Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume : Originalité Et Imitation Du Modèle De Violon Crémonais Liang Xu

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Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume : Originalité Et Imitation Du Modèle De Violon Crémonais Liang Xu L’école de lutherie française au dix-neuvième siècle : Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume : originalité et imitation du modèle de violon crémonais Liang Xu To cite this version: Liang Xu. L’école de lutherie française au dix-neuvième siècle : Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume : originalité et imitation du modèle de violon crémonais. Musique, musicologie et arts de la scène. Université de Strasbourg, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012STRAC013. tel-00763094 HAL Id: tel-00763094 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00763094 Submitted on 10 Dec 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université de Strasbourg École doctorale des Humanités EA 3402 ACCRA Thèse présentée par Liang XU soutenu le 6 janvier en 2012 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université de Strasbourg Discipline/ Spécialité : Musicologie L’ÉCOLE DE LUTHERIE FRANÇAISE AU DIX-NEUVIÈME SIÈCLE Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume : originalité et imitation du modèle de violon crémonais THÈSE dirigée par : M. HASCHER Xavier Maître de conférences, université de Strasbourg RAPPORTEURS : Mme. PENESCO Anne Professeur, université Lumière Lyon II M. AUBIGNY Benoît Maître de conférences, université de Poitiers AUTRES MEMBRES DU JURY : M. PAPADOPOULOS Athanase Directeur de recherche, université de Strasbourg M. RAMAUT Alban Professeur, université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne Liang XU L’école de lutherie française au dix-neuvième siècle, Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume : originalité et imitationdu modèle de violon crémonais Résumé Mon travail est composé de trois parties : l’origine de l’art et analyse de la structure du moule de Stradivarius, la conception du violon chez Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, la recherche de la structure du violon à partir des fondements acoustiques. La première partie rappelle des anciens violons italiens du modèle crémonais, surtout ceux de Stradivarius. En alliant les méthodes de Simone Sacconi et celles d’Erice Brooks, j’ai utilisé la géométrie analytique pour calculer exactement la structure du moule G de Stradivarius et j’ai construit le modèle mathématique en 3 dimensions de la structure idéale pour donner une meilleure explication concernant les caractéristiques de la structure du violon de Stradivarius. En 2006 Sylvette Milliot a publié un ouvrage intitulé Histoire de la lutherie parisienne, Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume et sa famille. En 1999, la Cité de la musique à Paris a publié un catalogue particulier Violons, Vuillaume(1798-1875), A Great French Violin Makers of the 19th Century pour une grande exposition des instruments de Vuillaume. Dans ces travaux, les auteurs présentent des documents historiques et révèlent les paramètres des violons de Vuillaume. De ce fait, la deuxième partie de ma thèse sera consacrée à l’analyse structurale des propres modèles du violon de Vuillaume à l’aide d’un logiciel informatique. Grâce aux compréhensions sur le modèle du violon, j’ai tenté à travers l’acoustique d’analyser le rapport entre la sonorité et la structure du violon à la troisième partie. A l’aide du logiciel AudioSculpt de l’Ircam (Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique / Musique), j’ai obtenu les sonagrammes des extraits sonores qui m’ont permis d’analyser les données de chaque note telle que le timbre, l’intensité, la qualité d’harmonie, etc. pour essayer de répondre à la question : quel est l’impact de la vibration et de la structure sur la sonorité? En fait, la sonorité du violon dépend de nombreux éléments tels que la structure, la densité du bois, le vernis, le réglage, etc. A ce jour, personne ne peut expliquer catégoriquement la réaction sonore d’un violon. L’acoustique est uniquement une approche qui peut nous aider à débarrasser des connotations ésotériques, empiristes et anti-scientifiques dans le secteur de la lutherie. Résumé en anglais My thesis is made up of three parts: the origin of the art and analysis of the structure of a Stradivari mould, Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume’s design of a violin, the study of the structure of violins from acoustic basis. The first part deals with the old Italian violins from the cremoise style, mainly the Stradivari ones. Combining Simone F. Sacconi’s methods with Eric Brooks’s methods I used analytical geometry to calculate the structure of Stradivari’s G mould. And so I built a 3D mathematical model of the ideal structure. With the help of analytical geometry and computing I can give a better explanation on the characteristics of the structure of Stradivari’s violins. In 2006 Sylvette Milliot published the books called: Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume and his family. In 1999 le muse de la Music in Paris published a special catalogue Violins, Vuillaume (1798-1875), A Great French Violin Maker of the 19th Century for an important exhibition of Vuillaume’s instruments. In these books the authors show historical documents and reveal the parameters of Vuillaume’s violins. Therefore the second part of my thesis will be devoted to analyse the style of Vuillaume’s violins. By understanding about the structure of French violin and Italy violin, I have tried to analyse the connection between the tone and the structure of violins in the third part of my thesis. With help of the software AudioSculpt developed by l’Ircam (Institute of Research and Acoustic / Music Coordination), I got the sonagrams of the acoustic extracts which allowed me to analyse the information of each note such as the tone, the intensity, the quality of harmony. When comparing the different structures and sonagrams of violins I raised the following question: what is the impact of the vibration and the structure on the tone? In fact the sonority of the violin depends on many elements such as the structure, the density of the wood, the varnish, etc. So far nobody can really explain the sound effect of a violin. The acoustics is just an approach which can help us to get rid of esoteric, empiricist and anti-scientific connotations in the stringed-instrument making sector. Avant-propos Je me souviens que, lorsque j’ai eu cinq ans, mon père m’a offert mon premier violon, qui était vraiment petit comme un jouet d’enfant. Mon père est ainsi devenu mon premier professeur de violon. A ce moment-là, ma vie a beaucoup changé. Je n’ai plus pu m’amuser avec d’autres enfants comme avant. J’ai investi beaucoup de temps dans l’apprentissage du violon. Bien sûr, en tant qu’enfant, au début, cette vie était très dure et fade, et j’ai parfois été corrigé quand je jouais mal ou voulais abandonner le violon. Avec le temps, je me suis aperçu de mon attirance pour le violon. Je l’aimais de plus en plus et vraiment passionnément. Sur le chemin de l’exécution et de l’étude du violon, j’ai rencontré des professeurs compétents, des musiciens sympathiques et des luthiers géniaux tels que monsieur Fabrice Beluze, luthier lyonnais, monsieur Alexandre Snitkovski, luthier russe, monsieur Thierry Ligier, luthier strasbourgeois et monsieur Xue Peng (薛彭), maître de conférences de fabrication d’instruments à archet au Conservatoire national supérieur de Shanghai (CNSS), que ce soit en Chine ou en France. Ils m’ont apporté beaucoup d’aide et donné de l’inspiration. Quand j’étais étudiant en informatique à l’Université de Jinan, dans la province de Canton, en Chine, je me suis intéressé peu à peu à la sonorité du violon grâce à une expérimentation physique sur les vibrations du son que le professeur nous a montrée en images. A ce moment-là, bien que j’eusse l’idée d’étudier le rapport entre la structure et la sonorité du violon, je n’avais pas le temps et les conditions n’étaient pas réunies pour que je puisse entreprendre cette étude. Aujourd’hui, ayant travaillé pendant quatre ans sur des violons crémonais de Stradivarius et ceux de Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume ainsi que sur l’acoustique du violon, j’ai graduellement compris le principe de la sonorité, le processus de vibration, et la structure du violon. J’ai essayé d’analyser et d’expliquer scientifiquement leur rapport. Je tiens à remercier vivement mon directeur de thèse, monsieur Xavier Hascher, professeur en Musicologie à l'Université de Strasbourg, monsieur René Caussé, monsieur Mondher Ayari, maître de conférences dans la même université et 5 chercheur associé à l’Ircam, monsieur Xue Peng, monsieur Fabrice Beluze, et monsieur Thierry Ligier, car ils ont respectivement éclairé ma recherche dans des domaines différents telles que la musicologie, la méthodologie, l’acoustique, l’esthétique, la philosophie, la fabrication des violons etc. Enfin, c’est avec une profonde reconnaissance que je voudrais dédier le résultat de cette recherche à mes parents en raison de leur amour, encouragement et soutien. Je remercie également toutes les personnes qui m’ont aidé ainsi que les amateurs de violon. 6 INTRODUCTION Lorsque nous évoquons la fabrication du violon, la majorité des gens ne mentionnent que les trois luthiers italiens les plus célèbres dans le monde : Nicolo Amati (3 décembre 1596-12 avril 1684), Antonio Giacomo Stradivari, dit Stradivarius (1644-18 décembre 1737), Bartolomeo Giuseppe Antonio Guarneri c'est-à-dire Guarneri del Gesù (dit Guarnerius, 21 août 1698-7 novembre 1744). Ils sont sans aucun doute les maîtres en la matière et également tous issus de l’école crémonaise. De plus, leurs violons ont beaucoup inspiré leurs successeurs et les luthiers contemporains.
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