A Corpus-Based Grammar of Spoken Pite Saami
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A corpus-based grammar of spoken Pite Saami Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Joshua Karl Wilbur Kiel 2013 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Ulrike Mosel Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. John Peterson Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 3. Mai 2013 Durch den zweiten Prodekan Prof. Dr. Marin Krieger zum Druck genehmigt: 19. August 2013 A corpus-based grammar of spoken Pite Saami Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Abbreviations and Symbols xv Acknowledgements xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Pite Saami language and its speakers ............. 1 1.1.1 Linguistic genealogy ....................... 1 1.1.2 Names for Pite Saami ...................... 2 1.1.3 Geography ............................ 2 1.1.4 The state of the Pite Saami language .............. 6 1.2 Linguistic documentation of Pite Saami .............. 7 1.2.1 Previous studies ......................... 7 1.2.2 The Pite Saami Documentation Project corpus . 9 1.2.2.1 Collection methods ....................... 11 1.2.3 Using this description ...................... 13 1.2.3.1 Accountability and verifiability . 14 1.2.3.2 Accessing archived materials . 15 1.2.3.3 Explaining examples ...................... 15 1.2.3.4 Orthographic considerations . 16 1.3 Typological profile ......................... 22 2 Prosody 25 2.1 Monosyllabic word structure .................... 25 2.2 Multisyllablic word structure .................... 26 2.2.1 Word stress ............................ 27 2.2.2 Relevant prosodic domains ................... 27 2.2.2.1 Foot ............................... 28 i Table of Contents 2.2.2.2 Foot onset ............................ 28 2.2.2.3 V1 ................................ 28 2.2.2.4 The consonant center ..................... 28 2.2.2.5 V2 ................................ 29 2.2.2.6 C2 ................................ 29 2.2.2.7 V3 ................................ 29 2.2.2.8 C3 ................................ 29 2.2.2.9 Discussion and examples ................... 29 2.2.3 Syllabification .......................... 31 2.2.4 A note on syllables and feet ................... 33 2.3 Utterance-level prosody ....................... 34 2.3.1 Intonation in utterances ..................... 34 2.3.2 Utterance-final weakening .................... 35 3 Segmental Phonology 37 3.1 Consonants .............................. 37 3.1.1 Consonant phonemes and allophonic variations . 38 3.1.1.1 Preaspiration .......................... 38 3.1.1.2 Geminates ............................ 39 3.1.1.3 Plosives ............................. 41 3.1.1.3.1 Voiceless singleton plosives /p t k/ . 41 3.1.1.3.2 Voiceless geminate plosives /pː tː kː/ . 43 3.1.1.3.3 Preaspirated singleton plosives /ʰp ʰt ʰk/ . 44 3.1.1.3.4 Preaspirated geminate plosives /ʰpː ʰtː ʰkː/ . 44 3.1.1.3.5 Non-voiced plosive durations in the consonant center . 44 3.1.1.4 Affricates ............................ 45 3.1.1.4.1 Plain singleton affricates /ʦ ʧ/ . 46 3.1.1.4.2 Plain geminate affricates /ʦː ʧː/ . 46 3.1.1.4.3 Preaspirated singleton affricates /ʰʦ ʰʧ/ . 46 3.1.1.4.4 Preaspirated geminate affricates /ʰʦː ʰʧː/ . 47 3.1.1.5 Fricatives ............................ 47 3.1.1.5.1 Singleton fricative consonants /f v s ʃ h/ . 47 3.1.1.5.2 Geminate fricative consonant /fː vː sː ʃː/ . 49 3.1.1.5.3 Fricatives and preaspiration . 50 3.1.1.6 Nasals .............................. 50 3.1.1.6.1 Singleton nasal consonants /m n ɲ ŋ/ . 50 3.1.1.6.2 Geminate nasal consonants /mː nː ɲː ŋː/ . 51 3.1.1.7 Oral sonorants ......................... 52 3.1.1.7.1 Singleton trill consonant /r/ . 52 3.1.1.7.2 Geminate trill consonant /rː/ . 53 3.1.1.7.3 Singleton lateral approximant /l/ . 53 ii Table of Contents 3.1.1.7.4 Geminate lateral approximant /lː/ . 53 3.1.1.7.5 Singleton central approximant /j/ . 53 3.1.1.7.6 Geminate central approximant /jː/ . 54 3.1.1.8 Sonorants and preaspiration . 54 3.1.2 Consonant clusters ........................ 54 3.1.2.1 CCs in onset position ...................... 55 3.1.2.2 CCs in coda position ...................... 56 3.1.2.3 Heterosyllabic CCs in the consonant center . 56 3.2 Vowels ................................ 60 3.2.1 Vowel phonemes and allophonic variations . 61 3.2.1.1 Closed front high vowel /i/ . 61 3.2.1.2 Closed-mid front vowel /e/ . 62 3.2.1.3 Open-mid front vowel /ɛ/ ................... 62 3.2.1.4 Short open front vowel /a/ . 63 3.2.1.5 Long open front vowel /aː/ . 64 3.2.1.6 Open-mid back vowel /ɔ/ ................... 64 3.2.1.7 Closed-mid back vowel /o/ . 65 3.2.1.8 Closed back vowel /u/ ..................... 65 3.2.1.9 Closed back to open front vowel /u͡a/ . 66 3.2.2 Epenthetic schwa ......................... 66 4 Morphology 69 4.1 Overview of linear morphology . 70 4.2 Overview of non-linear morphology (morphophonology) . 70 4.2.1 Consonant gradation ....................... 71 4.2.2 Umlaut .............................. 72 4.2.3 Vowel harmony .......................... 73 5 Overview of Word Classes 77 6 Nominals I: Nouns 79 6.1 Number in nouns .......................... 79 6.2 The nominal case system ...................... 80 6.2.1 Nominative case ......................... 80 6.2.2 Genitive case ........................... 81 6.2.3 Accusative case .......................... 81 6.2.4 Illative case ............................ 82 6.2.5 Inessive case ........................... 83 6.2.6 Elative case ............................ 84 6.2.7 Comitative case .......................... 85 6.2.8 Abessive case ........................... 86 iii Table of Contents 6.2.9 Essive case ............................ 87 6.3 Number and case marking on nouns . 88 6.3.1 Nominal suffixes ......................... 88 6.3.1.1 Nominal suffixes and syncretism . 89 6.3.1.2 Nominal suffixes with a -j component . 90 6.3.2 Non-linear noun morphology . 91 6.3.2.1 Consonant gradation patterns . 93 6.3.2.2 Umlaut patterns ........................ 93 6.3.3 Problematic case/number marking in abessive case . 94 6.4 Inflectional classes for nouns .................... 95 6.4.1 Class I ............................... 96 6.4.2 Class II ..............................100 6.4.2.1 j-suffix vowel harmony . 101 6.4.3 Class III ..............................102 6.4.4 Class IV ..............................103 6.4.4.1 Class IVa ............................104 6.4.4.2 Class IVb ............................105 6.4.4.3 Class IV summary . 106 6.4.5 Summary of noun classes . 107 6.5 Possessive suffixes . 109 7 Nominals II: Pronouns 113 7.1 Personal pronouns . 113 7.2 Demonstratives . 115 7.2.1 Demonstratives as pronouns . 116 7.2.2 Demonstratives as determiners . 116 7.3 Reflexive pronouns . 117 7.4 Interrogative pronouns . 119 7.4.1 Interrogative pronouns with human referents . 120 7.4.2 Interrogative pronouns with non-human referents . 121 7.4.3 Interrogative pronouns concerning a selection . 121 7.4.3.1 General selection using mikkir- . 121 7.4.3.2 Limited selection using gåb- . 123 7.4.4 Non-nominal interrogative pro-forms . 124 7.5 Relative pronouns . 125 8 Adjectivals 127 8.1 Attributive adjectives . 128 8.1.1 Attributive adjectives in elliptic constructions . 129 8.2 Predicative adjectives . 131 8.3 A note on attributive and predicative adjectives . 134 iv Table of Contents 8.4 Comparatives and superlatives . 135 8.5 Comparing NP referents . 137 8.6 Restrictions on smáva and unna ‘small’ . 138 8.7 Quantifiers ..............................140 8.8 Numerals ...............................142 8.8.1 Basic numerals . 143 8.8.2 Complex numerals . 144 8.8.3 Numerals and morphosyntax . 146 9 Verbs 149 9.1 Inflectional categories for verbs . 149 9.1.1 Person and number . 150 9.1.2 Tense ...............................150 9.1.3 Mood ...............................151 9.1.3.1 Imperative mood . 151 9.1.3.2 Potential mood . 152 9.2 Non-finite verb forms and periphrastically marked categories . 153 9.2.1 Aspect ...............................153 9.2.1.1 Progressive verb forms used adverbially . 155 9.2.2 Negation .............................155 9.3 Passive voice .............................156 9.4 Morphological marking strategies on verbs . 157 9.4.1 Inflectional suffixes for verbs . 158 9.4.1.1 Verbal suffixes and syncretism . 159 9.4.2 Non-linear morphology in verbs . 159 9.4.2.1 Consonant gradation patterns for verbs . 161 9.4.2.2 Umlaut patterns for verbs . 161 9.4.2.3 Vowel harmony patterns for verbs . 162 9.4.3 The potential mood: inflection or derivation? . 163 9.5 Inflectional classes for verbs . 166 9.5.1 Class I ...............................167 9.5.2 Class II ..............................169 9.5.3 Class III ..............................172 9.5.4 Class IV ..............................174 9.5.5 Class V ..............................175 9.5.6 Other possible verb classes . 177 9.5.7 The verb årrot ‘be’ . 177 9.5.8 The negation verb . 178 9.5.9 Summary of verb classes . 179 v Table of Contents 10 Other Word Classes 181 10.1 Adverbs ................................181 10.1.1 Derived adverbs . 181 10.1.2 Lexical adverbs . 182 10.1.2.1 The question marker gu～gus . 184 10.2 Adpositions .............................186 10.2.1 Postpositions . 186 10.2.2 Prepositions ............................187 10.3 Conjunctions .............................188 10.4 Interjections .............................190 11 Derivational Morphology 193 11.1 Nominal derivation . 194 11.1.1 The diminutive suffix -tj . 194 11.1.2 The general nominalizer suffix -k . 195 11.1.3 The action nominalizer suffix -o . 197 11.1.4 The agent nominalizer suffix -däddje . 198 11.1.5 The state nominalizer suffix -vuohta . 198 11.2 Verbal derivation . 199 11.2.1 The diminutive verbalizer suffix -tj . 200 11.2.2 The verbal derivational suffix -st . 201 11.2.3 The verbal derivational suffix -d . 201 11.2.4 The verbal derivational suffix -dall . 202 11.2.5 Passivization with the derivational suffix -duvv . 203 11.3 Adjectival derivation .