Open-Air Schools
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, 1916, NO. 23 OPEN-AIR SCHOOLS BY SHERMAN C. KINGSLEY ELIZABETH McCORMICK. MEMORIAL FUND CHICAGO AND F. B. DRESSLAR PEABODY COLLEGE FOR TEACHERS. NASHVILLE. TENN. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 .1^ A ImiTioNAL corns OP T/119 PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED rrwm THE SUPF.RINTENDENT OP DIE'l RENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING 01710E WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 60 CENTS PER COPY 46 CONTENTS. Letter of Page transmittal _a,- Introduction . Chapter 1.-Sites and buildings.. _ _ 9 Chapter 11.-Equipments and cost ofoven -air sellouts Chapter 111.--Soclal and economic conditions :13 of open -air school children. r- 51 ChapterIV.--7Lunchea, their character anti cost.___. Chapter V.-Health supervision 61 78 Chapter V1.-Records and forms_ 91 Chapter V11.-Open-air schools in Germany 103 Chapter VIM-Open -1dr schools In Great Bettainand Ireland 133 Chaster IX.-Open-air schools In other foreigncountries 145 Chapter X.-The open-air school movement IntheUnited States 167 s"--TTuipter X1.-Preventoria, sanitaria, hospital,and vacation open-air schools A178 Chapter X11.-Educational organization andcurricula ofopen-air schools__ _ 196 Chapter X 111.-Resuits of open-air schools_ A p penal X4.14 : 218 Appendix A. Social, economic, and hygienic condition of 886 familiesof 1,962 open-air pupils in 15 cities Appendix 14 241 Estimated expenseof equippingand maintaining anopen-window room with full regime of medical and nursing service Appendix 243 C.-Iteelpes for open-aireettools. 243 Appendix 1).--1.1st of Chicago menus, materials used,and their cost ___ Appendix E.-Suggestions for open-air classes 238 Appendix F.-Legislatloh and committee recommendations__ 202 Appendix 14-1.1st of open-air schools 2C1 : l c levied bibliography _ _ Index 271 281 Figure. FIGURES. Page . 1. Model of an open-air school and groundson the unit plan,as exhibited at the Panntna-Paelfic InternationalExposition, San Francisco, 1015 2.The first open-air school, Charlottenhurg. Germany_ I. 10' 3. Planof buildings and grounds, "The Forest School," 11 4.ffeulme open-air school, IlirmInghatn. England. Chsrlotteahurg 12 5. Plan of buildings and grounds, Open-air RecoveryThe school garden_ ._ _ 18 ft. Interior Providence ill 11 opeu-air School_ School, Kettering, England 14 7. Sea Breese Hospital, Coney Island 15 16 R. Outdoor activities at Sea Breese Hospital,Coney Island, N. Y 17 9. Site of first year-round open -air school. Chicago. 111_ 10 10. Elisabeth McCormick Open-air SchoolNo. 2 on roof of Bowen!loll 20 11 Open-windowroom. NewYork City.Double-hung window 12. Tables and chafrs replace stationary desks In the first 21 Franklin School. ( Menge, 111_._.. __. .... _ . .....open-window ___.. ..... __room at the 13.Floor plan of open -sir school unit, St. lands_ .... 22 14. Thefirst Nellie Leland School, Detroit. Mkt. 25 15.Plans 26 of the Nellie Leland Open-sir School, Detroit, Mich- 27 16.Chewy Open -sir School, Toledo, Ohlo 2s 17-18. Plans of the open -air school built by the Columbus Societyfor the. Preven- lion and Cure of Tuflerculosla ... 20 19. Edward Mott Moore Open-air School, Rochester, N. Y 80 20. First-floor plans, Edward Mott Moore Open-ale School. Rochester.N.1 30 21. Second-floor plans, Edward Mott Moore Open-air School 81 22.Plan for complete school plantcomposed of units ofFresno Fotype 81 28. Thirdfloor plan, Slagle School, Cleveland, Ohlo 32 24. Orammar School.Coronado, Cal... 33 25. Revere School, Canton, Mass 84 26. The sitting-out bagused in 'enen-airschool. In New York and elsewhere.... 36 27. The sitting-out hag fastens withmetal stain's, easilymanipulated by children... 37 28. Type of wrap gnawingcold air toenterabout neck andshoulders AS 29. Sitting-out bag used at Providence tit.I.i open-air School__ ___ _.. _ 39 80. The Eskimo coat should be large enough to go on over sweater or heavy wrap 40 31. The Eskimo cult gives perfect freedom of motion 41 82. The lumberman's hoot, resoled with canvas 48 38.A leather boot, withupper part felt 84. The ordinary steamer chair is unhygienic for children to sleep on 48 t5. Suggested type of cot for open-sir use 44 no.Lotter devised by St. Louis open-air school for storing cots and Eskimo nulls- 45 37. Thermometer rack for use Inschoolswhere temperatures are taken 46 . 3R. Cloak rooms fitted up for kitchen. by the Chicago Board ofEducation 47 89. SupPly closet used in " cloak-room kitchen." Chicago 40. A one-rom apartment Al 41. The kind of home that products malnourished children 58 8 CONTENTS. Page. 42. The airy dining room of the Charlottenburg Open-far School 112 43. Dining room at Uffcu line Open-alr School, Birmingham, England Oa 44. Kitchen of openair school, Rochester_ 64 45. Dining room of Edward Mott Moore Open-air School, Rochester, N.-Y 65 46. Domestic science equipment Med for open-air school children, Auburn. N. 1._ 117 47. An Inexpensive kitchen Nut ent has served Providence, it.I., since 190R____ 01) 48. Domestic science class prepa ng dinner for open-air School, New Britain, Conn 70 49. Indoor lunch for open-air school poplin_ 73 50. Lunching out of doors in the first open-air school in Hungary _ ..... __ . _ 74 61. Lunch in an open-air school near The Hague, Holland ., 75 52. Recording pulse and temperature In a Chicago school- Si) 53. Entrance examination, Shurtieff_School, Chelsea, Muss _...ss e1 54. On a day like this, physician and teacher need to see that children are warmly clad ... 85 55. Personal hygiene, Chicago-Open-air School SO 66. Weighing in a specially devised slip. tot 67. Weighing in the regular open-air knit- '89 58. Weighing slip devised in the open-air schools of thirst _ 95 59. General view of buildings and grounds of the Charlottenburg School 1 19 60. Children nt the Charlottenburg School resting under t e trees 108 61.44 the ('harlottenburg Open-stir School both boys a d girls have separate Walled -In spaces fkr outdoor gymnastics 100 62, Exterior of open-air kcbool building, Elberfeld German 118 68. Thedelightfulsetting of the Elberfeld Open-air School is illustrated by tilif view of the children at rest 11!1 64. Reclining chair used for rest period in open-airschoolat Nurnberg, I ;ermany_.. 113) 65. Dormitory for residential pupils, rpen-air school at Nurnberg, Germany_._ _. 114 86. Interior of open-air school classroom, Eiberfeld, Germany 125 67. An open-air recitation at Munchen4lludbsch, Germany. ___ . __ . 68. Open-air aback used for rest hour at Idunchen-Gladbach. Germany ..... 11.:78 69. Thackley Open-air School. Bradford, England 70. View of one of the porches, Thirekley open-uir School, Bradford. England__ ._ 137 71. Open-air recitation. Barnsley, England ItiS 72. Bermerside, a residential open-air HOMO' supported by the city of 114114x_ _ _ 139 73. Open-air school for normal children at Carnarvon, Wales_ It° 74..1l1 classrooms in the Cornnrvon School ilien Into this marching corridor., 111 75. The open-air pavilion used as a schoolroom at Bermerside 142 20. A recitation under the Or trees et 111urthley, Perthshire, Scotland_ __ ..... _ 77. Open -air school near The Hogue, Holland 78. Open-air school. Ssombathely. Ilungasy 79. The Forest School In Victoria Park, Toronto. Canada 80. Open-air pavilion nt Sandringham. Australln 1116 81. The first open -air t.elitiol In the United States t Providence, R.I 1 _ . 109 and rest___ ITO 82. An open-air schoolroom in Allentown, Pa., used for both recitation I T' 88. Anemic girl - . 84. Afiemic boy 17:4 85. The health that cameo from the out-of-doors 86. An open-window room__ . 87. Rest period, Elizabeth McCormick Open-air School No.° 11I 777 71 88. Interior tuberculosis preventorlutn nt Pormingonte,N. J._ . .. __ ____. Farmingdale. N. J 89. Plan of the tuberculosis preveniorlum for childrenile,rolt, at Mich_ $10. Herman Kiefer Sanitarium Open-nlr School,Tuberculosis, Coney Island, N. 181 91. View from Sea Breeze Hospital for Surgical 182 1)2. Massachusetts Hospital School, ('anion, Mass 183 . # 98. Exterior, East River homes tubereadoala sanitarium 184 04. Children's cottage at Chicago municipal 185 95. Ridge Farm Preventorium, Deerfield. Ill United Charillea of Chicago-- 187 96. Harlowardeu Preventorlum, maintained by the 194 97. Country outings for city school children Open-air School 198. 98. Breathing exercises at the Szombathely (Hungary)the school family at the llowrinw 99. Goats and chickens are important members of 199 House Country. Roby, Liverpool, England the noonday lunch, France_.__.. _ _ 201 100. Children onft school journey halting for 203 101. Breathing exercises on platform adjoiningthe school tent, Springfield, Mass-- 102. A school garden on a city roof. HoraceMann School, New York till' 205 108. Computing height of trees, Uffcuhme Open-airSchool, Birmingham, England-- 104. " The open-air smile" 223098 LIST OF FORMS. 92 story card used In open-air schools in Chicago__. 1. Face of phvalcnt history card used in Chicago open-air schools ______ 93 2. Reverse side of p 94 - 3.Socialhistory cardcard used In Chicago pa 4. Parent's consent card used in Chicagoopenstir school open-air school 96 5. Parent's consent card used in Chicagowork in Cleveland. Ohio_ ____ .___ :,7 6, Face of record used In openair school 9N 7. Reverse of record card timed In Cleveland R, Face of record cord used in open-sir school work.Newark. N. 3_ ___- 99 N. J.. II. Reverse side of record card used in Newark, Syracuse. N. Y--r 10. Face of record card used In open-air school work, 11144124: 11.