A Brief Glossary of Terms Relating to Ethiopian History

Home , Amhara Region, Angot, Dawit I, Dawit II, Eskender, Solomonic dynasty

abba Ethiopian title for ecclesiastics. abun/abunä The metropolitan of the Ethiopian Church, a Coptic Christian despatched by the Patriarch of Alexandria, leading ecclesiasti- cof medieval Ethiopia. ʿAdal/Barr Saʿd al-Dın̄ Muslim Sultanate, succeeded the Sultanate of Ifat, repeatedly engaged with the Solomonic Christian realm in armed confict from the ffteenth century onwards. Aksum (kingdom) Leading political power centered around the city of Aksum in antiquity; during Aksumite times, Ethiopia became a Christian kingdom. Later Solomonic kings claimed Aksumite descendance; the city of Aksum retained its importance after the fall of the eponymous kingdom in the seventh century, and remained place of coronation for Ethiopian rulers. al-Tabrızı̄ ,̄ Nūr al-Dın̄ ʿAlı ̄ Persian Muslim merchant, imported weapons, horses and religious objects from Egypt to Ethiopia for the nägäst́, Solomonic ambassador to Spain in 1427–1429. Amba Gəšän Legendary ‘royal prison’ where possible claimants to the Solomonic throne were kept, also an important site upon which signif- cant churches were built. Amhara Region or province of central highland Ethiopia, one of the key provinces of the Solomonic kingdom.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 267 Switzerland AG 2021 V. Krebs, Medieval Ethiopian Kingship, Craft, and Diplomacy with Latin Europe, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64934-0 268 A BRIEF GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO ETHIOPIAN HISTORY

Amharic Lingua franca of modern-day Ethiopia, spoken language of the late medieval Ethiopian Solomonic court. Angot Central highland region north of Amhara. Anthonius Bartoli Lead ambassador of the Ethiopian embassy to Venice in 1402. ʿaqqabe säʿat Important ecclesiastic at the royal court, responsible for scheduling the day of the nǝgus ́ as well as the hours of prayer. asẹ Term of address for Ethiopian rulers, often followed directly by the name, roughly translating to ‘Majesty’. Atronsä Maryam Royal church and monastery founded by asẹ Bäʾǝdä Maryam, built as the site of his grave, destroyed by ʿAdali troops in the 1530s. Bāb al-Mandab Strait connecting the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Bäʾǝdä Maryam Ethiopian nǝgus ́ reigning between 1468 and 1478, not known to have sent an embassy to Latin Europe. Bägemdǝr Province in the north-west of the Solomonic realm, bordering on Lake Ṭana. baḥǝr nägaš Title of the ruler of the coastal Red Sea provinces of Ethiopia, the ‘ruler of the sea’. Baptista of Imola Letter-carrier connected to a small Franciscan mission to Ethiopia in the early 1480s. Betä Ǝsraʾel Ethiopian Jews, formerly also called the ‘Fälasha’. bitwäddäd One of the highest courtly titles in the Ethiopian kingdom. č̣äwa regiments Core regiments of the Solomonic army. Däbrä Libanos Important monastery in the province of Šäwa; its abbot served as the ʿaqqabe säʿat from the reign of asẹ Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob onwards. Däwaro Formerly Muslim Sultanate on the south-eastern fringe of the central highland plateau, incorporated into the Solomonic realm in the 1330s. Dawit II Ethiopian nǝgus ́ from 1378/1379 to 1412, sent three embassies to Latin Europe in the very early 1400s. Däy Giyorgis Church in the province of Šäwa, probably founded by asẹ Täklä Maryam. ǝč̣č̣äge Title of the administrative head of the Ethiopian Church, second highest cleric of the Ethiopia Church after the metropolitan or abun. Ǝleni Wife of asẹ Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob; important courtly fgure, served as regent for asẹ Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl, sent one embassy to Portugal in 1508–1509. Ǝntoṇ ǝs Ethiopian ambassador to Rome in 1481–1482, probably despatched there by ras bitwäddäd ʿAmdä Mikaʾel from Jerusalem. A Brief Glossary of Terms Relating to Ethiopian History 269

Ǝnsǝlale Ruin feld with important archaeological traces of a former royal church in the region of Šäwa. Ǝskǝndǝr Ethiopian nǝgus,́ frst of the ‘child kings’ put on the throne in the late ffteenth century, ruled 1478–1494. ǝtege Title for the ruling wife of an Ethiopian sovereign. Ewostateanṣ Religious movement, founded by the monk Ewostatewoṣ in the fourteenth century. Fätägaṛ Region in the south of the central highland plateau of the Solomonic realm, incorporated and Christianised in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Franciscans Latin Christian religious order. Francisco Alvares Chaplain of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia of the 1520s, spent six years in Ethiopia; his lengthy account of the mission was published posthumously in 1540. Futūḥ al-Ḥ abaša Chronicle of the military campaign of Imām Aḥmad written by Šihāb al-Dın.̄ Gännätä Giyorgis Royal church founded by asẹ Ǝskǝndǝr, purportedly- contained an ‘Italian-style organ’ by the second half of the ffteenth century. Gännätä Maryam Important church in the region of Lasta, built by asẹ Yəkunno Amlak, founder of the Solomonic Dynasty in the late thirteenth century. Gǝʿǝz The traditional literary and liturgical language of the Ethiopian highlands, also sometimes called ‘Old Ethiopic’ in modern scholarship. Goǧǧam Region located in the west of the central highland plateau, to the west of the province of Amhara, incorporated into Solomonic Ethiopia and Christianized in the fourteenth century. gwǝlt A form of non-heritable land right in Ethiopian society, often trans- lated as ‘fef’. Ḥ imyar Jewish kingdom located in the south-west Arabian Peninsula, conquered by the Aksumites in the early sixth century. Homily on the Wood of the Holy Cross Religious text composed in the ffteenth century, contains information on asẹ Dawit´s embassy to Venice of 1402. Ifat Muslim Sultanate on the eastern fringe of the central highland plateau, tributary to Christian Ethiopia from the fourteenth century, ruled by the Walasmaʿ dynasty, succeeded as an independent polity by the Sultanate of ʿAdal. 270 A BRIEF GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO ETHIOPIAN HISTORY

Imām Aḥmad Spiritual and military leader of the ʿAdali army and the Sultanate of ʿAdal in the second quarter of the sixteenth century. Joanne Baptista Brochus of Imola High-ranking Italian noble accompany- ing an Ethiopian delegation from Jerusalem to Rome in 1481–1482. kätäma Gǝʿǝz term describing the itinerant royal court or camp of the Ethiopian rulers. Kǝbrä nägäst́ Foundational myth of the Solomonic Dynasty, propagating their descent from the biblical king Solomon through his son with the Queen of Sheba. Lake Ṭana Major lake in the west of the central highland plateau connected to the Blue Nile; its shoreline and islands became home to important religious sites in the ffteenth century. Lake Zway Lake in the south of the central highland plateau, its islands served as repository for Ethiopian Christian religious treasures and manuscripts during the wars of the sixteenth century. Lalibäla Famed Zagwe king, also the site of the famous eponymous mono- lithic rock-hewn churches in the region of Lasta. Lasta Region in the north-central part of the highland plateau, heartland province of the Zagwe dynasty. Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl Ethiopian nǝgus ,́ ruled 1508–1540, put on the throne at age eleven, with queen Ǝleni acting as one of his regents for the frst eight years of his rule. The frst successful, large-scale diplomatic embassy from Europe came to Ethiopia during his reign. Mäkanä Sǝ́ llase Royal church in Amhara affliated with Däbrä Libanos. Founded by asẹ Naʿod and asẹ Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl. Mamlūks Ruling Muslim dynasty of Egypt and the Levant from 1250 until 1517. Märtulạ̈ Maryam Royal church and monastery of ǝtege Ǝleni, renowned for its magnifcence. Naʿod Ethiopian nǝgus,́ ruled 1494–1508, father of asẹ Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl. nǝgus,́ pl. nägäst́ Literally ‘king’, title of an Ethiopian sovereign in Gǝʿǝz. Niqodemos Abbot of the Ethiopian monastery in Jerusalem, sent a delegation of his monks to the Council of Florence in the early 1440s. nǝgusä́ nägäst́ Literally ‘great king’ or ‘king of kings’, alternate title for an Ethiopian ruler of popularity in later centuries but infrequently used in the late Middle Ages. Petrus Rombulus Ambassador sent by aṣe Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob to the court of Alfonso V of Aragon and Pope Nicholas V in 1450. A BRIEF GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO ETHIOPIAN HISTORY 271

Pietre of Naples Latin Christian agent acting on behalf of asẹ Täklä Maryam in Pera/Constantinople in the 1430s. Prester John Mythical, powerful Christian ruler imagined in Latin Europe as living beyond the lands of the Muslims in the East; from the fourteenth century onwards, Latin Christians began to identify Prester John with the nägäst́ of Ethiopia. rǝst Inalienable, heritable right to land bestowed by a ruler. Šäwa Heartland province of Solomonic Ethiopia, located south of the region of Amhara, political centre of the realm in the second half of the ffteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Säyfä Arʿad Ethiopian nǝgus ́ from 1344 to 1371. Šihāb al-Dın̄ Chronicler of the military campaigns of Imām Aḥmad, wrote theFutūḥ al-Ḥ abaša. Solomon (king) Biblical king, son of king David, built the frst Temple in Jerusalem. Solomonic Dynasty Reigning Ethiopian dynasty from 1270 until 1974, claimed direct descent from the biblical king Solomon through his son Mǝnilǝk I with the Queen of Sheba, locally called Makǝdda. tabot Central object sanctifying an Ethiopian church, a copy of the Ark of the Covenant. Täklä Maryam Ethiopian nǝgus ,́ ruled 1430–1433, sent an agent to the Eastern Mediterranean in the early 1430s. Täzkar Commemorative feast for a dead person. Tǝgray Region in the far north of the central highlands, heartland province of the Aksumite kingdom. Tǝgrǝñña Ethiopian language, mostly used in the north of modern-day Ethiopia and in Eritrea. Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos Zagwe church in the region of Lasta. Yǝsḥaq Ethiopian nǝgus,́ ruled 1414–1430, sent an embassy led by al-Tabrız̄ ı ̄ to the kingdom of Aragon. Zagwe Ruling dynasty of Ethiopia from the eleventh to the thirteenth century, succeeded by the Solomonic Dynasty. Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob Ethiopian nǝgus ,́ ruled 1434–1468, sent an embassy to Aragon and the papacy in 1450. Zaylaʿ Important Red Sea port in modern-day northern Somalia, under rule of the Sultanate of ʿAdal in the latter part of the ffteenth and sixteenth centuries. Bibliography

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A Agulaʿ Qirqos, locality, Abbay, river, 104n113 243n138 Adal, Barr Sa d al-Dın, Sultanate, ʿ ʿ ̄ Aḥmad Badlāy, Sultan, 83, 88, 69, 72, 83, 99n70, 101n85, 226n20, 235n67 105n125, 122, 145, 154, Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhım̄ al-Ġāzı,̄ military 179n204, 179n205, 182n248, leader, 154, 184n267, 187, 184n267, 184n268, 187, 193–194, 198, 199, 222, 193–195, 198–199, 202, 221, 236n70 222, 227n20, 234n60, 235n67, Aksum, city, 9n4, 30, 53n124, 236n70, 239n106, 240n123, 189, 240n119 242n138, 253n238, 265 Aksum, kingdom of, Aksumite, 8n4, ʿAdali troops, 154, 187, 193, 195, 53n124, 170n134, 189, 217, 199, 236n70, 239n106, 232n46, 235n65, 240n123, 253n238, 265 240n123, 242n138 ʿAddi Abbona, locality, 242n138 Alberthus of Sarteano, envoy, Addis Ababa, city, 3, 9n6, 192, 194, 77–78 231n42, 237n80, 237n81 Alexandria, city, 20, 65, 66, 72, Africa Orientale Italiana, 13n13, 131, 261n290 194, 229n28 Alexandria, Patriarchate of, 9n4, 20, Agnos Dei, religious object, 131, 42n14, 43n29, 118n235, 166n93, 208 124, 157n19

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 295 Switzerland AG 2021 V. Krebs, Medieval Ethiopian Kingship, Craft, and Diplomacy with Latin Europe, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64934-0 296 INDEX

Alfonso V, king, 2, 62–64, 72–74, 96n37, 124, 139, 162n58, 187, 83–91, 93n11, 93n14, 94n16, 195, 196, 198, 232n44 94n18, 94n20, 94n22, 94n25, See also Futuh̄ ̣ Al-Ḥabaša, Conquest 101n89, 101n90, 116n213, 136, of Abyssinia 188, 205, 208, 218, Aragon, kingdom of 255–256n252 crusading interests, 70, 85–87, 90 Alvares, Francisco, author, 24, 46n50, Ethiopian embassies to, 2, 62–74, 46n54, 142, 149, 151, 183n254, 83–86, 91 197–199, 210, 213, 220, 222, gifts to Ethiopia, 89, 188, 207 239n97, 245n154, 246n166, hopes/requests for (military) aid 254n239, 260n286, 261n290, from Ethiopia 64, 72 263, 264 Ark of the Covenant, 217, 218 Amba Gǝšän, locality, 75, 103n112, See also Tabot 202, 235n67, 243n144, 251n208 Armourer(s), 22, 187, 204 ʿAmdä Mikaʾel, ras bitwäddäd, offcial, from Mamlūk Egypt, 69, 122, 124, 129, 139, 140, 156n8, 97n57, 187 156n11, 157n22, Ashlar(s), building with, 195, 197, 169n120, 173n152 198, 200, 201, 216, 217, ʿAmdä Ṣǝyon, king, 9n5, 69, 187, 235n65, 240n123, 241n123, 190, 193, 233n55, 242n138, 265 235n63, 242n138 Asmära, locality, 30 Amhara, region, 30, 32, 34, 36, Atronsä Maryam, church and 53n124, 54n130, 113n195, monastery, 196, 198–200, 212, 190–193, 197, 212, 231n40, 216, 239n107, 253n238 232n46, 236n68, Awaš, river, 9n6, 192, 231n42 244n149, 246n166 ʿAyḏāb, port, 30, 54n126 Amharic, language, 31–34, 54n131, 56n159, 79, 98n60, 126, 209, 231n40 B Angot, region, 30 Bāb al-Mandab, strait, 144, 177n183 Ansokiya,̣ locality, 234n60 Badǝqe, locality, 242n134 Anthonius Bartoli, ambassador, 21, Bäʾǝdä Maryam, king, 50n93, 121, 22, 29, 33, 51n106, 56n163, 122, 124, 155n5, 157n19, 57n165, 77, 136, 225n14 164n69, 192, 193, 198–199, ʿAqqabe säʿat, offce, 156n8, 202, 212, 237n82, 240n119, 169n120, 191 240n120, 241n125, Arabian Peninsula, 221 256n262, 257n265 Arabic, language, in medieval Ethiopia, Bägäna, instrument, 217–218 20, 31, 32, 34, 43n26, Bägemdǝr, region, 240n123 56n159, 126 Baḥər nägaš, title, 9n6, 145, Arabic sources, 5, 20, 23, 28–31, 149, 179n201, 231n42, 42n14, 62–72, 90, 95n29, 260n285 INDEX 297

Baptista of Imola, letter-carrier, 134, 139–141, 144, 151, 133–138, 171n136, 195, 201 157n22, 168n116, 171n136, Barcelona, town, 71, 83 174n153, 178n197, 208, Bärtälomewos, abunä, metropolitan, 222, 226n19 19, 43n20 Callixtus III, pope, 61, 62, 83, 88–90, Bärtälomewos, pilgrim of the 1410s, 119n245, 207, 229n26 35–38, 43n20 Camino de Santiago, pilgrimage Bärtälomewos, pilgrim of the route, 37, 73 1430s, 73–74 Candido de Bona, author, Bǝlen Sägäd, offcial, 218, 257n273 26–28, 49n87 Bells, 2, 68, 71, 148, 196, Cardinal of Aquileia, offcial, 26, 28 208, 244n146 Carpenter(s), 6, 8, 22, 152–154, 195, Bertrandon de la Broquière, traveller, 196, 203–205, 211, 219 74–77, 103n104, 103n113, Carpet(s), 48n77, 148, 199, 203, 210, 104n116, 104n117 251n203, 263 Betä Ǝsraʾel, people, 43n22, of foreign provenance, 25, 148, 192, 226n20 203, 263 Betä Lǝhem Maryam, church, Castile, kingdom, 73 200, 240n123 Castilian-Aragonese war, 73, 137 Bible, biblical, 6, 8, 89, 104n113, Catalan, language, 5, 63–65, 189, 190, 202, 209, 210, 72, 94n16 215–219, 232n44, 252n220, 265 Č̣äwa, military regiments, 145, Black Sea, region, 77, 86 179n202, 204, 234n61 Bookmaker(s), 151–153, Chalice(s), 20, 21, 24, 38, 46n54, 205, 248n179 148, 196, 202, 207, Brancaleon, Nicolo, painter, 212, 208, 244n149 229n28, 254n241 Chinese porcelain/ceramics, 201 Brocade, fabric, 85, 131, 148, 196, Circumcision, 75, 113n191 197, 199, 208, 244n146, Clothing 245n154, 251n203, 254n238 courtly, 121, 148, 169n124, 222 Builder(s), 6, 8, 22, 76, 195, ‘Frankish,’ 2, 25, 68, 250n198 203–206, 212–213, 215, Constance, town, 3, 34–38, 58n177, 219–223, 248n179 59n187, 108n149, 137 Byzantine, Byzantium, 23, 48n83, 86, Constantine, saint, 19, 257n271 89, 101n84, 198, 203, 209, 214, Constantinople, city, 74, 76, 83, 86, 260n286, 257n271 87, 102n96, 102n103 fall of, 83–90 Coptic, Egyptian Christian, 2, 20, 23, C 25, 43n19, 43n29, 57n167, 80, Cairo, city, 1, 30, 61, 65–69, 71, 81, 81, 100n80, 109n160, 109n161, 88, 98n60, 98n62, 98n64, 141, 157n19, 208, 211, 104n113, 111n175, 117n228, 232n44, 253n231 118n235, 123–126, 130, 133, craftsmen in Ethiopia, 211, 213 298 INDEX

Coronation, crowning, 124, 127, D 157n19, 240n119 Däbrä ʿAsbo, Däbrä Libanos of Šäwa, Council of Constance, 34–37, monastery, 191, 202, 232n48, 58n177, 61, 74, 77, 233n55, 235n66, 236n70, 93n11, 93n12 244n146, 253n238 Council of Däbrä Mǝtmaq,̣ 83, Däbrä Bǝrhan, town, 235n67 109n153, 109n154 Däbrä Bizän, monastery, 150, Council of Florence, 77–82, 84, 182n236, 235n66 114n200, 118n240, 208, 229n26 Däbrä Ḥ ayq Ǝstifanos,̣ monastery, Council of Nicaea, 78, 107n140 191, 232n48, 233n55, Court, kätäma, 54n130, 121, 244n149, 253n238 190, 191, 193, 200, 212, Däbrä Nägwädgwad, church and 213, 231n40 monastery, 210, 235n67, Craftsmen, artisans, 2–6, 11n9, 17–18, 253n238, 256n261 22, 25, 28, 29, 38, 39, 40n6, Daga Ǝstifanos,̣ monastery, 212, 46n54, 62, 63, 65, 72, 76, 77, 240n120, 252n218 85, 86, 90, 92n5, 122, 129, 136, Damião de Góis, author, 147, 140, 148, 149, 152–154, 186, 180n212, 180n214, 182n245 188, 189, 196, 204–206, 211, David, biblical king, 30, 54n130, 63, 213–216, 219, 221, 237n83, 93n14, 185, 215–218, 256n261 242n138, 247n169, 247n172, Däwaro, region, 54n131, 114n196, 247n176, 248n179, 256n252, 192, 202 256n259, 264 Dawit II, king, 7, 17–23, 25, 26, as technologists, 5, 185–186, 188, 28–31, 34, 36, 38, 40n2, 46n55, 205, 220, 225n15 52n119, 61–63, 71, 72, 77, 78, Crete, locality, 22, 266 81, 88, 90, 99n70, 108n149, Cross(es), 1, 2, 19–21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 136, 153–154, 180n217, 37, 59n188, 66–68, 70, 71, 85, 185–188, 192, 193, 200–204, 100n77, 144, 147, 199, 200, 206–207, 209, 214, 216, 208, 210, 242n136, 250n198, 225n14, 226n20, 233n55, 251n203, 252n218 234n57, 235n67, 238n89, Crusade, crusading, 2, 4, 61–62, 66, 243n144, 248n182, 250n194, 67, 70–72, 77, 85, 86, 88–91, 151n208, 255n251, 264 120n246, 130, 142, 145, 188, Däy Giyorgis, ruins, 200, 212 207, 246n169 Dayr Al-Sultạ ̄n, monastery, Curtain(s), in churches, 148, 197, 78, 106n135 199, 210, 216, 239n98, Delhi, Sultanate, 215 245n152, 245n154, Dǝlmä Nǝgsa,́ princess, 200, 201, 251n203, 263 234n57, 240n123 of foreign provenance, 199, Dima Giyorgis, monastery, 210 210, 263 Dom Rodrigo da Lima, ambassador, Cyprus, locality, 64, 66, 149–150, 263–264 116n222, 117n228 Duke of Berry, title, 37, 76–77, 104n117 INDEX 299

E 144, 146, 183n248, Eastern Mediterranean, region, 23, 33, 222, 252n216 37, 47n63, 62, 74, 77, 78, 81, Eugene IV, pope, 77–82, 84, 83, 85, 87–90, 133, 141, 186, 127, 228n24 188, 205, 215, 227n21, 250n199 Ewostatean(s),̣ religious group, 79, Ǝcč̣ äge,̣̌ ecclesiastical title, 191 109n153, 113n190, 218, Ecclesiastical garments, 2, 6, 38, 62, 234n55, 235n66 71, 81, 122, 140, 148, 153, 196, Ewostatewos,̣ monk-saint, 109n153 202, 203, 206–208, 264 ʿEzana, Aksumite king, 2, 189 from Latin Europe, 20, 24–25, 62, 70–71, 77, 85–86, 209–211 Ǝleni, ǝtege, queen, 122, 143–150, F 153, 175n171, 176n179, Fätägar,̣ region, 192 178n188, 194, 195, 208, 211, Fǝre Ṣǝyon, painter, 253n236 213, 217, 220, 221, 234n61, Firearms, 4, 5, 152–154, 186, 188, 236n78, 243n139, 220, 225n14 253n230, 259n284 France, modern-day region, 37, Ǝnsǝlale, ruins, 200, 201, 211, 74–77, 87, 104n117, 105n120, 242n130, 242n134 117n229, 202, 266 Ǝntoṇ ǝs, ambassador of the 1480s, Francesco of Catalonia, 123, 125–129, 131–132, 135, missionary, 133–134 138–142, 153, 173n147, Francesco Suriano, author, 132–135, 173n152, 174n154, 207 137–138, 167n104, 167n108, Ǝntoṇ ǝs, pilgrim of the 1410s, 35–38 173n143, 237n82 Eritrea(n), coastal regions, 3, 8n4, Franciscans, 26, 37, 49n89, 49n92, 9n6, 30, 154, 190, 77, 78, 81, 82, 106n131, 231n42, 260n285 111n172, 123–125, 127, Eschatological expectation, in 131–135, 137–139, Ethiopia, 143, 146, 153, 141, 172n137 211–222, 259n284 Ethiopians mistaken for Franciscans, Ǝskǝndǝr, king, 121–124, 128, 129, 26, 37, 49n89, 49n92 132, 134, 135, 139–142, 155n5, Futuh̄ ̣ al-Ḥabaša, Conquest of 156n8, 160n40, 169n118, Abyssinia, 154–155n1, 184n268, 170n129, 192, 198, 202, 205, 193, 194, 197–199, 202, 216, 227n20, 234n61, 235n67, 236n70, 242n134 237n82, 244n146, 244n150, 247n173, 253n238, 256n262 Ǝstifanosites,̣ Stephanites, G 113n189, 234n55 al-Ǧabartı,̄ ʿAbd al-Salām, merchant, Ethiopian terms for Latin Europe(ans), 67–69, 97n58 afräng,̌ färäng,̌ al-Afrang,̌ 19, Gälawdewos, king, 183n248, 21, 23, 33, 39, 66, 76, 135, 143, 223, 244n146 300 INDEX

Gandulph of Sicily, ecclesiastic, 81–82, 142, 147, 148, 151–153, 111n172, 111n176, 141, 228n24 157n23, 162n58, 174n153, 194, Gännätä Maryam, church, 245n155 197–199, 201–206, 208–210, Ǧaqmaq, Sultan, 88, 162n58 213, 214, 216, 217, 239n106, Gǝʿǝz, language, 5, 15n19, 16n22, 18, 240n118, 240n123, 245n154, 23, 28, 43n26, 48n77, 78, 79, 248n179, 250n196, 91, 96n43, 98n60, 104n113, 254n238, 254n244 107n137, 135, 138, 144, 146, Goldsmith(s), 85, 151–154, 203, 206, 151, 152, 174n157, 176n178, 208, 215 176n179, 177n187, 179n207, Gondär, locality, 192 194, 196, 199, 204, 207, 209, ‘Greece,’ region, 47n63, 125, 216, 217, 232n44, 248n179, 249n182, 260n286 252n218, 258n277 Greek, language and inscriptions, real Gǝnbi, ruins, 201, 212 or imagined, 24, 25, 32, 33, Geneva, town, 36, 37, 59n184, 137 47n63, 92n8, 125 Germany, modern-day region, Guillaume Fillastre, ecclesiastic, 62, 3, 35–37 63, 77, 91, 93n10, 93n11 Getesemane Maryam, Guardian of Mount Zion, offcial, monastery, 234n61 111n172, 124–125, Gift(s) 132–135, 159n30 to Ethiopian churches/clergy Gunsmith(s), 152, 153, 187, 225n15, 162n58, 199–200, 202–203, 248n179, 258n277 210, 235n67, 240n122, Gwǝlt, land-right, 191, 233n50 244n149, 245n154 by Latin Christian potentates, 20–21, 23–25, 38, 63, 66, 72, H 89, 119n243, 128, 130–132, Hadiyya, Sultanate, 9n6, 114n196, 148, 150, 157n23, 174n153, 146, 175n171, 231n42 188, 207, 208, 210 Helena, saint, 19, 41n10 by Solomonic kings, 21, 23, 27, Hieronimo Bicini, courtier and 46n54, 51n105, 130, 144, painter, 213 147, 174n153, 205, 207, 208 Ḥ imyar, kingdom, Yemen, Girolamo Riario, nobleman, 127, 137, 88, 118n238 158n29, 163n59, Hiram of Tyre, biblical king, 185, 216 163n64, 163n65 Historia Trium Regum, text, 26–27 Giyorgis of Sägla, author, 76 History of the Patriarchs, source, 20, Goǧǧam, region, 32, 210, 22–26, 38, 42n14, 43n29, 206, 234n61, 237n81 250n194, 250n196 Gold, 2, 20, 21, 25, 31, 32, 38, Homily on the Wood of the Holy Cross, 47n65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 80, source, 17–20, 22–26, 33, 38, 39, 85–87, 89, 94n22, 113n194, 42n14, 42n15, 46n54, 75n165, 114n202, 130, 131, 135, 140, 140, 202, 206–207 INDEX 301

Horse(s), 31, 32, 187 Iohanne Thomacello, ecclesiastic, imported from Egypt, 1, 67, 133, 159n30 69, 70, 187 Irrigation experts, 63, 76, 204, 205 Israelite kingdom (biblical), 189, 215–218 I Solomonic claims of successorship Iberia(n Peninsula), modern-day to, 6, 189, 217–219 region, 2, 3, 64, 73, 142, 144, Iter de Venetiis ad Indiam, 218, 256n252 source, 29–38 Ibn Batṭ ụ ̄ta,̣ traveller, 256n254 Iyäsus Moʾa, monk-saint, 232n48 Ibn Ḥ ajar al-ʿAsqalānı,̄ author, 67, 68, 70–72, 97n53, 98n60, 98n65, 100n80, 207, 249n187, 250n198 J Ibn Taghrı ̄ Birdı,̄ author, 66, 67, Jacopo Gherardi, author, 127–128 69–71, 96n37, 96n39, 97n47, Jerónimo Lobo, Jesuit, 213 98n64, 100n77 Jerusalem, city, 6, 29–31, 33, 36, Icon(s), 6, 24–25, 148, 196, 202, 54n33, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 210, 212, 238n89, 239n97, 106n135, 111n175, 122–127, 244–245n150, 131–136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 249n182, 253n236 153, 159n30, 161n49, 163n61, Ifat, region, 99n70, 179n203, 190, 166n97, 171n136, 173n152, 192, 202, 234n60, 245n151 174n154, 185, 189, 195, Ifat, Sultanate, 72, 83, 99n70, 193, 210, 216–218 225n14, 226n20 Jesuit(s), 154, 211, 213, 243n139, Imports in Ethiopia 253n228, 253n229, 253n230 religious wares 66–67, 70, 71, 202, Jewellery, 1, 100n77, 148, 196, 208, 209, 210, 244n150, 263–266 235n67, 254n238 weapons 1, 66–67, 70, 71, João II, Portuguese king, 142, 97n57, 187 143, 175n164 India(n), locality and people, 44n37, João III, Portuguese king, 150, 151, 53n123, 57n169, 58n181, 154, 182n246, 206 119n245, 143–146, 149, 198, João Bermudes, barber and envoy, 213 203, 205, 239n106 João Gomes, envoy, 143 “Indian(s)” as term for Ethiopia(ns), Johanne Baptista Brochus of Imola, 26, 28–31, 35, 36, 80, 93n10, nobleman, 124–131, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 136–139, 229n26 138, 141 Indian Ocean, region, 105n122, 142, 143, 145, 149, 152, 220–222 K Interpreter(s), 26, 27, 79, 128, 130 Kǝbrä nägäst́ , ‘Nobility of the kings,’ Iohanne of Calabria, missionary, source, 6, 16n22, 215, 217, envoy, 133–135, 137, 138, 141, 218, 232 153, 172n137, 172n141 Kirakos, author, 18, 41n10 302 INDEX

L 97n57, 98n64, 98n65, 99n74, Lalibäla, churches and locality, 99n75, 100n76, 100n82, 189, 212 111n173, 116n213, 118n235, Lasta, region, 189, 230n37, 235n65, 123, 124, 126, 139, 141, 243n140, 245n155 144–146, 151, 157n21, 157n23, Lazaro de Andrade, painter, 162n58, 174n153, 178n197, 213, 254n243 186–188, 209, 221, Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl, king, 82, 122, 143, 224–225n14, 225n17, 226n19, 146, 149–154, 155n5, 182n242, 226n20, 245n155 182–183n248, 192, 197, 198, Mamlūk Egypt 202–206, 208–210, 213, 216, Ottoman conquest of, 220, 221, 227n20, 242n134, 145, 151–152 244n146, 244n150, 245n152, Solomonic diplomacy with, 18, 247n176, 257n265, 258n276, 82–83, 88, 123–124, 157n22 258n278, 258n280, 263–265 Manoel de Almeida, Jesuit, Leo X, pope, 141, 146, 148, 179n210 213, 254n246 Leopards, 17, 21, 45n45, 139 Manuel I, king, 143, 144, 146–151, Limbourg Brothers, painters, 37, 179n210, 182n235, 205, 206, 59n188, 77, 255n252 208, 220, 221 Linen, fabric, 24, 203, 244n146 Mänz, district, 192–193, Liturgical items or wares, 2, 5, 6, 8, 235n62, 235n63 62, 71, 81, 86, 90, 98n60, al-Maqrızı̄ ,̄ author, 65–67, 69–72, 110n68, 122, 140, 148, 153, 96n37, 96n39, 97n57, 98n64, 196, 199, 202, 203, 206–208, 100n77, 187, 226n20, 250n198 245n154, 264 Marqos, abunä, metropolitan, 124, 158n25, 222, 261n288 Marriage, Ethiopian offers of, 63, 73, M 91, 144, 147 Maḏhab, legal school, 68–70, 98n65, Martin V, pope, 35, 36, 63, 93n11 99n73, 99n75 Märtulạ̈ Maryam, church and Maḥfūẓ bin Muḥammad, governor, monastery, 194, 195, 201, 211, 146, 227n20 213, 217, 234n61, 236n78, Mäkanä Sǝ́ llase, church and monastery, 237n83, 241n130, 243n139 194, 196–200, 205, 210, 217, Märtulạ̈ Mikaʾel, church, 216 237n84, 238n90, 246n166 Massawa, locality, 149 Makǝdda, Queen of Sheba, 189, 215, Mateus, ambassador, 144–147, 149, 108n148, 232n44, 256n257 150, 181n230 Mālikı,̄ law school, 66, 68–70, Matthew I, patriarch of Alexandria, 20 98n65, 99n75 Maurice, saint, 37, 38 Mamlūk(s), 1, 2, 5, 33, 57n167, 61, Mecca, town, 100n77, 222, 261n289 62, 65–70, 72, 81, 83, 86, 88, Mǝnilǝk I, son of biblical king 90, 96n38, 96n41, 97n46, Solomon, 189, 215, 217 INDEX 303

Merchant(s), 1, 2, 19–21, 29–34, Naʿod Mogäsa, queen, 150, 43n16, 43n20, 46n54, 47n65, 234n61, 244n150 63, 65–72, 77, 83, 97n58, Nazret, locality, 242n138 101n86, 102–103n103, 146, Nicholas V, pope, 52n117, 83–84, 157n23, 203, 213, 219, 88, 91, 113n192, 250n198, 263 114n200, 224n14 Metal cladding, in churches, 196–199, Nile, river, 30, 53n125, 104n113, 216, 217 113n195, 134, 151 Metalworker(s), 6, 8, 38, 151, 196, control over/blocked, 204, 219, 225n15 47n63, 85, 88, 89, Metropolitan (abun), of the Ethiopian 116n213, 118n233, Church, 9n4, 19, 41n10, 43n19, 130, 147, 148, 158n23, 93n19, 124, 140, 157n19, 164n76, 226n19 174n154, 191, 222 Niqodemos, abbot, 78–79, 91, Michele Steno, Venetian Doge, 20, 107n137, 108n144 22, 25, 38, 43n26, 44n31, Nob, monk-prince, 234n61 44n36, 45n45 Nubia, Nubian, 37 Milanese ambassadors, in Rome, 126–127, 162n58, 163n64, 163n65, 173n152 O Military alliances and aid Organist(s), 148, 152, 153, 205 entertained by Solomonic rulers, Organs 122, 148, 151, 153, 186, in Ethiopia, 195, 212, 237n82 220, 258n276 as gifts, 148 proposed by Latin Christians, 61, Ottoman(s), 86–90, 116n213, 145, 62, 64, 72, 85–86, 89, 90, 122, 151, 178n197, 215, 220, 143–145, 148, 153, 187, 221, 256n253 188, 220 ‘Miracle of Mary,’ Täʾammərä Maryam, source, 50n93, P 202, 214 Painter(s), artist(s), 6, 8, 22, 38, Mitre(s), 24, 27, 80, 110n168, 196, 59n188, 148, 150, 152, 153, 199, 202, 207, 208, 250n199 182n244, 196, 203–206, 212, Mongols, 215 213, 215, 219, 229n28, Mosque(s), in Ethiopia, 69, 227n20 247n172, 247n174, 248n179, Muskets and bombards, 210, 220 248–249n182, 253n236, 255n252, 256n253 Paintings N of Ethiopian ambassadors in Naʿod, king, 146, 155n5, 197, 216, Europe, 141 237n84, 244n146, 244n150, in Ethiopian Churches, 245n154, 252n218, 257n265, 196–199, 253n236, 259n284, 260n287 254n239 304 INDEX

Papacy, Latin Christian, 27, 28, 39, Pius II, pope, 89, 119n245 63, 78, 80–82, 84, 86, 88, 90, Portugal 91, 93n11, 107n137, 122, 123, Ethiopian missions to Portugal 125, 127, 129, 132, 139, 140, 87, 143–148 150, 151, 153, 154, 186, 188, Portuguese, 5, 15n19, 122, 142–154, 203, 204, 207, 220, 224n7, 265 175n164, 175n166, 175n169, Paris de Grassis, offcial, 129–131, 138 176n174, 176n175, Patriarch(s), of Alexandria, 8–9n4, 20, 176–177n179, 177n187, 42n14, 43n29, 124, 157n19 178n188, 178n197, 179n200, Paulo of Caneto, ecclesiastic, 179n205, 180n212, 180n214, 132–135, 159n30, 160n40 181n230, 182n235, 182n242, Paulus Waltherus of Güglingen, 182n244, 182n245, pilgrim, 125–127, 182–183n248, 194, 196–199, 131–132, 159n32 203, 205, 206, 208, 210, 213, Pera, town, 74–77, 136, 241n127 220–222, 237n83, 242n138, Pêro da Covilhã, agent, 142–143, 146, 248n179, 254n239, 254n243, 175n169, 178n188, 213 258n276, 258n277, 258n280, Persian(s), 1–2, 66–70, 72, 100n76, 259n284, 260n285, 263–265 145, 250n198 gifts, 147, 148, 150, 210 P̣etros,̣ ecclesiastic of the 1440s, interests, 122 79–80, 82, 109n161, 110n164 missions to Ethiopia, 142–143, 146, P̣etros,̣ pilgrim of the 1410s, 35–38 149–152, 183n248 Petrus of Bonia, envoy, 63–65, Prester John, myth of, Ethiopian 73, 94n25 identifcation with, 3–4, 13n14, Petrus Rombulus, ambassador, 83–85, 14n16, 20, 21, 26, 27, 35, 44n37, 115n205, 136, 166n88 62, 64, 75–77, 84, 87, 93n10, Physician(s), 152, 154, 248n179 93n14, 110n164, 125–129, 132, Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder, 133, 142, 146, 149–150, 228n23 author, 36 Printer(s), 148, 152, 181n225, 205 Pietre of Naples, agent, 75–77, Prophecies, 143, 144, 146, 151, 153, 103n104, 103n113, 104n116, 221, 222, 260n285, 260n286, 104n117, 136, 166n88, 241n127 206n287, 261n289 Pilgrim(s)/pilgrimage Ethiopian Christian, 3, 33, 35–37, 57n167, 73–74, 80, 81, 87–88, Q 91, 101n89, 108n149, Qad̄ ̣ı,̄ judge, 66, 68, 69, 98n65 111n175, 117n230, 118n236, Qāytbāy, Sultan, 124 124–125, 133, 141, 151, Queen of Sheba, see 159n24, 193, 199, 202, Queen(s), Solomonic, 143, 144, 146, 208, 253n238 195, 208, 213, 232n44, Latin, 29, 37, 39, 74–75, 234n61, 244n150 131–132, 157n23 Quran, 1, 68 INDEX 305

R Roofer(s), 205, 206 Red Sea, region, 30, 31, 54n126, Ruin(s), 194, 195, 197, 200–201, 54n127, 77, 105n122, 105n125, 211–213, 219, 235n65, 236n78, 134, 145, 147, 149, 151, 152, 238n88, 241n124, 241n125, 178n197, 179n204, 181n228, 242n130, 243n138, 243n139, 182n236, 183n254, 220–222, 253n228, 253n230, 226–227n20 254n246, 265 Regents, regency, 3, 121, 122, 124, 129, 139–146, 150, 156n8, 175n171, 191, 195, 208, 213, S 264, 266 Sabbath, 109n153, Relic(s) 2–6, 8, 12n9, 17–19, 23, 25, 109n154, 113n190 27, 38, 48n65, 61, 62, 89, 90, Säblä Wängel, queen, 209 119n243, 140, 196, 202–204, Sächsische Weltchronik, source, 36 206–209, 225n14 Saʿd al-Dın,̄ military leader, 99n70 infant killed by Herod, 24, 39, 206 Šāfʿı,̄ law school, 68–69, in Latin Europe, 27–28, 71, 80, 91, 98n65, 99n73 128, 207–209 Ṣägga Zäʾab, ambassador, 150–151 Nail of the Cross, 68, 71, St Mark, church, 21, 24, 38, 207 101n84, 207 al-Ṣāliḥiyya madrasa, place, 1, 66 reliquaries, 24, 39, 202 Santiago de Compostela, town, 3, of the True Cross, 18–21, 23, 25, 37, 73–74 39, 48n65, 48n80, 71, 144, Santo Stefano, monastery, 141 147, 180n217, 202, 251n208 Šäwa, region, 30, 54n130, 190–193, Relief carving, 195, 197, 200, 201, 200, 201, 211, 212, 231n40, 213, 242n136, 253n231 241n124, 242n130, 245n157 Rǝst, land-right, 191, 238n94 Šawah, Sultanate, 190, 230n39 Rhodes, locality, 30, 64, 88, Sawākin, port, 30, 54n127, 182n241 117n229, 228n24 Säyfä Arʿad, king, 198, 233n55 Richental, Ulrich von, author, Scarifcation, 26, 36, 37, 50n93 35–36, 58n176 Schwabenweg, pilgrimage route, 37 Rome, city, 3, 33, 36, 38, 39, 51n104, Sculptor(s), 152, 196, 203, 206 63, 75–77, 79–82, 91, 93n11, Seasons in Ethiopia, 30, 54n130, 75 122–123, 125, 143, 147, 153, Ṣǝrʿ, geographic region, 23, 249n182 162n56, 168n116, 174n154, Ship-builders, 76–77, 105n122, 183n248, 207, 224n7, 247n173 105n125, 205 Ethiopian embassies to, 25–28, Ships, 76, 85, 101n86, 83–84, 126–132, 135–141, 144–145, 149 159n32, 173n147, 173n152, Sidi Muḥammad, envoy, 143 205, 207 Šihāb al-Dın,̄ author, 184n268, Romna, royal concubine, 156n8, 193–194, 197–199, 169n120, 234n61 202, 245n151 306 INDEX

Silk, fabric, 24–25, 148, 169n124, Stonemason(s), 6, 8, 152–154, 195, 198, 199, 202, 203, 208, 196, 203, 204, 206, 219 244n146, 251n203 Sudarium, Veil of Veronica, relic, 28, Silver, 1, 21, 24, 31, 85, 86, 152, 185, 38, 80, 81, 91 196–199, 202, 204–209, 213, Switzerland, modern region, 36–38 216, 217, 239n106, 240n123, Swords, 28, 32, 52n113, 67, 89, 245n152, 248n179, 250n196 119n243, 121, 129, 130, 152, Silversmith(s), 151, 152, 154, 203, 153, 187, 188, 207, 210, 217, 205, 206 218, 221, 247n176 Sixtus IV, pope, 121, 125–132, 137, Swordsmith(s), 22, 28, 187, 204, 139–141, 164n69, 166n89, 248n179, 258n277 173n152, 188, 205, 207, 208, 229n26 Slave(s), slavery, enslaved, 65, 66, 69, T 142, 159n31 Tabot, altar tablet, 217, 240n115 Socotra, 179n200 al-Tabrızı̄ ,̄ Nūr al-Dın̄ ʿAli, merchant- Solomon, biblical king, 6, 185, 189, ambassador, 1–2, 63, 65–73, 77, 190, 196, 215–220, 232n44, 90, 95n29, 98n65, 100n77, 256n261, 257n269 100n82, 187, 203, 208, 249n187 Solomonic Dynasty Tädbabä Maryam, church, 48n80, administration and bureaucracy, 249n183, 251n208 121, 190–194 Täklä Haymanot, monk-saint, beginnings, 2, 186, 190 232n48 claim of universal Christian Täklä Maryam, king, 62, 74, 76, 77, kingship, 189 90, 102n95, 136, 192, 200, 205 claim over territory, 2, 9n6, 72, mission to the Golden Horn, 74–77 151, 187, 190, 215, 231n42 Ṭana, lake, 190, 201, 212, 234n61 expansion, 2, 6, 9n5, 187–190, 193, Tarazona, town, 73, 108n149 203, 234n61 Täsfa Giyorgis, offcial, 141–142, patronage practices, 79–80, 192, 156n8, 169n120 210, 212–214, 217–219, Tax(es)/taxation, 191, 204, 244n149, 254n239 233n50, 246n161 royal foundations, 121, 189, Täzkar, memorial 192–194, 196, 198, 201, 202, celebration, 255n248 204, 208, 211, 212, 223, Tǝgray, region, 30, 50n93, 189, 201, 234n61, 236n78, 245n154 235n65, 235n66, self-representation, 6–7, 242n138, 254n239 189, 215–219 Tǝgrǝñña, language, 31–34, (state-)building activity, 192–194, 54n131, 256n259 196, 204, 213, 216 Thomas Prischusch, author, 36 Spoliation, 194, 241n124 Trade, 6, 32, 33, 66, 67, 104n116, Statue(s), 152, 206, 208, 209, 221 121, 142, 263–264 INDEX 307

Trade route, between Ethiopia and the W Mediterranean, 22, 29–30, 134, Wadding, Luke, historian, 131–133, 138, 183n254, 248–249n182 135, 159n30, 170n126 Treatise on the Holy Land, source, 132, Walasmaʿ, dynasty, 83, 99n70, 133, 237n82 226n20 Trebizond, locality, 48n83, 86, War(s), 20, 69, 73, 89, 101n90, 122, 113n194, 116n218, 116n219 137, 144, 145, 147, 193, 194, Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, 201, 221, 238n88, 241n124, manuscript, 37, 59n188, 77 242n138, 244n146, 265 Trial(s), 65–69, 71, 98n64, Weapons 1, 61, 68, 75, 99–100n75, 100n82 100n82, 254n238 from Egypt, 66–70, 97n57, 187 in Ethiopia, 152, 153, 186, 187 U from Europe, 152–153, 186, Umbrella(s), dǝbab, 199, 220–221, 225n15, 247n176 217–218, 240n115 scholarship narratives on, 61–62, Union of the Churches, Latin requests 152, 185–186 for, 79–82, 84, 88, 91, 128–129, Woolen cloths, fabrics, 85, 208 140, 154, 247n173

Y V Yaʿǝqob, envoy, 147 Valencia, town, 2, 3, 62–67, 72, 74, Yǝkunno Amlak, king, 190, 244n149 93n12, 101n86, 208 Yemen(i) Velvet, fabric, 148, 199, 251n203 Aksumite intervention in, Venice/Venetian(s), 3, 17, 18, 38, 39, 88–89, 118n238 43n26, 44n40, 45n45, 45n46, bilingual texts from, 45n47, 46n51, 46n54, 54n134, 56n159 47–48n65, 71, 75, 81, 125, 131, traders from, 32 141, 159n34, 166n97, Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos, church, 215, 256n253 212, 245n155 in Ethiopia, 22, 29–34, 76, Yǝsḥaq Däbr, church, 192 212–213, 229n28, 254n241 Yǝsḥaq, king, 1, 61–67, 69–74, 77, Ethiopian embassy to, 20–23, 25, 85, 90, 94n20, 95n25, 97n57, 28, 29, 36, 39, 43n22, 44n37, 101n85, 101n89, 101n90, 56n163, 185, 202–204, 206, 102n95, 105n125, 144, 186, 207, 224–225n14, 187, 192, 204, 207, 208, 218, 250n194, 264 226n20, 241n123, 244n146 Verena, saint, 37, 38 Yǝsḥaq, metropolitan, abunä, 124, Via Jacobi, see Schwabenweg 158n25, 261n288 308 INDEX

Z 229n26, 233–234n55, 234n61, Zagwe, dynasty, 8–9n4, 189, 190, 212, 235n67, 238n89, 241n123, 230n37, 235n65, 242n138 242n134, 244n146, 246n169, Zäʾra Yaʿǝqob, king, 47n63, 62, 64, 252n218, 253n236, 256n261 78–91, 94n20, 102n95, battles, 82–83, 226n20 105n118, 108n144, 109n154, depictions, 217–218 109n156, 110n164, 112n182, diplomacy of, 82–90 112n183, 113n191, 114n198, family relations, 80 118n233, 118n240, 121, 123, religious reforms, 79, 83, 109n156, 136, 143, 156n10, 157n17, 233–234n55 162n58, 175n171, 186, 187, writings attributed to, 80, 109n157 192, 193, 198, 202, 205, 207, Zaylaʿ, port, 146, 179n205, 227n20 208, 210, 216, 224n14, 226n20, Zway, lake, 152, 190