appalachian studies

UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY

global energy local coal a land about which, perhaps, more things are known labor that are not true than of any part of our country class wealth JOHN C. CAMPBELL poverty place image at once the other America and the conscience of America water RON ELLER watershed region land culture one of America's most important, least understood, knowledge and least appreciated regions mountain RICHARD ULACK AND KARL RAITZ music migration race not a metaphor for America, is America story RODGER CUNNINGHAM myth gender literature leadership art progress policy rural heritage humor democracy University of Kentucky Appalachian Studies

Research and Design: Nyoka Hawkins 1977-2011 Created for the University of Kentucky Appalachian Studies Program/2011 Copyright © Nyoka Hawkins/Old Cove Press/2011 All Rights Reserved www.appalachiancenter.org/appalachian_studies_program College of Arts and Sciences

Images: Library of Congress Digital Collections • U.S. Geological Survey • NASA• Diego Gutiérrez 1562 Map of America •1888 Map, Lexington, Kentucky, C.J. Pauli (detail: State College of Kentucky). Cover Quotations: John C. Campbell, The Southern Highlander and His Homeland, University Press of Kentucky, 1969 (Russell Sage Foundation 1921)• Ron Eller, Uneven Ground: Appalachia Since 1945, University Press of Kentucky, 2008 • Richard Ulack and Karl B. Raitz, Appalachia: A Regional Geography, Land, People, and Development, Westview, 1984 • Rodger Cunningham, ‘The View From the Castle,’ Confronting Appalachian Stereotypes: Back Talk from an American Region, University Press of Kentucky, 1999. Appalachian traditional music and arts are a vital and treasured part of our national heritage.

The Appalachian literary renaissance of the 1970s brought fresh attention to Appalachian literature and gave rise to a new generation of Appalachian writers.

The natural resources of appalachian kentucky provide electricity and water to U.K. and the Bluegrass region. The Kentucky River, the source of central Kentucky’s water supply, begins on the northern slopes of Pine Mountain in Letcher County. Coal SINCE 1865, provides 92% of Kentucky’s electricity. the University of Kentucky Approximately 78% of Kentucky’s coal and the Appalachian region is mined in eastern Kentucky. Eastern have been connected by the University’s Kentucky miners make up 84% of the founding mission to serve the Commonwealth. The creation of the Appalachian state’s coal mining work force.* Appalachian Kentucky includes 54 of Studies Program in 1977 was a *Kentucky Coal Association Kentucky’s 120 counties, covers 46 % of watershed moment in the University of the state’s land mass, and measures 18,302 Kentucky’s relationship with Appalachia. Appalachia’s poverty and yet great contribution of wealth to the nation * square miles, an area larger than Denmark, Part of a growing Appalachian Studies engages the ethical and civic dimensions of education. Educational attainment levels in Appalachian Switzerland or Belgium. A region of mineral movement throughout the region, U.K. faculty, Kentucky are among the lowest in the United States. The Appalachian Studies Program supports the riches and human poverty, natural beauty and administrators and students came together to University’s founding mission to promote educational equality throughout Kentucky. environmental devastation, a symbol of American create the Appalachian Studies curriculum, heritage sometimes labeled an ‘Other America,’ the Appalachian Center and the library’s Appalachia remains paradoxical. For more than a Appalachian Collection. The Appalachian century, the region has generated an outpouring Studies Program created a fresh synthesis of of scholarship, media attention, philanthropy, cross-disciplinary collaboration, innovative economic development efforts, programs of course development and new levels of missionary uplift, and cycles of ‘rediscovery.’ engagement with the region. * Appalachian Regional Commission RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLD COVE PRESS/2011 s. ear 0 y 10 n ha e t or r m fo ry . st ama du . lab in on l A gy . ti tra er nd sta en n la a c the e v region l t e to appalachian s d ba e l da lo ch ta a g ri n an includes all of West Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia, e ’s e C th ld nm n of or o er t w ir h Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, ar e nv ut NEW YORK p th f e so en f o m be o es o e e n fr Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia av om ce es s h s s il ld on by m fie e d 0 al liv de 00 NORTHERN Appalachian KY: 18,302 sq. miles co le n 2, ky p ou g uc eo rr in hian Ke Denmark: 16,639 sq. miles nt t p su d lac ntu e es y en a c Switzerland: 15,940 sq. miles e K r t xt pp entucky ky th oo au e a 54 of K ’s 120 c nd s p be h, udes ount Belgium: 11,787 sq. miles a a n’ al rt incl ies chi tio ur Ea of the state’s Massachusetts: 7,838 sq. miles ala na at n s 46% land m pp e n t o over as al A th at es PENNSYLVANIA c s Connecticut: 5,543 sq. miles Centr of re ld asures 18,302 squar me f g e o OHIO d me e mile so s o th an s, ROBERTSON hia ne g ger than lac sce on area lar Denma ppa es am MARYLAND an rk, GREENUP In A ur re LEWIS at a NORTH CENTRAL BOYD rland or Belg NICHOLAS FLEMING fe ns Switze ium MONTGOMERY CARTER ion tai e reg un ELLIOTT h o ROWAN LAWRENCE T WEST VIRGINIA BATH n M hia CLARK lac MENIFEE MORGAN JOHNSON pa MARTIN Ap POWELL MAGOFFIN The WOLFE CENTRAL GARRARD MADISON ESTILL KENTUCKY LEE FLOYD BREATHITT PIKE LINCOLN JACKSON OWSLEY VIRGINIA /2011 PERRY KNOTT EDMONSON HART CASEY GREEN ROCKCASTLE CLAY METCALFE PULASKI ADAIR LAUREL LESLIE LETCHER PRESS

RUSSELL KNOX E

WHITLEY V WAYNE HARLAN TENNESSEE MONROE BELL NORTH CAROLINA

CUMBERLAND CLINTON McCREARY SOUTH CENTRAL CO

subregions of appalachia D OL / inment rates in Appalachia are among t ational atta he lowest in INS Educ the nati on SOUTHERN

. WK SOUTH CAROLINA HA

Education, High School and College Completion Rates, 2000 A K O GEORGIA Y

Percent Completed High School High School Completion, Percent of U.S. Average N

United States 80.4% United States 100.0% © Kentucky 74.1% Kentucky 92.2% MISSISSIPPI Appalachian Region 76.8% Appalachian Region 95.6%

ALABAMA ESIGN Appalachian Kentucky 62.5% Appalachian Kentucky 77.7% Per Capita Market Income, 2007 /D U.S. $32,930 • KY $24,708 • Percent Completed College College Completion, Percent of U.S. Average Population, April 1, 2000 Land Area (square miles)

ppalachian Regional Commission; World Encyclopedia, Oxford Reference Online. App Region $24,360 • App KY $15,690 United States 24.4% United States 100.0% United States 281,421,906 United States 3,537,438 A Kentucky 17.1% Appalachian Region 72.2% Appalachian Region 23,642,578 Poverty Rate, 2000 Appalachian Region 204,812

Appalachian Region 17.6% Kentucky 70.2% Kentucky 4,041,769 U.S. 12.4% • KY 15.8% • Kentucky 39,728 RESEARCH

Data: Appalachian Kentucky 10.4% Appalachian Kentucky 42.7% Appalachian Kentucky 1,160,627 App Region 13.6% • App KY 24.4% Appalachian Kentucky 18,302 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY appalachian studies timeline in the context of related events 1880-2011

1880-1930 Industrialization of Appalachia • railroads • timbering • mineral extraction • union organizing 1913 Council of Southern Mountain Workers formed 2011 Ancient Creek, Gurney Norman 1925 Mountain Life and Work begins publication 2010 I Wonder as I Wander: The Biography of John Jacob Niles, Ronald A. Pen 1932 Highlander Folk School established 2010 Recovering the Commons: 1934 Man with a Bull-Tongue Plow, Jesse Stuart Democracy, Place, and Global Justice, Herbert Reid and Betsy Taylor

1940 River of Earth, James Still 2008 Uneven Ground: Appalachia Since 1945, Ronald D Eller 2007 Lost Mountain: A Year in the Vanishing Wilderness, 1946 James S. Brown joins UK Sociology Department Radical Strip Mining and the Devastation of Appalachia, Erik Reece 1950 Beech Creek: A Study of a Kentucky Mountain Neighborhood, James S. Brown 2005 $200,503 NEH grant to enhance Appalachian Collection 1954 The Dollmaker, Harriette Arnow 2002 Women, Power, Dissent in the Hills of Carolina, Mary K. Anglin

1957 Pat and Tom Gish acquire The Mountain Eagle, Whitesburg, Kentucky 2001 $325,000 Rockefeller Humanities Fellowships grant, Civic Professionalism & Global Regionalism

1959 Little Smoky Ridge, Marion Pearsall 2000 Board of Trustees establishes James S. Brown Graduate Appalachian Studies Fund 2000 The Road to Poverty, Dwight Billings & Kathleen Blee 1961 The Southern Mountaineer in Fact and Fiction, Cratis D. Williams, Ph.D. dissertation, NYU 1999 Confronting Appalachian Stereotypes, Dwight Billings, Gurney Norman, Katherine Ledford, eds. 1962 The Southern Appalachian Region: A Survey, Thomas R. Ford, ed. 1998 Erik Reece joins UK English Department 1963 President John F. Kennedy forms the President’s Appalachian Regional Commission (PARC) 1996 Appalnet listserv founded 1963 Night Comes to the Cumberlands, Harry M. Caudill 1995 Two Sides to Everything, Shaunna L. Scott

1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson announces a War on Poverty, Martin County, Kentucky 1995 Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century, Dwight Billings, et al.

1964/65 Appalachian Regional Commission established 1994 Mary Anglin joins UK Department 1991 Ron Pen joins UK School of Music 1967 John B. Stephenson joins UK Sociology Department 1990 $1,208,850 W. K. Kellogg Foundation grant, Appalachian Civic Leadership Project 1968 Shiloh: A Mountain Community, John B. Stephenson 1990 Shaunna L. Scott joins UK Sociology Department 1968 Herbert G. Reid joins UK Political Science Department 1986 Kate Black joins UK Library, Curator, Appalachian Collection 1960s and '70s , Black Lung Movement, Roving Pickets, Appalachian 1986 Appalachian Studies Conference becomes Appalachian Studies Association Committee for Full Employment, Appalachian Group to Save the Land and People 1984 Appalachia, A Regional Geography, Karl B. Raitz and Richard Ulack 1969 Appalachian Film Workshop (Appalshop) begins, Whitesburg, Kentucky 1984 UK Appalachian Center/University of Rome Faculty Exchange established 1974 Gerald Alvey joins UK English Department 1983 Who Owns Appalachia? Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force 1975 Dwight Billings joins UK Sociology Department 1982 Miners, Millhands and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South 1880-1930, Ronald D Eller 1976 $35,000 Rockefeller Foundation grant to plan Appalachian Center 1979 Gurney Norman joins UK Department of English 1977 $125,000 Rockefeller grant to establish Appalachian Center 1978 Inaugural Appalachian Studies Conference, Berea, KY 1977 SEpt 12, UK SENATE APPROVES Appalachian Center 1978 Colonialism in Modern America, Helen Lewis, et al. Historical 1977 SEPT 20, Board of Trustees establishes App Center 1977 Kinfolks, Gurney Norman

Publications 1977 $275,997 NEH Grant to develop 1977 Alan DeYoung joins UK's Education Dept RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLD COVE PRESS/2011 University of Kentucky UK Appalachian Studies Curriculum 1977 Harry Caudill joins UK's Dept With 13 New Courses Planned, UK's Appalachian Center Gains Momentum to President Jimmy Carter to inform UK sociology professor, David Walls, Arnett said the concept that the will be added. In the third year, the Center's program would be to trans- them on various aspects of Appala- By BRYAN WILKINS who back in the 1960s was the one- center will be guided by is one of re- Center plans courses on regional late this research into policy, to pro- chian life such as housing, govern- East Kentucky Bureau time head of the Appalachian Volun- turning to the Appalachian area of music, film, linguistics and family and vide people (who will be) making the ment response to federal anti-poverty The recently-formed Appalachian teers (AVs), an anti-poverty program. Eastern Kentucky the knowledge ob- child development. decisions the best information on the programs, and health care. It wa s in Center at the University of Kentucky Walls will head up the academic tained from the Center's research. This wealth of courses contrasts region," Arnett said recently in an in- connection with Carter's stated desire is moving forward in a big way. program. He notes that, as of Septem- Community development planner with the current one standard course terview in his office on the UK cam- to reorganize various branches and From an initial $35,000 grant for ber 1976, 13 per cent of the UK stu- on the Southern Appalachians, pres- pus. Bruce Davidson, a veteran of church services of the federal bureaucracy. planning from the Rockefeller Found- dent body hails from the Appalachian ently available only to graduate stu- At the end of a three-year period, work in Breathitt County, says that ation, the center is now proposing to region. He said the meeting was an exam- dents. UK would be responsible for funding "most academic research usually offer 13 new courses over the next "I'm pretty optimistic that these ple of the kind of role he hopes the Also Plans Research the entire academic program. takes from the area it studies. The three years, at both graduate and un- The Center expects to hear on new courses will find their place," Center is also designed to do this, but Center will play in the future. dergraduate levels. Four courses Doug Arnett, project director of July 13 from the federal National En- Walls adds. this time it will return the results of the center, says he is enthusiastic "The thing is, most people don't would be offered in the spring of 1978. dowment for the Humanities on its re- Arnett, in explaining the immedi- its findings to the region." realize that Carter's serious about re- The initial courses include politics about the UK decision to back the quest for $275,997 to start the new ate future for the center, says that Some of the issues into which the organizing the government. Our pres- in Appalachia, folk lore of Appalachia, center, which, in addition to its aca- courses. The University would be pro- the plan is to develop the courses and Center research will dealve include entation went very well. Several of the history of region and a history demic endeavors, also plans to do viding 43 per cent of the money or research on Appalachian in a selec- land ownership, economic health, the statements we made were in- seminar. The latter two courses are major research on the region, re- $209,790 for the three-year period. tive manner, not rushing into anything search which would help people in the taxes, and housing. Other areas in- cluded in official White House re- scheduled to be taught by well-known First Program quickly. leases the next day," Arnett added. Kentucky author and lawyer Harry region make decisions about its fu- He emphasized that the adminis- clude public services, health care and "We're the first university in the Caudill. ture. trative staff of the center will remain legal systems. Dr. James Stephenson, currently During the second year, courses "The center is an interdisciplinary (Appalachian) region to set up this Arnett recently initiated a meeting dean of undergraduate studies at UK, type of center," Arnett said. small, only about a half-dozen em- on the history of the region's women, effort, where, besides teaching, major of Appalachian leaders with advisors will be director of the Center. Assistant director of the center is ployes. its culture, geography and literature research would be done. Part of the –Lexington Hera ld-Leader Ju ly 10, 1977

UK Awarded $275,997 Grant Rockefeller Foundation For Appalachian Study Project Annual Report 1977 Unite d Pres s International AMERICA'S CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THE QUEST "The university is making a major Kentucky Sens. Wendell Ford and commitment in teaching, research, FOR AMERICAN IDENTITY Walter Huddleston announced yester- community projects and historical col- day that the National Endowment for Many of America's people and regions are inadequately represented in the national lections on the Appalachian region," consciousness. With encouragement to be broader in their sympathies and outlook, the Humanities has approved a $275, the senators said. "The university has 997 grant for the University of Ken- what is generally recognized as the scholars can enrich our understanding of our nation, draw upon overlooked cultural tucky. most distinguished community of Ap- resources, and enhance the country's pride in its diversity as well as its unity. The money will be used to estab- palachian scholars in the nation and lish an Appalachian Heritage Study the new studies program will make an GRANTS; Program. Funds will enable UK to de- n to a greater importan t contributio University of Kentucky velop a cross disciplinary curriculum appreciation for and understanding of on regional studies on Appalachia. Appalachian culture." Lexington, Kentucky projec t call s for 13 new The UK will contribute $209,760 for the courses which focus on the cultural, project. The University has established an Appalachian Center comprised of an sociological and historical aspects of interdisciplinary instituteand an interdepartmental program of Appalachian studies, –Lexington Hera ld-Leader september 20, 1977 Appalachia. research, and analysis. $125,000 RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLD COVE PRESS/2011

SELECTED TITLES APPALACHIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY

Contributors It Comes from RUPERT b. vANCE tHOMAS r. fORD Appalachia jOHN c. bELCHER the People the James S. Brown George A. HIllery Jr. in the Making southern roscoe giffin roy f. proctor The Mountain South in appalachian T. kelley white harold a. gibbard the Nineteenth Century charles l. quittmeyer region lorin a. thompson john w. morris Edited by paul w. wager A Survey aelred j. gray Mary Beth Pudup orin b. graff earl d.c. brewer Dwight B. Billings c. horace hamilton Altina L. Waller Edited by william e. cole w.d. weatherford Community mary Ann Hinsdale wilma dykeman Development Helen M. Lewis Thomas R. Ford and frank h. smith and bernice a. stevens Local Theology S. Maxine Waller Appalachia Beech Creek James S. Brown, Berea College Press, 1988 (1950) • Appalachia The Southern Appalachian Region Thomas R. Ford, Univ of Ky Press, 1962 • Appalachia in the Making Mary Beth Pudup, Dwight Billings, Altina Waller, Univ of NC Press, 1995 • Night Comes to the Cumberlands Harry Caudill; Little, Brown, 1963 • It Comes from the People Mary Ann Hinsdale, Helen M. Lewis & S. Maxine Waller, Temple Univ Press, 1995 • Shiloh: A Mountain Community John B. Stephenson, Univ of Ky Press, 1968 • Confronting Appalachian Stereotypes Dwight Billings, Gurney Norman, Katherine Ledford, eds., Univ Press of Ky, 1999 • Appalachia in the Sixties John B. Stephenson & David Walls, eds., Univ of Ky Press, 1972 • Affrilachia Frank X Walker, Old Cove Press, 2000 • Divine Right’s Trip Gurney Norman, Dial Press, 1972 • Kinfolks Gurney Norman, Gnomon Press, 1977 • The Road to Poverty Dwight B. Billings and Kathleen Blee, Cambridge Univ Press, 2000 • Colonialism in Modern America Helen M. Lewis et al., Appalachian Consortium Press, 1978 • Women, Power & Dissent in the Hills of Carolina Mary K. Anglin, Univ of Illinois, 2002 • Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers Ronald D Eller, Univ of Tennessee Press, 1982 • An American Vein Gurney Norman, Sharon Hatfield & Danny Miller, Ohio Univ Press,2005 • Lost Mountain Erik Reece, Riverhead Books, 2006 • colonialism in AN AMERICAN VEIN modern america CRITICAL READINGS in APPALACHIAN the appalachian case LITERATURE by Edited by Helen Matthews Lewis danny l. miller, sharon hatfield Linda Johnson and and Donald Askins gurney norman

The Appalachian Consortium Press Boone, North Carolina 1978

Who Owns Appalachia? Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force, Univ Press of Ky, 1983 • Uneven Ground: Appalachia Since 1945 Ronald D Eller, Univ Press of Ky, 2008 • Appalachia, A Regional Geography Karl B. Raitz & Richard Ulack, Westview Press, 1984 • Upheaval Chris Holbrook, Univ Press of Ky, 2009 • Blacks in Appalachia William Turner & Edward J. Cabell, eds., Univ Press of Ky, 1985 • The Bibliography of Appalachia John R. Burch, Jr., McFarland, 2009 • Ancient Creek Gurney Norman, Video, Centro Internazionale Crocevia, 1993 • Recovering the Commons Herbert Reid and Betsy Taylor, Univ of Illinois Press, 2010 • Two Sides to Everything Shaunna L. Scott, State Univ of New York Press, 1995 • I Wonder as I Wander Ron Pen, Univ Press of Ky, 2010 • tWO Ancient Creek Gurney Norman, Old Cove Press, 2011 • SIDES fiabe dai Sud del Mondo TO ancient creek EVERY- THING ancient The Cultural Construction of Class Consciousness in Harlan County, KY creek gurney norman SHAUNNA L. SCOTT

Centro Internazionale Crocevia RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLD COVE PRESS/2011 appalachian studies

selected

• Misdeal in Appalachia, Harry Caudill, The Atlantic, June 1965. • Strategic Differences: Gendered Labor in Southern Appalachia, Mary Anglin, Frontiers, 1993. • Religious Fundamentalism and Denominational Preference in the Southern Appalachian Region, • Isolation and Economic Change in Appalachian Kentucky: An Historical Analysis of Marriage-Mate Gordon F. DeJong and Thomas R. Ford, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1965. Selection Distances, Stan Brunn, Southeastern Geographer, 1994. • The Family behind the Migrant, James S. Brown, Mountain Life and Work, 1968. • Teaching for Democracy: Reflections on Teaching Appalachian Studies, Shaunna L. Scott, • Fatalism or the Coal Industry, Helen Lewis, Mountain Life and Work, 1971. Journal of the Appalachian Studies Association, 1995. • Culture and Poverty in Appalachia: A Theoretical Discussion and Empirical Analysis, • Constructing and Staffing the Cultural Bridge: The School as Change Agent in Rural Appalachia, Dwight Billings, Social Forces, 1974. Alan J. DeYoung, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 1995.

• Central Appalachia: A Peripheral Region within an Advanced Capitalist Society, UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY • Race Differences in the Origins and Consequences of Chronic Poverty in Rural Appalachia, 1850-1910, David S. Walls, Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 1976. Kathleen Blee and Dwight Billings, Social Science History, 1996. • The Sociology of Southern Appalachia, David S. Walls and Dwight Billings, Appalachian Journal, 1977. • global Adjustments, Throwaway Regions,l Appalachian Studies: Resituating the Kentucky Cycle on the Postmodern • Toward a New History of the Appalachian South, Ronald Eller, Appalachian Journal, 1977. Frontier, Herbert G. Reid, Journal of Appalachian Studies, 1996. • Political Science and Appalachiara, Richard Couto, Appalachian Journalt, 1977. • I Cani Almostc See the Lights of Home: A Field Trip to Harlan County,es Kentucky, Alessandro Portelli & Charles • Coal Lands and Mineral Ownership, David Walls, Dwight Billings, Mary Payne, and Joe F. Childers, Hardy, The Journal for MultiMedia History 2 (no. 1), 1999. http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/ Baseline Assessment of Coal Industry Structure in the ORBES Region, 1979. • Insularity, Advocacy, and Postmodernism in Appalachian Studies, Dwight Billings, Appalachian Journal, 2001 • Cognitive Maps of Appalachia, Richard Ulack and Karl B. Raitz, The Geographical Review, 1981. • APPALACHIA as a Global Region: Toward Critical Regionalism and Civic Professionalism, • Appalachian Studies: Class, Culture, and Politics, Herbert G. Reid and Dwight Billings, Appalachian Journal, 1982. Herbert Reid and Betsy Taylor, Journal of Appalachian Studies. 2002. • Place and Personal Identity in Old Age: Observations from Appalachia, Graham D. Rowles, • Lessons from Appalachian the Twentieth Century: Poverty, Power, and the Grassroots, Mary Anglin, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1983. American Anthropologist, 2002. • Two Peripheries Look at Each Other: Italy and Appalachian America, Alessandro Portelli, Appalachian Journal, 1984. • Standing at the Crossroads: A Symposium on Globalization and Appalachian Studies, Dwight Billings, • Divine Rights Trip: A Folk Tale or Postmodern Novel?, Annalucia Accardo, Appalachian Journal, 1984. Journal of Appalachian Studies, 2002. • Women’s Participation in the Brookside Coal Strike: Militance, Class, and Gender in Appalachia, • L’Appalachia Risponde: Stereotipi e Critica Culturale in una Region Americana, Dwight Billings, Sally Ward Maggard, Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 1987. Ácoma: Rivista Internazionale di Studi NordAmericani, 2003. • Roving Picket Movement and the Appalachian Committee for Full Employment, 1959-1965: A Narrative, • Erasures of the Past: Culture, Power, and Heterogeneity in Appalachia, Mary Anglin, Journal of Appalachian Studies, 2004. Katherine J. Black, Journal of the Appalachian Studies Association, 1990. • Appalachia and the Sacrament of Co-existence: Beyond Post-Colonial Trauma and Regional Identity Traps, • Dilemmas of Feminist Practice in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Battered Women’s Shelters in Appalachia, Herbert G. Reid, Journal of Appalachian Studies, 2005. Karen Tice, Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 1990. • Death of a Mountain: Radical Strip Mining and the Leveling of Appalachia, Erik Reece, Harpers, 2005. • A Question of Loyalty: National and Regional Identity in Narratives of Appalachia, • Revisiting the Appalachian Land Ownership Study: An Oral Historical Account, Shaunna L. Scott, Mary K. Anglin, Anthropological Quarterly, 1992. Appalachian Journal, 2008. • The Career of John Jacob Niles: A Study in the Intersection of Elite, Traditional, and Popular Music • Marion Sumner: Fiddle King of the South, Ronald Pen, Plank Road Folk Music Society, 2009. Performance, Ronald A. Pen, The Kentucky Review, 1993. • Affrilachian Genesis, Gurney Norman, Iron Mountain Review, 2009.

• Elderly Poverty in Rural Appalachia, Graham D. Rowles, H. Kari Johansson, Journal of Applied Gerontology, 1993. • The Appalachian Volunteers in Perspective, David Walls, Appalachian Journal, 2010. RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLD COVE PRESS/2011 achian s tu pal dies 11 u ap p -20 niv cky rog 1977 ersity kentu ram of co ulty alachia, Democracy & ur ac y 500: App Public L ses + f 11 olog ife • An ies • C 20 /Soci thr Stud O 7- ogy in Appalachia • A opo hian UR 197 pol ericans pp Stud logy alac SE : hro can Am ies 30 527: C o App An S OFFERED Ant 0: Afri 0/En hildren Intro t t hy • S 40 Flora • Discovery Se glish & Family es 200: hro ograp 0/AA alachian minar 336/3 in Appalachia • App Studi pol Ethn s 30 21: App : Beyo 63: Ap y • Ap ogy 470: Reg al American die gy 6 nd th palachi t Stud e • p ion tu olo maginative Writing • Fa e Beve an Literat ependen Plac Stu pp S e • Bi h 507: I mily St rly H ure • App Studies 395: Ind and • dies ia • A ic Lif nglis udie illbilli ature oir Ap 300: Women in Appalach ubl re • E s 550: es: Pove : Liter Mem p S ian P olklo raphy of Appalachia • Ge Chil rty, Medi ish 232 nd tu alach ian F 65: Geog ograp dren a a and Appalachia • Engl yth a ia • dies : App alach phy 3 hy 70 nd Fam ia: M lach En 399: Practicum • A&S 500 App gra 0: Ap ily in alach ppa gl 78G: Geo 702: Old Time Music • Po palach Appalach ar: App of A ish h 4 hia • usic litica ian G ia • Freshman Semin story 407: glis alac usic • M l Scie eograp 0: Hi Ge Imaginative Writing • En App ian M nce hies • G ry 58 og t in lach l Theory 690: Coal, Clim 456: A S 600: Ap Histo ra pmen Appa Socia ate and ppala palachian Development • ns: phy evelo 301: ories • Envir chian hia • chia Hi 321: Land, People, and D sic & The k, Gen onmen Politics ppalac pala st Mu itics palachia: Wor der, and In t • So • Politi itics of A n Ap ory ory • al Pol y 735: Ap equalit cio cal Science 711: Pol ther 650: Hist ent log y • So logy e Sou Po Readings in Appalachian ironm Socio ciol 350: So 534: Th ia lit Env ia • ogy ciology of C logy lach ic hia: alach 772: S oal Field Life • Socio Appa A al Sc ppalac App ociolo n in S ience 491 / 711: India/A on in gy of Ap Wome ocio eligi palachia • W dies 300: logic 710: R omen’s Stu al Inter ogy pretation • Sociol alachian Studies • r U.K. App Mary A 011 membe nglin y • A -2 unding , Anth olog F 77 sh; Fo ll, Sociology • ropo hrop F 19 Engli non Be Dwight logy; E Ant 9/ ILI Y: vey, shan Bill ditori ry, 1-200 Su ATE LT Al ies • ings al Boar Arcu 200 sa D FACU ald Stud 99 • Kate Black, Cu , Socio d, Journa omas dies n A . Ger amily ies 1998– rator, Ap logy; P l of Appalachian Studies • Th n Stu • bbo y • R y, F an Stud palach reside achia ittee Jo tt–Jamie thropolog cla alachi ian C nt, App Appal mm an son, An Bar . App palachian Studies • Sta ollecti alachian S urnal of g Co na isa r, U.K U.K. Ap n Brun on; Bo tudies Assoc. 1996-97/Editor, Jo eerin rd • M. B y • L irecto ember n, Ge ok Rev SA St Awa We adagliacco, Sociolog )/D ing m onal Rural Ed ograp iew Edi 007/A ecial ath Blee ound cation; Nati Outstan hy • tor, Journa es 2000-2 d Sp erfor hleen gy; F g, Edu ding R Lanc l of Appalachian Studi erfor K d Awa / Kat ciolo Youn esearc e Bru eath a rd, The Road to Poverty (w , So De Director, U.K. h Aw nner tory; W th wn Alan nce 1940/ Appalach ard • , Music • H dill, His lee Bro gy • chia Si ian Ce Nanc arry M. Cau d, A n Ble es S. ciolo Appala nter 1 y Dy Awar • l C e, Sociology • Jam , So und: Poverty 1966–67 • Lo 986–2 e, Histo herford sion ro ong Gro n Rural ri Gar 000/ ry • Ron Eller, History; Weat mis ss, R . DeJ neven ssion o cov John Com M ural Jou don F d, U ommi , Educational ich, D. Wh ional ine rnalism • Gor war ry C e Jensen Policy S Rural isman A ian Reg rs, rd A dviso ic • Jan tudies Socio ppalachian Scholar, Appalach y • • Millh therfo nal A y, Mus and E logy • iolog 1– Th ands and s/Wea atio Ive valuat Curt , Soc 201 o Mountaineer t’s N ald . McCoy, Sociology • Will ion • Harve gland udies e ma iden Don lyde B em Me ANN y, • Jim Hou er/St ltur R s R. F r Pres nt • 011 • C ijer, KING Cent Cu on ord, Sociology; Membe pme 05– 2 al Science • Bota SOLVE lachian rts & H evelo er 20 l, Behavior Rona ny • G R, Anthropolo r, U.K. Appa ky A ust ip D Cent arsal ld Pen urn gy; Directo ntuc ic • E edde adersh ian n Pe , Mu ey N n Ke Mus v , Community and Le alach ario haffin Award sic; D orma Easter can el App • M lish; Lillie C for App irecto n, English infolks/ eri yn K U.K. ward e, Eng alachia r, App ; Weatherford Award, K or Am L nig ctor, ce A Reec n Wr alachi iety f ea ht, Health Behavior; Dire ervi Erik palachian Center iting/ an Studi rd, Soc der ity S hy • r, U.K. Ap 2000-200 Sierra es 2006–2011 ervice Awa ship mun grap Directo 3 • Ch Club /Distinguished S ism • W Award s Com Geo dies / ris David urnal a /ASA Helen M. Lewi itz, an Stu achian Studies Rice Brower ntal Jo lte Ra lachi tor, Appal 2000-200 , Polit Award for D Environme an r P l B. Appa Direc 6 • Jo ical Sc istinguished • lachi H recou • Kar .K. 07-08/ hn S ience Aging ppa er rt, Anthropology ber U ion 20 aphy/Social Theory • teph • Grah ter for K. A be Mem ociat r, Geogr Karen ens am Rowles, Sanders Brown Cen r, U. rt G ding s Ass aylo Tice on, S irecto Sh . Reid, e; Foun tudie tsy T , Educ ociolog s/ D ; a Political Scienc an S • Be Walls, Sociology; Foun ationa y; Found n Studie un lachi iology David ding M l Poli ing Member U.K. Appalachia s na S Appa , Soc Poets • ember cy Stu udie Ce cott, S esident, on chian U.K dies an ly St nte ociology; Pr utt ffrila . App d Evaluat raphy • ami r an is S ber, A alachi ion • Dick Ulack, Geog n, F d A ill m an o RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLD COVE PRESS/2011 F ppalach 84 • W g Me Studies Wils ra ian Studies 1979–19 ndin • John phen nk ; Fou Watkins, Geography • Ste X Wa tudies lker, English & Africana S UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY

MEDICINE/HEALTH CARE APPALACHIAN Linda Neville Papers, 1783-1974 Belinda Mason Papers, 1958-1991 Midwifery Collection, 1920-1930 Frontier Nursing Service Records, 1789-2006 REFORMERS Collection Frontier Nursing Service Delivery Logs, 1925-1976 Cora Wilson Stewart Papers, 1900-1940 COAL MINING Frontier Nursing Service Medical Surveys, 1960-1971 Anne and Harry Caudill Collection, 1854-1996 David Zageer Papers Frontier Nursing Service Postcards, 1900-1960 Frontier Nursing Service Records, 1789-2006 FOUNDED IN 1977 as part of an Harlan County U.S.A., 1972-1976 Appalachian Regional Hospital Records Linda Neville Papers, 1783-1974 NEH grant to establish the Sherrill Martin Collection, 1937-1954 Eastern Kentucky Health Services, Inc. Appalachian Studies Curriculum, Herndon J. Evans Collection, 1929-1982 Wheelwright Collection, 1916-1979 the Appalachian Collection Benham Coal Company Records, 1910-1970 provides support for classroom Anne and Harry Caudill Collection, 1854-1996 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Southeast Coal Co. Records and LaViers Family Papers study in Appalachian Studies Commission on Religion in Appalachia (CORA) Ashland Coal and Iron Railway Co. Mines Ledger, 1888-1889 and Appalachian research. Eastern Kentucky Housing Development Corporation Consolidation Coal Co., Elkhorn Division Records, 1911-1936 The collection includes 10,000+ Appalachian Regional Commission Collection, 1965-1997 AUTHORS Lee Pennington’s The Scotian Women Collection, 1970-1981 books and exceeds 30,000 John D. Whisman Papers, 1936-1995 John Fox, Jr. Papers Jenkins, Kentucky Photographic Collection, 1911-1930 linear feet of manuscripts, Jackson Energy Cooperative Records Jesse Hilton Stuart Papers Stearns Coal Strike Information Files, 1975-1984 archives, and audio visual Mountain Parkway Collection James Still Papers, 1915-1985 Russell Lee Photographic Collection, 1979 images and recordings. Dean Cadle Papers, 1919-1997 Everette Tharp Collection, 1958-1976 Southern Appalachian Writers Cooperative, 1976-1979 Wheelwright Collection, 1916-1979 Lee Pennington’s The Scotian Women Collection, 1970-1981 1860-1954 FOLK MUSIC Harkins Family Papers, Anne and Harry Caudill Collection, 1854-1996 George J. Titler Papers Harriette S. Arnow Papers, 1927-1986 John Jacob Niles Collection, 1900-1980 John L. Lair Research Library Collection Belinda Mason Papers, 1958-1991 TIMBER AND LUMBER INDUSTRIES George Ella Lyon Papers Charles F. Faber Recorded Sound Collection Burt and Brabb Lumber Co. Records, 1890-1939 Rebecca Caudill Papers Glenn C. Wilcox Collection Harkins Family Papers, 1860-1954 Woodsongs Archive Lillie Chaffin Papers IRON, OIL AND GAS INDUSTRIES Dudley Oil and Gas Archives Means Family Papers, 1839-1966 & Seaton Family Papers, 1788-1954 RAILROADS Tacony Oil Company Records Kentucky Union Land Company Records, 1783-1918 Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. and Lexington & Eastern Railway Co. Records, 1884-1917 ENVIRONMENT Richmond and Louisville Railroad Company Collection, 1880-1884 Anne and Harry Caudill Collection, 1854-1996 Ashland Coal & Iron Railway Co. Mines Ledger, 1888-1889 WAR ON POVERTY Red River Gorge Collection, 1958-1978 John D. Whisman Papers, 1936-1995 Anne and Harry Caudill Collection, 1854-1996 Appalachian Regional Commission Collection, 1965-1997 MIGRATION ⁄ COMMUNITY STUDIES EDUCATION AND LITERACY Appalachian Leadership & Community Outreach, 1997 James S. Brown, 1917-2005 Country Life Schools in Kentucky, 1912-1950 Emergency Fund and Service, Inc. Records, 1966-1996 Alice Lloyd Caney Creek Community Center Collection, 1915-1954 Everette Tharp Collection, 1958-1976 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Pearl Bach Day Papers on Hazel Green Academy Special Collections Cora Wilson Stewart Papers, 1900-1940 M.I. King Library Building RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLD COVE PRESS/2011 Appalachian Studies is politics, The University of Kentucky is the leading As a young woman national place for Appalachian Studies and has been so for decades. Appalachian Studies has completing pre-medical history, literature, art—everything that we The faculty serve as experts on regional issues for national news been strongly engaged with the people mean by culture. It is our culture, it is local culture, and classes in the Fall of 1980, I we do students a grave disservice to ignore its richness. organizations and all levels of media. We consult with projects and communities of Appalachia. It studied Appalachian History with across the campus, from the Medical School to the College of has been that part of the University It is also as timely as the morning paper. Because Harry Caudill and Creative Writing all Kentuckians are dependent on coal, they need to Agriculture. We use Appalachia to understand the larger society. that has had the most people-oriented with Gurney Norman. Caudill’s class Appalachia’s problems are not those of Appalachia alone. connection to the region. understand the region it comes from. They need to hear gave me a vocabulary and an arena from the people and the storytellers of the region. — Ron Eller — Alan DeYoung in which to discuss the controversial — Erik Reece U.K. Department of History U.K. Educational Policy Studies political, economic, environmental and U.K. Department of English cultural aspects of my region. Creative Writing led me to look at how those dynamics affected me as a member Our ultimate responsibility is to of a family that had lived in eastern the people in Appalachia, especially those who I became interested in Appalachia Kentucky for multiple generations. When I came to U.K. from eastern in the late 1970s and designed a course on the I returned home to practice medicine send their kids to U.K. I can attest to ways in Kentucky in the Fall of 1975, I immediately Geography of Appalachia that became a part with greater understanding and which the Appalachian Center and Appalachian started looking for courses about Appalachia. There of the Appalachian Studies Program. Once my strength. The effect these two classes Studies have helped students deal with not only was only one course offered and there was a large book with Karl Raitz was published, Appalachia, had on me was profound. the problem of Appalachian stereotypes, but Appalachian population. I wrote a letter to the Kernel A Regional Geography: Land, People, and also how studying Appalachia continues to help — Dr. Artie Ann Bates appealing for Appalachian Studies courses. Professors Development, 1984, I used it as the course text. recapture the history and social knowledge of Letcher County, Kentucky and administrators were pushing for this too and Appalachian communities. I had studied development patterns in Southeast in 1977 the Appalachian Center was established and —Herbert Reid Asia and there are similarities between all Appalachian courses began to be offered. I was the developing regions. My own research interests Emeritus, U.K. Department of Political Science THE perspectives I gained first student officially on the board of the Center. I revolved around the mental maps of Appalachia had Harry Caudill’s History of Appalachia course. and as a geographer I was most interested in from Appalachian Studies There was talk around this time of Appalachia as a the many regional definitions that were held by courses at U.K. allowed me—a young man

‘national sacrifice area.’ I wrote a paper on absentee /2011 ‘experts’ and others. The Appalachian Studies from Lexington, Kentucky with no real ownership of land and mineral resources in an program at U.K. has been among the strongest understanding of Appalachia—to suddenly eastern Kentucky county. I learned things that I GREW UP IN THE EASTERN KENTUCKY PRESS such programs anywhere. apply those perspectives to my work as amazed me. I began to work on the Land Ownership COALFIELDS in the 1940s and 1950s. I came to — Richard Ulack a Gaines Fellow. I wrote an essay in a Task Force, which continued through my years of COVE

U.K. in 1955 to study journalism. U.K. opened the Emeritus, U.K. Department of Geography seminar with Dwight Billings in which law school. It was Harry who originally encouraged world to me. I received a solid liberal arts education he encouraged students to synthesize

and guided me toward research on land ownership. OLD and training for a professional career. At U.K. I / multidisciplinary work through the lens My later work as an environmental attorney to found encouragement to develop my interest in NS I can’t overstate the importance of postmodern scholarship. I presented bring about Kentucky’s Unmined Minerals Tax fiction writing and published several short stories in the paper at the next Appalachian Studies and the Broadform Deed Amendment took root in WKI the campus literary magazine. They were all about of my undergraduate experience Conference, which led to its publication HA

Caudill’s class. A lot of students come to U.K. from my family in Appalachia. By the time I joined the in U.K. Appalachian Studies. It was the single in the Journal of Appalachian Studies. The A

the mountains and are made fun of for how they K English faculty in 1979, Appalachian Studies had biggest determinant in the path my academic essay became the core of my dissertation talk or where they’re from. Appalachian Studies gave become a dynamic new force on campus and in the life took. The watershed moment for me was and the final chapters of my bookThe me affirmation that where I grew up was important, NYO

mountain region. Appalachian Studies offered me taking Herb Reid’s Politics of Appalachia course © Social Life of Poetry: Appalachia, Race, important enough to be studied and a place a structure in which to work with young students during my sophomore year. Almost all of my and Radical Modernism, which won deserving of respect. For me, it all came together in GN from the mountains following an educational path scholarly work has focused on Appalachia. U.K. I the 2010 Weatherford Award. Simply Appalachian Studies—my own life experience and similar to my own. has historically been the premier university for put, Appalachian Studies has been the DES the history, politics, and culture of the region. It / Appalachian Studies. The program provides — Gurney Norman integrating and driving force behind my showed me how it all made sense. U.K. Department of English students a strong, critical place-based education. scholarly and creative career. — Joe F. Childers, Attorney Kentucky Poet Laureate, 2009-2010 It changes the way students think about themselves — Chris Green Lexington, Kentucky and the world. Marshall University, RESEARCH — Shaunna Scott Department of English U.K. Department of Sociology and the global level. global the and local atthe matters, still ‘place’ why how and examines Studies Appalachian U.S. the within region multi-state a of analyses comparative internationally and based historically develop to opportunity the is important and exciting so Studies Appalachian makes What complexity. its understand better and a region celebrate to projects advocacy community-based and culture popular studies, academic interdisciplinary combines A and itsrepercussions.politicaland You about learn uphowrise from greatliteraturecan aboutpower,agency. exploitationlearn abouteconomicYoudevelopmentand learn people’s lives.everyday You see how can stereotypes function over time. subjects.other and peoples,other places, otherabout Appalachia can help can studentsAppalachia not important learn things just about but Appalachia of Appalachia gives us insight into contemporary issues—poverty, the environment, U.K. DeptU.K. of Anthropology ppalachian ony Atr ht I ee sopd edn aot h rgo. ecig about Teaching region. the about reading stopped never I that, After County. utiaiiy cnetain n dsrbto o wat, u clues long culture’s our wealth, of distribution and concentration sustainability, Harriette Arnow’s Harriette novel romance with mobility, and the need to reinvigorate our agricultural practices to into letting me go there for a year. I remember staying up all night to read to night all up staying remember I year. a for there go me letting into fit local scales. found one at Alice Lloyd College in eastern Kentucky. I talked my collegemy Kentucky.talked easternI in LloydCollege Alice onefoundat Appalachia Appalachia understand the places they are from. I wondered why. I looked for a program in Appalachian Studies and and Studies Appalachian in program a for looked I why.wondered I they will make alliance with people alliance make they will from over all the world. — Anglin Mary the mountains to often be ignored in history and sociology texts. texts. sociology and history in ignored be often to mountains the senior in college when I was studying the South and found and South the studying was I when college in senior t .. n 96 I a itrse i Aplci a a as Appalachia in interested was I 1986. in U.K. at f We can’t do moreanything important than help students from ro St wi Curator, U.K. Appalachian Collection Appalachian Curator, U.K. A m t m udies t S ppalachian Iarri moment the h The Dollmaker Dollmaker The A he ppalachian I I m have — Kate Black Kate — o with been m b only a few days after I arrived in Knott Knott in arrived I after daysonly fewa from tudies en een t I I t St Appalachia leads to a new and deeper understanding of America. of understanding deeper and new a to leads Appalachia well. as Italy in relevant is Appalachia understanding of way a as model and and like newspapers Italian in on Appalachia regularly I report County. Harlan work in history on my oral entirely focuses book My next Orali Storie Valle Giulia, of Battle The and Trastulli Luigi of Death The my books in included been have County on Harlan of my essays Several research. for our resource acentral been has Collection Appalachian the colleagues, U.K. with exchange social and intellectual the to addition In history. labor movements and social the traditions, storytelling and region’s songs literature, Italy. Appalachian We in the projects study pursue to want who faculty for U.K. resources created It has Appalachia. in some time spend to opportunity an students graduate and faculty our offered has exchange scholarly and collaboration Our decades. three than for more community Studies Appalachian U.K. the with worked I have A v And And in this understanding arrived s udies ed If you study Appalachia, you Appalachia, study you If

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O self-proclaimed sophistication, had finally done it—erased it all. all. it done it—erased finally had sophistication, self-proclaimed of my brink the at region, particular any to claim not staking tongue, homogenized atrained, with woman professional a black I, Kentucky. not rural certainly and period, Kentucky, from was I that surprised seemed with contact in Icame people The one. I didn’t have myaccent. questioned ever nobody college After homogeneity. into Iblended and places right the all in myi’s curved Soon were country. was that all remove to effort every Imade classes. speech took and journalism in Imajored Duke. or Daisy Clampett Mae of Ellie version ablack Iwas that disprove to trying it—constantly over agonized really one who only the probably Iwas that Ithink back, looking and important, less and less became of origin do. My place college in women young that things the all did and aboyfriend, had parties, to went fraternity, Psi ablack Phi, Omega to sister alittle I became up. mygrades jobof keeping adecent did and friends afew quite Ihad though. outcast, asocial never Iwas boonies. the from amap carried that accent an with area rural white amostly from woman ablack Iwas that fact the over got people Most close. it but Ikept short-lived, part most the for was teasing The country.” was she you Itold “See, saying, people other one of the and words afew mesaying with end would conversation the always ‘night.’” Say Almost something. say Crystal, Hey is. she “There mesaying, to up came students black other afreshman, As answer. mypat here,” became from away ahalf and hour an “Oh, about asked. question the was from?” you are “Where Ispoke, But when wardrobe. trendy my with impressed were friends college My new asuccess. was Essence and On Right like magazines black popular from fashions copy to tried had I country. as identified be possibly could that everything around tiptoe to careful extremely I was Now seventeen, voice. on mynew long summer all practiced had I me. behind life my “country” Iconsidered campus, University’s Kentucky of 1979 on Eastern foot fall the Istepped In when myvoice. from “country” the repel to trying television, on seen Ihad people the mimic to Itried speak. myself to listening and watching (chifforobe) “shift-and-robe” my granny’s to attached mirror of the front in standing was preparation that of Part college. for preparing of mysummer deal agood I spent School, High County Casey from Igraduated when sixteen At became even more hushed, afraid someone would question youmy from?”accent. I was already a quiet kid, but outside Indian Creek, I myself. to kept be to something became myvoice, in atwang having country, talking and Being seed. ahurtful planted word acuss like tongues their off rolled “country” way the and Italked when giggled they way the still, But be? anybody could country more How much yard. of our edge the from feet hundred afew only acreek and road a gravel of land, acres on sixty-four sat that no plumbing with a house had We County. Casey in aholler in nestled on afarm, Ilived else. anything as of myself thought never Ihad Country? country. me called and Ispoke way the at laughed They reunions. family Whenever I traveled, the question I feared most was “Where are cousins and me, the country cousin, during June June during cousin, country the me, and cousins mycity between square-offs the is grandparents my with Kentucky, Creek, Indian in up growing ne t hing I I vividly

recall about about . That . That “ Ledford and Gurney Norman, eds., Univ Press of Kentucky, Back Talk from an American Region reprinted with permission from sweet iced tea, you are always welcome here. .warm. here. welcome always are you tea, iced sweet hole, swimming summer quilt, patchwork sit aspell, and in come stove, woodburning distinctively is that of language use melodic twang—a Acountry Francis. Aunt Pa and Jim Lillie, Ma and Joe Daddy Of before. came who those all and parents grandparents’ of my voice The folks. Affrilachian country people—the of my voice the is mytongue off roll words the way The cheekbones. myhigh mydreadlocks, hips, mywide lips, my full of meas apart much as is Country of myspirit. makeup It the is mine. all It was buttercups. and tomatoes, Boy Big daisies, Needmore, in down Grocery Hill’s at old whittling men roads, gravel outhouses, churches, one-room Creeks, awoman. or being black being of meas apart much as was country being that I realized of time, course the Over Ipleased. as out myi’s long as drawing and “reckons” many as using nonstop talk and cousins and friends visit Iwould clear. more and more became my heritage of grandness true The voices. country beautiful their in history our telling them to listen and hours and sit hours for meto to important It became faltering. was of mygrandparents health The of slavery. time the since family our in been had land This see. Icould as far as blue sky and land of green vastness the by surrounded farm of the bottoms the across walk Iwould focus. into it all brought that home often more returning It was new friends. tried to continue of the guise my pretend self when away from my and people story workedthere. Story after its way free, I while up life growing on the richness of and all the farm the language Stories of home poured out of me my a like spring, recapturing home. back slip to pen and mytongue allow to free Ifelt them With were. we who us made that everything embrace to gathered we and country, or least at Affrilachian moments.” were of us Most “poetry sharing house, coffee of alocal room back the in basis a weekly on away We Poets. shut ourselves Affrilachian of the apart all were who others, and Ellis, Kelli Finney, Nikky Scisney-Givens, XWalker, Daundra Frank with more and more company keeping myself found I again. fiction short and poetry write to begun had I changed. had much years, few past the Over returned. truly I that thirty, Iapproached as myhomeplace, at there It was blackberries. or picking nuts hickory gathering spent were My vacations backyard. the in tub white abig in corn shuck store, corner the at farmers the with breeze the shoot waters, creek in done—wade always Ihad things the in wallow Iwould County Casey to back mytrips On on mylap. beans Lake Blue breaking seen be to myself or allow grass the in dance mytoes let Idare did then Only state. normal its in rest to mytongue loosen, to jaw my Iallow did Creek Indian to Ireturned when Only smooth. refined, water—somewhat like mytongue off Words sprinkled On Being Blackberries, Blackberries Blackberries, and Street of Water Author

‘ Country ’ : One Affrilachian Woman's Return Home," Confronting Appalachian Stereotypes: , Dwight Billings, — Crystal E. Wilkinson E. Crystal Katherine 1999 .

RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLD COVE PRESS/2011 Sources: Appalachian Regional Commission Appalachian Studies Association Kentucky Coal Association Oxford Reference Online/World Encyclopedia U.K. Appalachian Collection U.K. Office of the Registrar U.K. Special Collections University Archives U.S. Census Bureau Mary Anglin ucky Artie Ann Bates am Dwight Billings University of Kents Progr Kate Black n Studie Joe Childers chia ala Sciences Alan DeYoung App and Ron Eller Chris Green College of Arts Gurney Norman Ron Pen Alessandro Portelli Karl Raitz Erik Reece Herbert Reid Shaunna Scott Dick Ulack David Walls

® U N I V E R S I T Y O F KENTUCKY ® College of Arts & Sciences

RESEARCH/DESIGN © NYOKA HAWKINS/OLDAppalachian COVE PRESS/2011 Studies Program