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Tesfamichael Final Work.Pdf UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF SOCIO-CULTURAL INTERACTION AND INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE AMHARA AND TIGRE PEOPLE IN GONDÄR TOWN (1930 to 1970) BY TESFAMICHAEL FENTIE DERSO OCTOBER, 2020 GONDAR, ETHIOPIA A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF SOCIO-CULTURAL INTERACTION AND INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE AMHARA AND TIGRE PEOPLE IN GONDÄR TOWN (1930 to 1970) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND HERITAGE MANAGMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN HISTORY By Tesfamichael Fentie Derso UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THE HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF SOCIO-CULTURAL INTERACTION AND INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE AMHARA AND TIGRE PEOPLE IN GONDÄR TOWN (1930 to 1970) By Tesfamichael Fentie Derso Approved by the Board of Examination ________________________ __________ ________ Principal Advisor: Signature Date ________________________ __________ ________ Co-Advisor Signature Date ________________________ __________ ________ External Examiner Signature Date ________________________ __________ ________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ________________________ __________ ________ Chairperson Signature Date TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Pages KEY TO TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM ................................................................................. iiii ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ v GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ xii PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1 GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GONDÄR TOWN .................... 1 Geographical Setting of Gondär Town ....................................................................................... 1 The Peopling of Gondär Town .................................................................................................... 3 An Overview of the Tigre People in Gondär Town .................................................................... 4 The Tigre and Amhara: Shared Traditions and Institutions in General ...................................... 6 Farming and Feeding Habits .................................................................................................... 9 Kinship................................................................................................................................... 11 Baptismal and Burial Culture ................................................................................................ 13 Historical Background of the Amhara and Tigre Interaction and Integration .......................... 14 Basic Economic Activities ........................................................................................................ 17 Urbanization and Socio-Cultural history of Gondär Town ....................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 23 SOCIO-CULTURAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE AMHARA-TIGRE PEOPLE IN GONDÄR TOWN (1930s to 1941) .............................................................................................. 23 Socio-Cultural Interaction between the Amhara-Tigre people in Gondär town (1930s to1935) ................................................................................................................................................... 23 i The Italian Occupation and its Socio-Cultural Impacts in Gondär Town (1936 to 1941) ........ 25 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 35 RESTORATION OF MONARCHIAL RULE AND SOCIO-CULTURAL INTERACTION AND INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE AMHARA AND TIGRE PEOPLE IN GONDÄR TOWN (1940s to1960s) ................................................................................................................ 35 Resettlement of Local People after the Last Battle of Gondär .................................................. 35 The New Permanent Settlement Pattern of Tigreans in Gondär Town ..................................... 36 Market Centers and their Role in Interaction and Integration ................................................... 40 Marriage and Family Bonding .................................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 46 SOCIAL WELFARE AS MEANS OF ETHNIC INTERACTION AND INTEGRATION BETWEEN THE AMHARA AND TIGRE IN GONDÄR (1960s to 1970s) .............................. 46 Self-help Institutions and their Role in Interaction: Iddir and Iqub .......................................... 46 Iddir ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Iqub ........................................................................................................................................ 52 Christian Religious Clubs as means of Interaction: Mähäber, Senbete and Others .................. 55 Mähäber................................................................................................................................. 56 Senbete ................................................................................................................................... 59 Islamic Social Welfares and their Role in the Family System ................................................ 677 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 74 LIST OF INFORMANTS ............................................................................................................. 84 LIST OF APPENDICES…...….……………………………………………………………..…..98 ii KEY TO TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM I. The seven sounds of the Ethiopia alphabet are represented as follows: 1st በ = Bä 2nd ቡ = Bu 3rd ቢ = Bi 4th ባ = Ba 5th ቤ = Bé 6th ብ = Be 7th ቦ = Bo II. Palatalized sounds are represented as follows: ሸ= š ቸ = ch ኘ= ñ ዠ= zh ጀ= j III. Glottalized sounds are represented as follows: ቀ = q ጠ = ţ ጨ = č ጸ= ts ጰ= p iii IV. Germination is always indicated by doubling. Examples: - በዛብህ = Bäzzabbeh ከበደ = Käbbäddä ተሰማ =Täsämma V. General examples: ተናኘወርቅ =Tenagnworqe እስክንደር = Eskineder ሚካኤል = Mikäël አዛዥ = Azzäzh ጴጥሮስ = Pëtros ሽሬ = Sherë ጺዮን = Tsion ኤርሚያስ = Ërmyäs ጅፋር = Jifar ግራኝ = Gragn iv ABBREVIATIONS AD: Anno Domini BA: Bachelor of Arts BP: Before Present EC: Ethiopian Calendar EOTC: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church IES: Institute of Ethiopian Studies MA: Master of Art CGAZA: Central Gondär Administrative Zonal Archives PhD: Doctor of Philosophy Degree v GLOSSARY Abbät/abboy /: father Abun: metropolitan of the Ethiopian Church Adreshgn: a Gondäriän origin religious feast dedicated to St. Mary Af ä Negus: spokes man of the king Aggot /Akko/: uncle Akesst/ammo/: aunt Aläqa: head of a church Ambä /mändär/: from ten to fifty homesteads make up the average size hamlet Amäch: a male affine relationship Aräs: a mother under newly maternity Arätä: usurer Ato: Mr. Awäj: herald Ayät /abbä-häggo/: grandfather Ayit: a female affine relationship Bändä: Ethiopian collaborators to the then enemy Bête/gojjo/: house Beitekirstyan: a churchyard. It also served as a small administrative unit Bête Mengist: house of governance Bejrond: royal treasurer Blätägettä: learned men; advisors to the king Burnos: overcoat made from animal product Burkutä: it’s a kind of local bread prepared in an oven like stone by Tigrean travelers vi Dabo: bread Déjàzmäch: a politico - military title lower in rank to Ras Debetera: men associated with the church; considered to be men of letter, astute and crafty Dabbo-kollo: small hard bread balls that travelers commonly carry Dilih /Awazi/: hot sauce Doro Wat: traditional chicken stew basically made using local spices Echege: the head monk of EOTC Egzeiäbher: God Ennät /addéy /: mother Ehit /hafti/: sister Fäsikä: Easter Fitäwräri: commander of the vanguard army Gärie Agelgelote: an old-fashioned wooden vehicle that is used for transporting goods or people. Some carts are pulled by animals Gäbbär: a peasant paying the gibbr, the main land tax Genfo: a kind of food prepared from the mixture of flour and boiled water Gesho: a kind of plant used to prepare local beer Ginbot Lidetä: a feast on the birth of Mary Gräzmäch: commander of the left, a politico - military title above Bälämbäräs Injera/tävitä/: Ethiopian traditional pancake-like, fermented bread Iddir: a traditional non-religious self-help institution Iqub: a traditional saving and credit association Itä: lottery vii Jebbenä Bunä: kittle coffee Käntibä:
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