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Water Immersion and One-Year Storage in Uence Seed Germination Water immersion and one-year storage inuence seed germination of Copernicia alba palm tree from a neotropical wetland Vanessa Couto Soares ( [email protected] ) UFMS: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7269-4297 L. Felipe Daibes UNESP: Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Geraldo A. Damasceno-Junior UFMS: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Liana Baptista De Lima UFMS: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Research Article Keywords: carandá, caranday palm, ooding, hot water, Pantanal, seed storage Posted Date: July 16th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-669351/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 1 Short communication 2 3 4 Water immersion and one-year storage influence seed germination of Copernicia alba palm 5 tree from a neotropical wetland 6 7 Vanessa Couto Soaresa*, L. Felipe Daibesb, Geraldo A. Damasceno-Juniorc, Liana Baptista de Limad 8 9 10 11 12 a Laboratório de Sementes-Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, 13 Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, 14 Campo Grande/MS, Brazil, 15 b Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Av. 24-A 1515, CEP 16 13506-900, Rio Claro/SP, Brazil, 17 c Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, 18 Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande/MS, Brazil, 19 d Laboratório de Sementes-Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 20 Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande/MS, Brazil 21 22 23 Orcid Numbers: 24 25 26 a 0000-0002-7269-4297 27 b 0000-0001-8065-6736 28 c 0000-0002-4554-9369 29 d 0000-0002-5829-6583 30 31 32 33 *Corresponding author: Vanessa C. Soares 34 E-mail: [email protected] 35 36 37 Acknowledgements 38 We thank the graduate program in Plant Biology and the Seed Laboratory of the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso 39 do Sul (UFMS), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) to VCS master’s 40 scholarship, and Dr. Hieu Tuong from the University of Louisville for providing English language help. 41 42 Funding 43 44 This work was financed by the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Áreas Úmidas (INAU) [grant 45 number 610033/2009-3]; the Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de 46 Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) [grant number 23/200.028/2009]; and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento 47 Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) [grant number 303191/2017-1]. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação 48 de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001" and the Fundação 49 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS/MEC – Brazil 50 51 52 53 2 54 Abstract 55 Copernicia alba (Morong ex Morong & Britton) is a palm tree native to tropical and subtropical climates, commonly 56 named “carandá”, that often forms monodominant populations in the Pantanal wetland in Brazil. Currently, 57 the knowledge of the seed germination behavior of C. alba is still limited, as well as seed viability in ex- 58 situ conservation under laboratory conditions. Hence, this study investigated the effect of water treatments and a one- 59 year storage period (at 19°C under a relative humidity of 45%) on its germination. We subjected fresh and stored 60 seeds to immersion in water at room temperature (~25°C) for 24, 48, and 72 h; and hot water (~75°C) for 5 min and 61 10 min. The results showed that seeds do not have primary dormancy, with fresh seeds germinating 84% in the control. 62 Additionally, fresh seeds had a significant increase in germination percentage (reaching 100%) and faster germination 63 times after immersion in water for 48 and 72 h. On the other hand, hot water treatments decreased germination for 64 both fresh and stored seeds. One year of storage reduced the germination capacity by almost 50%. We concluded that 65 seeds of C. alba may be easily germinated under laboratory conditions for seedling production, and water immersion 66 at room temperature can improve the germination of fresh seeds. However, long-term seed storage and hot-water 67 treatments may jeopardize germination. Future studies should further investigate ex-situ conservation of seed of C. 68 alba under extended periods, considering seed desiccation and alternative storage conditions, to improve seed 69 conservation techniques. 70 71 Keywords: carandá; caranday palm; flooding; hot water; Pantanal; seed storage 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 3 91 Introduction 92 Tropical wetlands cover extensive areas of the Earth’s surface and are one of the most diverse ecosystems 93 influenced by seasonal flooding (Keddy et al. 2009). Frequently, palm species that dominate such flooding formations 94 show fruit/seed dispersal and germination strategies related to the water pulse (Orozco-Segovia et al. 2003). According 95 to the literature, palm seeds display morphophysiological dormancy due to underdeveloped embryos (Baskin and 96 Baskin 2014) and the thick endocarp that hinders embryo growth (Carvalho et al. 2015; Oliveira et al. 2013; Pérez 97 2009). To overcome dormancy, water treatments have been used to optimize and accelerate the germination process 98 of palm seeds by facilitating oxygen absorption and losing mechanical restrictions of the surrounding tissues (e.g., 99 Bovi 1990; Martin et al. 1996; Ferreira and Gentil 2006; Fava and Albuquerque 2011; Rubio Neto et al. 2012; Pinto 100 et al. 2012; Goudel et al. 2013). On the other hand, hot-water treatments (~75°C) have been tested on the germination 101 of tropical palm seeds but may not promote a dormancy-break (Martin et al. 1996; Rodrigues-Junior et al. 2016). 102 Studies have shown that ex-situ conservation of palm seeds is limited and associated with seed viability 103 loss (Broschat 1994; Orozco-Segovia et al. 2003). The knowledge of seed storage behavior and seed viability can 104 contribute to the ex-situ conservation of the species in seed banks, allowing the conservation of the germplasm and 105 supporting ecological restoration programs (León-Lobos et al. 2012). Several external factors influence the viability 106 of tropical palm seeds during storage, such as temperature and time, and intrinsic factors like seed dormancy and 107 desiccation sensitivity (recalcitrance) (Orozco-Segovia et al. 2003). Recalcitrant seeds do not tolerate water loss – 108 typically below a threshold <12% – and thus rapidly fade in laboratory storage (Hong and Ellis 1996). In addition, the 109 longevity of stored palm seeds varies among species, and the optimal conditions for ex-situ conservation may reduce 110 metabolic activity under relatively low values of environmental humidity and temperatures (Pivetta et al. 2011). In 111 laboratory conditions, temperatures ranging from 18 to 23°C have been recommended for most palm seeds (Broschat 112 1994) and tested for a few tropical species, such as the macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) from the Cerrado savannas 113 (Ribeiro et al. 2012) and Copernicia alba from a Brazilian wetland (Masetto et al. 2012). 114 Copernicia alba (Morong ex Morong & Britton) is a palm tree (Arecaceae family) native to tropical and 115 subtropical climates, commonly named “carandá” or caranday palm, which often forms monodominant populations 116 in the Pantanal wetland in Brazil (Pott and Pott 1994). This species also occurs in the Chacos of Argentina, Paraguay, 117 and Bolivia (Lorenzi et al. 2004). In the Brazilian Pantanal wetland, where it is mainly found, the areas can remain 118 flooded for up to eight months per year (Pott and Pott 1994; Nunes-da-Cunha and Junk 2011, Fig. 1a). In the natural 119 areas, C. alba exhibits early successional characteristics and may tolerate fires; its fruits are edible and provide food 120 for wildlife such as macaws, parrots, and fishes (Pott and Pott 1994). The economic relevance of C. alba regards its 121 wood durability, uses in rural constructions, corrals, fences, and as an ornamental plant (Lorenzi et al. 2004; Pivetta 122 et al. 2011). 123 Considering the current limited knowledge in seed germination and storage behavior of Copernicia alba, and 124 the fact that it colonizes the Pantanal areas, which are periodically subjected to flooding followed by dry periods, the 125 present study aimed to evaluate the effect of water treatments and storage on seed germination. We investigated: (a) 126 if water treatments (~ 25 and 750C) influence germination; and (b) germination behavior of seeds after one year of 127 storage. The thick endocarp can hinder germination; thus, water immersion treatments are expected to enhance 128 germination. However, we anticipated that seed viability might decrease after the relatively prolonged storage period. 129 130 Material and Methods 131 Seed collection and benefiting 132 We harvested fruits in July 2011 from 15 matrices from a natural population at the Carandazal Station, in a 133 natural area located in the Miranda subregion of the Pantanal in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (GPS coordinates 134 19º48’30.1’’S e 57º10’13.5’’W). Then we took them to the Seed Lab at Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do 135 Sul, Campo Grande, MS, where the experiments were carried out. We removed fruit coat and pulp by manual friction 136 and then homogenized the seed lot. Fruits are elliptical and brown, endocarp fused to the seeds with 1-2 cm in length 137 (Fig. 1b).
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