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APEC Energy Overview 2007

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APEC Energy Overview 2007 ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2007 JANUARY - 2008 Prepared by ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE (APERC) THE INSTITUTE OF ENERGY ECONOMICS, JAPAN Inui Bldg.-Kachidoki 16F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054, JAPAN Tel: +81 (3) 5144-8551 Fax: +81 (3) 5144-8555 E-mail: [email protected] APERC Website: http://www.ieej.or.jp/aperc/ For the ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) SECRETARIAT 35, Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 6775 6012 Fax: (65) 6775 6013 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.apecsec.org.sg © 2008 APEC Secretariat APEC#………… ISSN ………… FOREWORD World energy demand is projected to grow dramatically over the coming decades and global warming is expected to intensify in the business as usual scenario. In 2007, oil prices rose continuously and set a new record at the end of the year. The causes behind this are complex, but continued growth of oil demand, especially in the transportation sector, is an essential background factor. Also in 2007, the IPCC fourth assessment report was published, showing a higher confidence in global warming through anthropogenic GHG emissions. Moreover, continued extreme weather phenomena reported globally-- including light snowfall, heavy rains, and persistent drought-- were considered as a warning sign among the general public. Today, both energy security and environmentally sustainable energy development are emphasised together in policy formulation and implementation across many APEC economies. Handling these two issues has become the defining energy challenge of our age. APEC pursues this challenge through promotion of efficiency, conservation and diversity of energy. A wide range of policies and instruments are available to promote such policy challenges, like market reform, technology RD&D, and facilitating trade and investment. Promoting broader energy cooperation and sharing views on our common energy challenges are also important. The APEC Energy Overview is an annual publication to promote information sharing. It contains updated energy demand/supply data as well as descriptions of energy policy and notable energy developments-- including energy efficiency improvement, infrastructure development, energy source diversification, upstream development, regulatory reform and environmental protection. We extend our special thanks to the efforts of APEC member economies in improving the accuracy and currency of the information provided. We also acknowledge the expert contributions of APERC researchers, EDMC staff and a special note of appreciation to the guidance and provision of basic energy data by EGEDA members. We sincerely hope that this report helps to deepen mutual understanding among member economies on current energy issues in the region. Kotaro Kimura Kenichi Matsui President Chair Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis January 2008 PAGE III CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................................................. III List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................V Australia .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Brunei Darussalam ...................................................................................................................... 19 Canada ........................................................................................................................................... 25 Chile ............................................................................................................................................... 35 China .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Hong Kong, China ...................................................................................................................... 56 Indonesia ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Japan .............................................................................................................................................. 74 Korea ............................................................................................................................................. 83 Malaysia ......................................................................................................................................... 91 Mexico ........................................................................................................................................... 97 New Zealand .............................................................................................................................. 104 Papua New Guinea .................................................................................................................... 112 Peru .............................................................................................................................................. 116 The Philippines .......................................................................................................................... 122 Russia ........................................................................................................................................... 132 Singapore .................................................................................................................................... 142 Chinese Taipei ............................................................................................................................ 146 Thailand ....................................................................................................................................... 153 United States ............................................................................................................................... 161 Viet Nam ..................................................................................................................................... 170 PAGE IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABARE Australia Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APERC Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations bbl/d Barrels per day BCM Billion cubic metres BFOE Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent Bt Billion tonnes (Thousand Mt) CO2 Carbon dioxide DOE Department of Energy (USA) EDMC Energy Data and Modelling Center (Japan) EIA Energy Information Administration (USA) EVN Electricity of Viet Nam EWG Energy Working Group (APEC) GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gases GW Gigawatts (Thousand MW or Million kW) GWh Gigawatt-hours (Million kWh) HKC Hong Kong, China IPP Independent Power Producer ktoe Kilotonnes (thousand tonnes) of oil equivalent kW Kilowatts kWh Kilowatt-hour LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas (propane) MCM Million cubic metres Mt Megatonnes (Million tonnes) mtpa Million tonnes per annum MW Megawatts (Thousand kW) NZ New Zealand PDOE Department of Energy (the Philippines) PNG Papua New Guinea (or pipeline natural gas, depending on context) PPP Purchasing Power Parity R&D Research and development SDPC State Development and Planning Commission (China) TFEC Total final energy consumption TPES Total primary energy supply toe Tonnes of oil equivalent TWh Terawatt-hours (Billion kWh) US or USA United States of America VND Viet Nam Dong PAGE V APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA INTRODUCTION Australia is the sixth largest economy and the smallest continent in the world. It is the only continent that is its own country and lies between the Indian and South Pacific Oceans. Its dry flat continent spans approximately 7.6 million square kilometres, mostly plateaus, deserts, and fertile plains and is divided into six states and two territories. Australia’s population of about 20 million live mostly in cities or major regional centres located on the eastern and south-eastern seaboards. Australia has maintained robust economic growth increasing on average at 3.3 percent over the period 1990 to 2004. In 2005, GDP reached US$575.02 billion (2000 US$ at PPP) from US$559.36 billion in 2004, further reducing its unemployment rate to 4.7 percent (July 2006) from 5.0 percent the previous year. Australia is abundant in minerals, fossil fuels and other energy resources and is a major exporter of coal, LNG and uranium. The resource sector is the largest exporting sector of the economy and covers over 35 percent of Australia’s export earnings. Over 70 percent of Australia’s international trade is with APEC economies and Asia accounts for around 60 percent of Australian trade. However, reliance on energy export markets has made the Australian economy very sensitive to changes in foreign earnings, arising from fluctuations in international market prices. Table 1 Key data and economic profile (2005) Key data Energy reserves* Area (sq. km) 7,600,000 Oil (MCM) 667 Population (million) 20.33 Gas (BCM) 2,610 GDP Billion US$ (2000 US$ at PPP) 575.02 Coal (Mt) 78,500 GDP per capita (2000 US$ at PPP) 28,286 Source: Energy Data and Modelling Centre, IEEJ. * Proved reserves at the end of 2004 from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005. ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY In 2005, the total primary
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