.3 511.7 5.2 Hercules Monument 2 22 42 17 0.84 9.2 79.1 645.3 5.2 The Gatehouse of Lorsch Abbey 1.4** 33 59** 19 1.29 11.4 78.3 680.1 5.2 The Colosseum 2.3** 65 50** 31 2.15 19.1 68.4 735 5.8*** The Tower of Pisa 1.4** 37 62** 29 1.75 16.7 78.3 887.6 5.6*** Palazzo Madama 7 53 24** 40 1.19 14.8 74.7 961.6 5.4*** Ghirlandina Tower 0.8** 32 43 31 1.21 14.5 75 592.4 5.6*** Royal Palace of Caserta 2.8** 26.4 53.7 21.3 1.53 18.5 83.5 873 5.5*** Hydroparken 1 5 55 8 0.38 5.3 80 737 5.0 Nidarosdomen 1 51 18.9 12 0.73 6.5 76 751 5.3 Drottningholm Palace Theatre 2 15 30 12 0.56 8.7 79.6 656 5.0 Nederluleå church 1.9 11.6 54.7 12.4 0.57 4.5 83.5 824 5.0 Wall of the Hanseatic Town of Visby 0.7 5.7 64.1 37.4 0.48 7 85 399 4.9 Towers of the cathedral of the Abbey 1.8 29.5 44.2 12.8 0.97 9.66 76.13 1343 5.4*** of St. Gall Bern Minster 1.7 25 38 16 0.86 10.05 80.15 1034 5.4***
-3400/(T+273) 0.5 * Calculated with the empirical function (MULTIASSESS, 2005): [HNO3] = 516 e ([NO2] [O3] RH) ** Modelled data (EMEP/MSC-W model for the year 2015 at the resolution of 0.1º x 0.1º longitude-latitude) *** Interpolated values Dose-response functions
Dose-response functions for the multi-pollutant situation were applied for the prediction of surface recession for limestone, corrosion of copper and bronze and soiling of glass;
The dose-response function in in the SO2 dominating situation was applied for the prediction of sandstone recession (no function is available for sandstone for the multi-pollutant situation);
Loss of reflectance (soiling) of limestone is expressed as a function of only the particulate matter concentration to which the material is exposed, allowing only for an estimation of this parameter. Assessment of air pollution risks to materials Predicted surface recession and corrosion, first year of exposure
Limestone Sandstone
Copper Bronze Assessment of air pollution risks to materials - soiling
Estimated cleaning interval (years) Estimated cleaning interval (days) to maintain a loss of reflectance to maintain a haze level below 1% less than 35% for limestone for glass Risks due to air pollution for the materials constituting the artifacts Risk factors (pollutants) for different risks to materials constituting the artifacts
+ low impact; ++ medium impact; +++ high impact
An empty square indicate that the specific risk/ pollutant combinations was not included in the used dose-response function. Therefore the impact level could not be estimated. Comparison of predicted degradation rates: local data vs. EMEP model data at a resolution of 0.1º x 0.1º longitude-latitude
Limestone Sandstone
Copper Bronze Main conclusions (1)
The risk of corrosion and soiling due to air pollution for twenty- one unique monuments that are part of UNESCO world cultural heritage sites located in six countries in Europe: Croatia, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland was assessed;
Limestone corrosion was a risk factor at five monuments, limestone soiling at nine monuments, copper corrosion at six monuments and glass soiling at thirteen of the twenty-one monuments included in the study;
PM10 was identified as a risk factor both for corrosion and soiling of limestone while HNO3 was identified only for corrosion. The combined effect of SO2 and O3 was identified as a risk factor for copper. PM10 and NO2 were identified as important risk factors for soiling of glass at most sites. Main conclusions (2)
A sufficiently clear picture is presented of the risk of air pollution damage to outdoor cultural heritage materials;
Overall, a relatively good agreement was observed between damage predicted by using local data and those available as output of the EMEP/MSC-W model at the new resolution of 0.1° x 0.1° lat-long, suggesting that the EMEP model data at this resolution level could reasonably be used in future for similar risk assessments. Next step
assessment of cost of damage caused by damage of the materials constituting the artifacts due to air pollution. More information is available in the ICP Materials Report No 83 Call for Data “Inventory and condition of stock of materials at UNESCO world cultural heritage sites”. Part II – Risk assessment
which can be downloaded from the ICP Materials website:
http://www.corr-institute.se/icp-materials/web/page.aspx
Thank you for your attention!