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PALMERAS NUS AL SUR DE LA AMÉRICA AUSTRAL Índice III Prólogo Norma I. Hilgert - María Lelia Pochettino - J. Esteban Hernández Bermejo PALMERAS NUS AL SUR DE LA AMÉRICA AUSTRAL ÍNDICE III PRÓLOGO. ........................................................................................................... REVISORES. ......................................................................................................... IX BIOGRAFÍA. ......................................................................................................... XI CAPÍTULOS PALMERAS DEL VIEJO MUNDO EN EL CONO SUR DE SUDAMÉRICA. ¿EXÓTICAS INVASORAS O NUS? Hernández Bermejo, J.E. y M.L. Pochettino ..................................... 1 ETNOBOTÁNICA DE LAS PALMERAS CAMPESTRES Y RUDERALES DE MISIONES, ARGENTINA Keller, H.A. y L. Paz-Deble ............................................................... 23 SYAGRUS ROMANZOFFIANA (CHAM.) GLASSMAN, (ARECACEAE) UNA PALMERA USADA INTEGRALMENTE POR LOS GUARANÍES DEL BOSQUE ATLÁNTICO EN EL CONO SUR DE SUDAMÉRICA Araujo, J.J., H.A. Keller y N.I. Hilgert ................................................ 39 LA PALMERA EUTERPE EDULIS MART., UNA ESPECIE CLAVE PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE REMANENTES DE BOSQUE ATLÁNTICO EN ARGENTINA García, D.S., N.I. Hilgert y M. Sedrez dos Reis ................................. 57 ETNOBOTÁNICA DE LAS PALMERAS COPERNICIA ALBA MORONG Y TRITHRINAX SCHIZOPHYLLA DRUDE EN EL GRAN CHACO Y ALREDEDORES: UNA REVISIÓN Suárez, M.E., S. Callao Escalada, A. Herrera Cano y G. D. Marino .. 81 BUTIA, UN GÉNERO ENDÉMICO DE SUDAMÉRICA Velazco, S.J.E. y J.A. Insaurralde ..................................................... 117 NUEVAS VALORACIONES EN LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LAS SABANAS DE BUTIA YATAY: HISTORIA ECOLÓGICA DEL PARQUE NACIONAL EL PALMAR Maranta, A. ....................................................................................... 123 USOS DE LA PALMA BUTIA ODORATA EN EL SURESTE DEL URUGUAY Dabezies, J.M. y M. Rivas ................................................................ 159 PECUÁRIA EM CAMPO NATIVO: UMA ALIADA NA RESTAURAÇÃO DOS BUTIAZAIS Sosinski Jr., E.E., R.L. Barbieri y M. Rivas ....................................... 181 I Palmeras NUS. 2020 LA RED PALMAR/ROTA DOS BUTIAZAIS - UNA RED INTERNACIONAL PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS PALMARES DE BUTIÁ MEDIANTE SU USO SOSTENIBLE Rivas, M., R.L. Barbieri, M. Machado Marchi, E.E. Sosinski Jr. y F. Amorin da Costa ............................................................................... 195 II M. E. Suárez et al. - Carandillo y caranday ETNOBOTÁNICA DE LAS PALMERAS COPERNICIA ALBA MORONG Y TRITHRINAX SCHIZOPHYLLA DRUDE EN EL GRAN CHACO Y ALREDEDORES: UNA REVISIÓN Ya en el siglo XVIII, el misionero jesuita Florián Paucke registró el valor de palmeras presentes en el territorio de la reducción San Javier, en el centro-este de la provincia de Santa Fe y corazón del Chaco Húmedo. Copernicia alba (arriba a la izquierda), atiavic en lengua mocoví, se destacaba en aquellos tiempos por sus excelentes características para la ediicación: hojas para techado, estípites para postes y canaletas. Su porte alto y delgado que, en palabras del propio Paucke, “llega a ser tanto más delgada que un muchacho puede abarcarla con las dos manos”, sigue pintando el paisaje hasta el día de hoy. Florian Paucke. 2010. “Hacia allá y para acá”. Ministerio de Innovación y Cultura de la provincia de Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina. Obra escrita en los años 1749-1767. 81 Palmeras NUS. 2020 ETNOBOTÁNICA DE LAS PALMERAS COPERNICIA ALBA MORONG Y TRITHRINAX SCHIZOPHYLLA DRUDE EN EL GRAN CHACO Y ALREDEDORES: UNA REVISIÓN María Eugenia Suárez1,2*, Sofía Callao Escalada1,2, Anahí Herrera Cano1,3 y Gustavo D. Marino4,5* RESUMEN Se presenta una revisión exhaustiva sobre la etnobotánica de 1 Grupo de Etnobiología, Copernicia alba y Trithrinax schizophylla, palmeras típicas del Chaco Departamento de Biodiversidad húmedo y semiárido argentino, paraguayo y boliviano, que son especies y Biología Experimental, Facultad multipropósito de gran importancia simbólica y utilitaria para las diversas de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, culturas que habitan la región. Sobre la base de datos primarios y Universidad de Buenos Aires, secundarios se compilan sus usos, pormenores del manejo actual y Buenos Aires, Argentina. pasado, y aspectos sobre su importancia simbólica y en el ecosistema, 2 Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), CONICET-UBA, Buenos con el in de mostrar su papel para los distintos pueblos del Chaco, contribuir a revalorizar a estas especies, exponer usos que pueden estar Aires, Argentina. invisibilizados y aportar con ello a su conocimiento y conservación. Se 3 Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos discuten los datos con énfasis en las formas de manejo local, los factores y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET- socioambientales asociadas y el potencial de estas especies como UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. elementos que sirvan a proyectos de uso sustentable y conservación 4 Programa NEA - Bosque Atlántico mediante el uso. Se resalta la necesidad de desarrollar investigaciones y Gran Chaco- Aves Argentinas- sobre aspectos vinculados a su uso (formas y tasas de extracción, AOP. posibilidad de cultivo, entre otros) y su etnobotánica, y se remarca la 5 Cátedra de Diversidad de Plantas, importancia de considerar las pautas y creencias culturales locales a la Facultad de Humanidades y hora de trabajar y proponer acciones relacionadas al uso y manejo de Ciencias, UNL, Santa Fe. estas especies. E-mails: ABSTRACT [email protected] [email protected] A revision on the ethnobotany of Copernicia alba y Trithrinax schizophylla [email protected] was carried out. These palms are typical of Humid and Semiarid Chaco [email protected] in Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia, and constitute multipurpose species of great symbolic and utilitarian importance among the different cultures of the region. Based on primary and secondary data, the uses, the details of present and past management, and their relevance at a symbolic level and in the ecosystem are compiled, in order to show their role for the diverse Chaco peoples, to contribute to putting these species in value, to expose uses that may be invisible and thus to promote knowledge and conservation of these palms. Data are analyzed putting emphasis on local ways of management, related socioenvironmental factors and the potential of these species as useful elements that may serve for projects of sustainable use and conservation through use. The need for developing research studies on the different aspects of palm uses and on their ethnobotany is highlighted, and a remark on the importance of considering local cultural rules and believes when working and proposing actions related to the use and management of these species is remarked. 82 M. E. Suárez et al. - Carandillo y caranday INTRODUCCIÓN pautas de manejo sustentables y contribuir así a su conservación Las palmeras son un elemento (Macía et al., 2011; Cámara Leret botánico típico de los trópicos, et al., 2014; Moraes, 2014; Balslev tanto de ambientes desérticos como et al., 2015). Sin embargo, en otros húmedos (Eiserhardt et al., 2011). lugares y/o para otras especies, los A nivel mundial, diversos trabajos trabajos etnobotánicos con foco en etnobotánicos y de botánica económica palmeras son relativamente escasos. se han enfocado en el estudio de Es el caso de las palmeras Copernicia las Arecáceas y refieren a la gran alba Morong y Trithrinax schizophylla importancia cultural que tienen para Drude, dos especies típicas del Chaco las poblaciones locales (p.ej. Balick, húmedo y semiárido argentino, 1985; Johnson, 2011; Macía et al., paraguayo y boliviano (Figura 1). Si 2011; Balslev et al., 2015). En esa bien se encuentra información dispersa línea, en Sudamérica existe una vasta en la literatura sobre el papel de estas producción de estudios dedicados especies en las diversas culturas de a palmeras que, en su conjunto, la región, su etnobotánica no ha sido demuestran que éstas constituyen estudiada profundamente en la mayor elementos significativos del paisaje parte de su área de distribución; a nivel práctico (con usos múltiples hace excepción Bolivia, con varias y variados) y simbólico, tanto para contribuciones (Moraes, 2014, 2020). grupos indígenas como campesinos, Los datos sobre el tema sugieren, e incluso en contextos urbanos. La sin embargo, que son especies etnobotánica de palmeras de muchos multipropósito de gran importancia países como Bolivia, Colombia, Perú, simbólica y utilitaria para los distintos Brasil, Venezuela o Ecuador, por pueblos (p.ej., Schmeda Hirschmann, ejemplo, ha sido estudiada en muy 1994; Arenas, 2003; Alvarsson, diversos aspectos, incluyendo usos 2012; Martínez, 2012; Moraes, 2014; asignados y formas de empleo, su Suárez, 2014; Matarrese, 2016), por rol en la economía local, y se ha lo que el compendio de la información avanzado también signiicativamente puede contribuir a revalorizar a estas en conocer las tasas de extracción, especies, exponer usos que pueden impacto del uso, entre otros, lo que estar invisibilizados y aportar con ello permitió en algunos casos promover a su conocimiento y conservación. 83 Palmeras NUS. 2020 Figura 1. Mapa de distribución de Copernicia alba y Trithrinax schizophylla basado en datos primarios y secundarios consultados. Elaborado por Ariel Insaurralde. El propósito de la presente revisión Las palmeras estudiadas es entonces compilar la etnobotánica de ambas especies, con énfasis en los usos y Copernicia alba (Figura 2) es una el manejo actual y pasado, sobre la base especie helióita
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