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Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2014 ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 9, 2014 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov VerDate Mar 15 2010 13:21 Oct 08, 2014 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\89906.TXT DEIDRE 2014 ANNUAL REPORT VerDate Mar 15 2010 13:21 Oct 08, 2014 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 U:\DOCS\89906.TXT DEIDRE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2014 ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 9, 2014 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 89–906 PDF WASHINGTON : 2014 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 13:21 Oct 08, 2014 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\89906.TXT DEIDRE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS Senate House SHERROD BROWN, Ohio, Chairman CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, CARL LEVIN, Michigan Cochairman DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California FRANK WOLF, Virginia JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina KAY R. HAGAN, North Carolina ROBERT PITTENGER, North Carolina TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio MICHAEL M. HONDA, California EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS CHRISTOPHER P. LU, Department of Labor SARAH SEWALL, Department of State STEFAN M. SELIG, Department of Commerce DANIEL R. RUSSEL, Department of State TOM MALINOWSKI, Department of State LAWRENCE T. LIU, Staff Director PAUL B. PROTIC, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 13:21 Oct 08, 2014 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 U:\DOCS\89906.TXT DEIDRE CO N T E N T S Page I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 2 Key Recommendations ..................................................................................... 8 Findings and Recommendations by Issue ...................................................... 15 Political Prisoner Database ............................................................................. 58 II. Human Rights ..................................................................................................... 61 Freedom of Expression ..................................................................................... 61 Worker Rights ................................................................................................... 71 Criminal Justice ............................................................................................... 81 Freedom of Religion .......................................................................................... 90 Ethnic Minority Rights .................................................................................... 100 Population Planning ......................................................................................... 103 Freedom of Residence and Movement ............................................................ 108 Status of Women .............................................................................................. 112 Human Trafficking ........................................................................................... 116 North Korean Refugees in China .................................................................... 120 Public Health .................................................................................................... 124 The Environment .............................................................................................. 127 III. Development of the Rule of Law ...................................................................... 133 Civil Society ...................................................................................................... 133 Institutions of Democratic Governance .......................................................... 139 Commercial Rule of Law .................................................................................. 148 Access to Justice ............................................................................................... 157 IV. Xinjiang .............................................................................................................. 162 V. Tibet ..................................................................................................................... 172 VI. Developments in Hong Kong and Macau ........................................................ 186 VII. Endnotes ........................................................................................................... 191 Political Prisoner Database .......................................................................... 191 Freedom of Expression ................................................................................. 192 Worker Rights ............................................................................................... 199 Criminal Justice ............................................................................................ 207 Freedom of Religion ...................................................................................... 216 Ethnic Minority Rights ................................................................................. 225 Population Planning ..................................................................................... 227 Freedom of Residence and Movement ......................................................... 234 Status of Women ........................................................................................... 238 Human Trafficking ....................................................................................... 242 North Korean Refugees in China ................................................................ 246 Public Health ................................................................................................. 249 The Environment .......................................................................................... 253 Civil Society ................................................................................................... 260 Institutions of Democratic Governance ....................................................... 265 Commercial Rule of Law .............................................................................. 276 Access to Justice ........................................................................................... 283 Xinjiang .......................................................................................................... 288 Tibet ............................................................................................................... 300 Developments in Hong Kong and Macau .................................................... 313 (III) VerDate Mar 15 2010 13:21 Oct 08, 2014 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 U:\DOCS\89906.TXT DEIDRE VerDate Mar 15 2010 13:21 Oct 08, 2014 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 U:\DOCS\89906.TXT DEIDRE I. Executive Summary The Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC), es- tablished by the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 (19 U.S.C. 1307) as China prepared to enter the World Trade Organization, is man- dated to monitor human rights and the development of the rule of law in China, and to submit an annual report to the President and the Congress. The CECC is also mandated to maintain a database of political prisoners in China—individuals who have been impris- oned by the Chinese government for exercising their civil and polit- ical rights under China’s Constitution and laws or under China’s international human rights obligations. The Commission consists of nine Senators, nine Members of the House of Representatives, and five senior Administration officials appointed by the President and representing the Department of State, Department of Labor, and the Department of Commerce. The Commission’s Executive Branch members have participated in and supported the work of the Com- mission. The content of this Annual Report, including its findings, views, and recommendations, does not necessarily reflect the views of individual Executive Branch members or the policies of the Ad- ministration. The report covers the period from fall 2013 to fall 2014. The Commission adopted this report by a vote of 17 to 0. † (1) VerDate Mar 15 2010 13:21 Oct 08, 2014 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 U:\DOCS\89906.TXT DEIDRE 2 OVERVIEW Human rights and rule of law conditions in China overall did not improve this past year, and declined in some of the areas covered by this report. The Chinese government and Communist Party con- tinued to emphasize authoritarian control at the expense of human rights and the rule of law. The limited space for peaceful expres- sion, assembly, and religious practice in China constricted further. The government tightened restrictions on rights advocates, civil so- ciety, human rights lawyers, domestic and foreign journalists, the Internet, and religious institutions. Additionally, the government denied medical treatment to imprisoned activists and targeted
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