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Vegetable Oils As Substitutes for Diesel Oil1 Vegetable oils as substitutes for José Israel Vargas2 diesel oil1 Introduction higher thermal efficiency. This means more economical consumption for a given load to a The establishment of the transportation structure certain distance. These technical advantages in in Brazil based on a road network led to a addition to the low diesel oil price rapidly dependence on liquid fuel. Despite the effort to increased its demand in Brazil. It is expected that alter this picture it is expected that for the next 20 such demand will grow from 19.4 in 1981 to 25.7 years there will be no significant change on the million cubic meters in 1985. pattern of mass transportation. The present fleet of more tan 8 million vehicles is expected to reach Because of the Brazilian fleet characteristics and about 30 million by the end of this century. because of dependence of imported petroleum there is a strong effort in promoting an equilibrated Liquid fuel demand for ordinary spark-ignition substitution of the diesel oil coupled with other carburetor type engines (OTTO cycle) can be met alternative energy program. Since diesel oil is the by the gasoline and alcohol production as already fraction to be replaced, attempts are being made discussed during this SYMPOSIUM. The to use vegetable oils as fuel for diesel engines in forecasted alcohol production of 10.7 million cubic addition to modification of the cracking structure meters will permit a mixture of at least 10 % in the at the refineries. gasoline and to feed a fleet of more than 2 million alcohol powered cars. The total fuel demand for Vegetable oils present comparable characteristics OTTO cycle vehicles will grow from 16.7 in 1981 to diesel oil concerning viscosity, setting point, to 18.8 million cubic meters in 1985 (Table 1). carbon residue and cetane number (Figure 1). The calorific value varies according to the species but The popularity of diesel engines increased they are close to the heating value of the diesel. because they are built in a simpler and more On the volume basis very small differences can rugged design and utilize cheaper fuel, giving be detected (Table 2). These characteristics made Table 1. Liquid fuel demand in the period 1980–1985 (106 m3). Years Liquid fuels 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 OTTO cycle (Gasoline Equiv.) 16.7 17.2 17. 8 18.3 18. 8 Diesel cycle 19.4 20.8 22.3 23.9 25.7 Fuel oil 21.5 22.6 23.0 24. 3 26.9 1 Trabalho apresentado no 2º Simpósio de energia do Hemisfério Ocidental. 2 Secretário de Tecnologia Industrial do Ministério da Indústria e do Comércio à época. 17 Ano XVI – Nº 1 – Jan./Fev./Mar. 2007 Figure 1. Comparison between vegetable oils and diesel oil. Table 2. Calorific value of some vegetable oils. the work “The Diesel Engines” written by A. P. Chalkley (1911). R. Diesel pointed out that in 1900, Calorific value Difference Oil the OTTO Society exhibited during the Universal to diesel Kcal/kg Kcal/L Exhibition, in Paris, a small Diesel engine which Diesel 10,200 8,400 - - ran on vegetable oil without any modification. The Peanut 8,844 8,057 86.7 95.9 French Government requested such study in order Soybean 8,812 8,125 86.4 96.7 Cotton 8,759 8,050 85.9 95.8 to use the peanut oil produced in large quantities Babaçu 8,435 7,769 82.7 92.0 in the French Colonies. Castor beans 8,342 8,000 82.7 95.2 Coconut 8,680 7,869 85.1 93.7 Despite the potentiality of vegetable oil as fuel in Sunflower 9,100 8,281 89.2 98.6 the Diesel engine it was not used in large scale. Rapeseed 9,236 8,405 90.5 100.0 Soon after the first World war the matter was raised Palm 9,104 8,330 89.2 99.2 again. Tests made using palm oil and cotton oil in Joannesia princeps 8,439 7,737 82.7 92.0 Játropha pohliana 8,449 7,130 84.9 82.8 a semi-Diesel engine confirmed the efficiency of vegetable oils although some difficulties were pointed out (Mathot 1920). The amount of residues after combustion of pure vegetable oil was high, but it could be prevented with proper vegetable oil as the best renewable energy source maintenance. About the same time tests were to substitute partially or totally for diesel oil. carried out by the Congo General Co., to evaluate the performance of a Drott engine (semi-Diesel) using palm oil. Results revealed that consumption Use of vegetable oil on diesel engines was proportional to the heating value (cit Mensier The first mention about the possibility of using 1952). During some years Rouston engines were vegetable oil in diesel cycle engines was done set to run on 1ocally produced palm oil. No major by R. Diesel himself in the introduction remarks of problems were detected. Ano XVI – Nº 1 – Jan./Fev./Mar. 2007 18 Cautier (1931, 1933) undertook an extensive higher than Diesel oil in a 3.000 miles road test. evaluation of vegetable oils as alternative for Di- No particular damage was noticed in the engine, esel oil. Two engines of 300 HP and 600 HP were but pump elements suffered from poor filtration. It tested using palm oil, peanut oil and castor beans was reported a cleaner exhaustion and that Die- oil as fuel. The main conclusion was that the sel knock was practically eliminated. The amount thermal efficiency was higher for vegetable oils of sludge produced by vegetable oils was inversely than Diesel oil; consumption was proportional to proportional to the iodine value. the calorific value; minor modifications were Judge (1941) based on these experiments necessary and no detectable effect on the engines recommended vegetable oils (peanut, cotton, was found after a 80 hours test. soybean and palm) as substitute for diesel oil. Field Schmidt (1932) tested oils from soybean, peanut test using a 10 ton truck powered with a Gardner and palm oil on a small Mercedes Benz Diesel engine indicated that pre-heating vas necessary engine. Although no major problems were and Diesel oil should be used at starting. detected, difficulty was experienced at starting Consumption in a 3.000 miles road test was 10 % which could be overcome by starting on Diesel higher than diesel oil. Hamabe and Nagao (1941) oil. Due to the higher viscosity of the vegetable reached similar conclusion using soybean oil in a oil proper atomization was not obtained causing 10/11 B.H.P. single cylinder diesel engine. imperfect combustion. The high viscosity could be reduced by mixture with 20 to 30 per cent of Twelve vegetable oils from native or cultivated Diesel (Tu and Ku 1936). Similar results were species in India have also been tested (Aggarwal obtained by Howes (1936) and Hubner and Egloff et al 1952). Peanut oil did not present any problem (1936) for peanut, coconut, soybean and palm oils. at starting while Karany, cotton seed, rape, coconut and sesame required a slight warming. Manzela (1935) tried peanut oil in a 2-cycle Castor beans, kapok and mahua showed difficulty engine on a 12 HP engine running at 52O rpm. at starting, and motoring became necessary. Among his main conclusions it should be stressed Combustion was complete for all tested oils, with that: operation with peanut oil offers no difficulty; exception of castor beans. The maximum loss of fuel consumption was higher than that for Diesel power was 13 per cent for castor beans oil, oil at normal load and lower at reduced loads; whereas for cotton seed oil such loss was thermal efficiency was always high for peanut oil; practically nihil. In Brazil, the interest for vegetable and ignition was somewhat retarded but the maxim pressure was lowered. oils as substitute for Diesel oil initiated in the twenties (CARVALHO, 1936). A series of tests was Gaupp (1936, 1938) carried out similar tests using carried out with cotton seed, babaçu and castor oil of soybean, sesame, peanut , palm and beans oils (SÁ FILHO et al., 1980). In 1943, a sunflower in a 4 stroke, two cylinder Mercedes Technical Commission prepared a report about the Benz engine, compression rate of 14-5:1,speed use of vegetable oil as fuel. Evaluation tests were 750 rpm and an output of 25 HP. The consumption conducted with a truck powered with a Hercules was 12 % to 15 % higher than when using diesel engine using cotton seed oil. After 1.200 km road oil. Conclusions were similar as in previous work test, a light carbon deposit was detected. Further and engines should start on diesel oil; the vegetable tests with a Perkins engine using pre-heated cotton oil should be filtered and heated. Tatti and Sertori seed oil for 3.000 km revealed no such deposit. It (1937), likewise, found that at temperatures below was concluded that pre-heating was necessary 10 oC the viscosity of the peanut oil was high, to adjust oil viscosity and that injection pressure rendering a difficult atomization. Oxidation of the should be equal or superior to that established for oil injected on the combustion chamber would Diesel oil (SÁ FILHO et al., 1980). form a carbon deposit on the cylinder wall. Walton (1937} reported the need of pre-heating several During the period 1976-1977 a large number of vegetable oils. Fuel consumption was 10 per cent evaluations were carried out under request of the 19 Ano XVI – Nº 1 – Jan./Fev./Mar. 2007 Brazilian Government.
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