A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page i

SOURCES IN MEDIEVAL CULTURE AND HISTORY

KAY B. SLOCUM Capital University

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sources in medieval culture and history / [edited by] Kay B. Slocum. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-615726-7 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-13-615726-2 1. Civilization, Medieval—Sources. 2. Middle Ages—Sources. I. Slocum, Kay Brainerd. CB351.S59 2010 909.07—dc22 2009053948 10987654321

Prentice Hall is an imprint

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-615726-7 www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN 10: 0-13-615726-2 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page iii

Contents

Topical Contents xv

Preface xxiii

Introduction to the Student xxvii

Chapter 1 The Threads of Medieval Civilization: The Late Roman Empire, Christianity, and the Germanic Migrations 1 Imperial Administration and the Conversion to Christianity 4 Diocletian and the Division of the Roman Empire 4 1.1 Aurelius Victor, Lives of the Emperors 4 1.2 Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 5 1.3 Diocletian’s Edict on Maximum Prices 6 The Emperor Constantine 8 1.4 The Conversion of Constantine 8 1.5 The Edict of Milan 10 1.6 The Council of Nicaea 11 1.7 The Nicene Creed 12 1.8 Interpreting the Evidence: St. Peter’s Basilica and Constantine’s Gift 13 Early Christianity 16 1.9 The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicity 16 1.10 The Confessions of St. Augustine 18 1.11 Saint Jerome: Letters 19

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1.12 Pope Leo I and the Petrine Theory 21 1.13 The Election of Bishops 22 1.14 The Life of Saint Antony by Athanasius 23 1.15 Interpreting the Evidence: The Rule of Saint Benedict and the Groundplan of St. Gall 24 The Germanic Tribal Tradition 28 Roman Views of the Germanic Tribes: Tacitus and Ammianus Marcellinus 28 1.16 Tacitus, Germania 28 1.17 Ammianus Marcellinus, History of the Roman Empire 30 1.18 Treaty with the Vandals (271) 31 1.19 The Battle of Adrianople (378) 32

Chapter 2 The Heirs of Rome: Germanic Kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire 33 The Ostrogoths and Visigoths 36 2.1 Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds of the Goths 36 2.2 Cassiodorus, Letters 38 2.3 Cassiodorus, An Introduction to Divine and Human Readings 39 2.4 Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy 41 2.5 Isidore of Seville, History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi 43 2.6 The Visigothic Code: Provisions Concerning Women 45 The Franks 46 2.7 The Conversion of Clovis: Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks 46 2.8 Excerpts from the Salic Law 48 The Anglo-Saxons 50 2.9 Beowulf 50 2.10 Bede, A History of the English Church and People 52 2.11 Letter from Pope Boniface to Queen Ethelburga 54 2.12 Jonas, The Life of St. Columban 55 The Byzantine Empire 57 2.13 The Corpus Iuris Civilis of Justinian 57 2.14 Interpreting the Evidence: Hagia Sophia and a Description of the Building by Procopius 58 2.15 Interpreting the Evidence: Theodora and Justinian: The Mosaics at Ravenna and the Secret History by Procopius 61

Chapter 3 The Rise of Islam 65 Muhammad and the Qu’ran 67 3.1 The Night of Destiny: Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad 67 3.2 How the Qu’ran Was Assembled 69 3.3 The Five Pillars of Islam: Passages from the Qu’ran 70 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page v

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3.4 Jihad: Passages from the Qu’ran and the Sayings of Muhammad 71 3.5 Women in Islamic Society 73 The Founding of the Caliphate and the Expansion of Islam 73 3.6 The Founding of the Caliphate 73 3.7 The Accession Speech of Abu Bakr (632) 75 3.8 Abu Bakr on the Rules of War (632) 76 3.9 The Muslims Conquer Iberia 76 3.10 The Treaty of Tudmir 78 3.11 The Pact of Umar 79 Muslim Art and Culture 80 3.12 Interpreting the Evidence: Al-Azhar Mosque and Documents of Support 80 3.13 Interpreting the Evidence: Qibla, “Umar in Jerusalem” and the Qu’ran 83 Poetic Voices from Islam 86 3.14 An Arabic Definition of Poetry by Ibn Qutayba 86 3.15 A Lyric from the Kitab al-Aghani (“The Book of Songs”) by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani (c. 897–967) 86 3.16 A Jewish Voice in al-Andalus: Samuel the Nagid 87 3.17 Scheherazade: A Tale from The Thousand and One Nights 87

Chapter 4 Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance 90 The Coronation of Charlemagne 94 4.1 Einhard: The Coronation 94 4.2 The Biography of Pope Leo III (d. 816) 94 4.3 The Annals of Lorsch 95 4.4 A View from Byzantium: The Chronicle of Theophanes 95 The Creation and Governance of the Empire 96 4.5 Einhard: Charlemagne’s Wars against the Saxons 96 4.6 Missionary Activity in the Empire: Letter of Boniface to Pope Zacharias (742) 97 4.7 Capitulary for Saxony (775–790) 99 4.8 General Capitulary for the Missi Dominici (802) 101 Royal Estates 103 4.9 The Capitulary De Villis 103 The Carolingian Renaissance and the Preservation of Classical Learning 104 4.10 Interpreting the Evidence: The Palatine Chapel at Aachen and Descriptions by Einhard and Notker 104 Charlemagne’s Educational Programs: A Link to the Future 107 4.11 Einhard: The Emperor’s Devotion to the Liberal Arts 107 4.12 Notker “the Stammerer” 107 4.13 De Litteris Colendis (“On the Study of Letters”) 108 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page vi

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4.14 Interpreting the Evidence: Ivory Book Cover and De Diversis Artibus by Theophilus 109 4.15 A Carolingian Mother’s Advice to Her Son: Handbook for William by Dhuoda 112 A World Destroyed: The Disintegration of the Empire 113 4.16 The Treaty of Verdun (843) 113 Viking, Muslim, and Magyar Invasions 113 4.17 The Annals of St. Bertin 113 4.18 The Annals of Xanten 114 4.19 The Annals of St.Vaast 115 4.20 The Magyars: An Account by Liudprand of Cremona 116 4.21 Normans in France: The Baptism of Rollo 118

Chapter 5 The Development of Vassalage and Agricultural Change 120 Aristocratic Life: The Experience of the Knight 122 Rituals of Homage and Fealty 122 5.1 The Homage Ceremony 122 5.2 Immixtio Manuum 123 5.3 Homage to Several Lords 123 Obligations of Vassals 124 5.4 Feudal Aids 124 5.5 Inheritance Provisions 124 The Rituals of Knighting from the Book of Chivalry by Geoffroi De Charny 125 5.6 The Knighting Ceremony 125 Medieval Warfare and the Peace and Truce of God 127 5.7 Peace of God, Proclaimed in the Synod of Charroux (989) 127 5.8 Truce of God, Proclaimed by the Archbishop of Arles (1035–41) 128 Interpreting the Evidence: The Medieval Castle 129 5.9 The Bayeux Tapestry 130 5.10 Bodiam Castle 131 Those Who Work 133 Interpreting the Evidence: Life on the Manor 133 5.11 The Village of Cominor from the Domesday Book 134 5.12 A Manor Belonging to Peterborough Abbey (c. 1125) 135 5.13 A Manor in Sussex (1307) 135 5.14 Freedom for the Serf (1278) 137 5.15 The Lord’s Manor House (Mid-Thirteenth Century) 138 Women’s Work 138 5.16 The Office of Dairymaid from the Book of the Office of Seneschal 139 5.17 The Yield from the Dairy 139 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page vii

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5.18 The Serving Maid 140 5.19 Interpreting the Evidence: Women’s Work: Visual Evidence from the Luttrell Psalter 140 Interpreting the Evidence: Rural Life and Technological Development 142 5.20 Walter of Henley’s Husbandry and the Luttrell Psalter 143 5.21 Watermills in the Domesday Book and the Luttrell Psalter 146 5.22 Windmills in the Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond and the Luttrell Psalter 148

Chapter 6 The Centralization of Political Control from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century 150

The Monarchies of France, England, and Christian Iberia 154 France 154 6.1 The Election of Hugh Capet as King of France (987) 154 Interpreting the Evidence: Three Views of the Norman Conquest 155 6.2 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1066) 155 6.3 The Bayeux Tapestry 156 6.4 Gesta Guillelmi by William of Poitiers (1071) 157 England and William the Conqueror 159 6.5 Statutes of William the Conqueror (c. 1070) 159 6.6 The Anglo Saxon Chronicle 160 Iberia 161 6.7 A Christian Monarch in Iberia: Sancho Abarca, King of Navarre 161 The Ottonian Empire and Germany 162 The Deeds of Otto the Great: The Battle of Lechfeld (955) 162 6.8 Liutprand of Cremona 162 Interpreting the Evidence: Otto III 164 6.9 The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg 164 6.10 The Gospel Book of Otto III 165 6.11 The Book of the Golden City of Rome 165 Interpreting the Evidence: Monastic-Feudal Connections 167 6.12 Grant of Land to a Monastery 167 6.13 The Cross of Abbess Matilda of Essen 168 The Investiture Controversy 170 6.14 The Pope’s Prerogatives According to Gregory VII 170 6.15 Letter from Henry IV 171 6.16 The Incident at Canossa 173 6.17 Decrees against Lay Investiture 174 6.18 The Concordat of Worms (1122) 174 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page viii

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Eastern Europe, Russia, and Scandinavia 176 Hungary 176 6.19 “Apostolic King”: A Letter from Pope Sylvester II to King Stephen of Hungary 176 6.20 The Laws of King Stephen I of Hungary 177 Russia 180 6.21 Olga “the Beautiful”: A Tenth-Century Russian Ruler 180 Scandinavia 182 6.22 The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason 182 The Byzantine Empire 183 6.23 Preface to On Ceremonies by Emperor Constantine VII 183

Chapter 7 Monastic Reform, Pilgrimage, and Crusade 185

The Monastic Reform Movement 188 7.1 Interpreting the Evidence: Foundation Charter of the Abbey of Cluny (910), Groundplan, and Description by Odilo of Cluny 188 7.2 Bernard of Clairvaux and the Cistercian Order 194 7.3 Bernard on Cluny 195 Pilgrimage 196 Pilgrimage Journeys: Jerusalem, Santiago de Compostela, and Canterbury 196 7.4 The Pilgrim Udalrich 197 7.5 The Pilgrim Saewulf 197 7.6 The Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela 198 7.7 Interpreting the Evidence: Pilgrimage to Canterbury: Thomas Becket and a Stained-Glass Panel from Canterbury Cathedral 200 The First Crusade 202 “God Wills It!”: Pope Urban’s Summons to the First Crusade 202 7.8 From the Gesta Francorum (“Deeds of the Franks”) 202 7.9 Fulcher of Chartres 203 7.10 Robert the Monk 204 7.11 Balderic of Dol 206 7.12 A Hebrew Chronicle: The Massacres of Jews 206 7.13 A Woman’s Perspective: From The Alexiad by Anna Comnena 208 7.14 Ibn al-Athir: A Muslim View of the Crusade 210 Two Accounts of the Origins of the Templars 212 7.15 The Chronicle of William of Tyre 212 7.16 The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian 213 The Reconquista 214 7.17 The Poem of the Cid 214 7.18 The Conquest of Lisbon 217 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page ix

Contents ix Chapter 8 Romanesque Culture 220 Architecture, Sculpture, and Objects of Devotion 222 8.1 “A White Mantle of Churches”: The Five Books of History by Rodulphus Glaber 222 8.2 Interpreting the Evidence: The Vézelay Chronicle and the Church of Sainte Madeleine 222 8.3 Interpreting the Evidence: The Western Tympanum at Autun and the “Besetting Demons” 225 8.4 Interpreting the Evidence: The Reliquary and Miracles of Saint Foy, Virgin Martyr 227 8.5 The Relics of Saint Cuthbert 229 8.6 Interpreting the Evidence: Suger’s Chalice and On the Various Arts by Theophilus 231 8.7 “O Vanity of Vanities!”: Bernard of Clairvaux on Religious Art 234 Literature 236 8.8 “Noble Lord, Knight of Gentle Birth”: From The Song of Roland 236 8.9 Abraham: A Play by Roswitha of Gandersheim 241

Chapter 9 Religion and Politics in the Twelfth Century 249

Politics in France and England 252 9.1 Power and the Monarchy: Deeds of Louis the Fat by Suger 252 9.2 Henry II and the Angevin Empire: The Instruction of a Prince by Gerald of Wales 254 The Becket Controversy 255 9.3 A Mother’s Plea: Letter from Empress Matilda to Thomas Becket 255 9.4 Becket’s Martyrdom: From the Vita by Edward Grim 256 9.5 Interpreting the Evidence: A Miracle of Saint Thomas of Canterbury and a Stained-Glass Panel from Trinity Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral 257 Politics in Germany 261 9.6 Letter of Frederick I to Pope Eugene III 261 9.7 Pope Eugene’s Reply 262 9.8 Treaty of Constance, 1153 263 9.9 The “Stirrup Episode” 263 9.10 The “Besançon Episode” 264 The Crusader Kingdoms and the Third Crusade 267 The Crusader Kingdoms 267 9.11 The History of Fulcher of Chartres (1059–1127) 267 9.12 The Memoirs of Usa-mah Ibn-Munquidh 268 The Third Crusade 269 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page x

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The “Horns of Hattin”: Overture to the Third Crusade 269 9.13 The Chronicle of Otto of St. Blasien 269 9.14 Ibn Shaddad: The Life of Saladin 270 9.15 A Letter of Clement III Concerning the Third Crusade 272 9.16 The Death of Frederick Barbarossa: From the Chronicle of Otto of St. Blasien 273

Chapter 10 Social and Cultural Revival in the Twelfth Century 275

The Urban World: Cities and Guilds 277 10.1 A Description of Twelfth-Century London by William Fitzstephen 277 10.2 Guild Statutes: Spur-Makers and Leather-Tanners 279 Architecture: Birth of the Gothic Style 281 10.3 Interpreting the Evidence: De Consecratione by Abbot Suger and the Ambulatory of Saint Denis 281 Secular Literature 283 10.4 Interpreting the Evidence: Images of Lancelot, by Chrétien De Troyes 283 10.5 Marie de France: The Lay of the Nightingale 286 10.6 The Art of Courtly Love by Andreas Capellanus 288 10.7 Songs by Troubadours, Trouvères, and Trobairitz 289 A Medieval Romance: Abelard and Heloise 292 10.8 Historia Calamitatum by Peter Abelard 293 10.9 Letter to Abelard from Heloise 296 Religious and Philosophical Literature 298 10.10 Sic et Non by Peter Abelard 298 10.11 Averroes: On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy 299 10.12 Maimonides: Guide for the Perplexed 301 10.13 Interpreting the Evidence: “Cry Out Therefore, and Write Thus!”: The Visions of Hildegard of Bingen 302

Chapter 11 Political and Economic Developments in the Thirteenth Century 305 France and England 307 11.1 Interpreting the Evidence: A Paragon of Kingly Virtue: Joinville’s Chronicles of the Crusades, the Life of Saint Louis, and a Manuscript Illumination from the Bible abrégée 307 11.2 Philip IV Calls the First Estates General 310 11.3 “An Execrable Evil”: Philip IV and the Templars 310 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xi

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11.4 Unam Sanctam: Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV 313 11.5 Magna Carta (1215) 315 The Holy Roman Empire 318 11.6 Frederick II and Germany 318 11.7 Frederick II and Pope Innocent IV 320 The Iberian Peninsula 322 11.8 The Proper Virtues of a King: From the Siete Partidas 322 11.9 The Cantigas de Santa Maria by Alfonso X, “The Wise” 324 11.10 The Church and the Jews in Thirteenth-Century Spain 326 The Byzantine Empire 327 11.11 Villehardouin’s Chronicle: The Conquest of Constantinople 327 11.12 Nicolas Mesarites: A Byzantine Lament 328 11.13 Nicetus Choniates: On the Statues 329 Commerce and Trade 330 The Growth of Trade in Northern and Southern Europe 330 11.14 Lübeck and Hamburg Seek Mutual Protection (1241) 330 11.15 The Hanseatic League (1253) 331 11.16 London and the Hansa Negotiate 332 Italy 333 11.17 Trade in the Mediterranean Sea: Venice 333 11.18 Padua: The State Promotes Commerce 334 The Mongol Threat 335 11.19 The History of the World-Conqueror by Juvaini 335

Chapter 12 Religious Ferment and Social Change 338 New Directions in Spirituality: Waldensians and Cathars 340 12.1 Peter Waldo: From an Anonymous Chronicle (c. 1218) 340 12.2 Walter Map: On the Waldensians (1179) 341 12.3 The Cathar Movement According to Eckbert, Abbot of Schönau 342 12.4 Pope Gregory IX: Vox in Rama 345 12.5 Albigensians: From the Inquisitor’s Guide of Bernard Gui 346 New Religious Orders 347 The Franciscans 347 12.6 The Rule of St Francis of Assisi 347 12.7 “Little Flower of the Blessed Francis”: The Rule of Saint Clare 350 The Dominicans 352 12.8 Concerning Reading: From the Dominican Constitutions 352 12.9 Interpreting the Evidence: De Modo Orandi: From the Nine Ways of Prayer of Saint Dominic 353 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xii

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New Communities: The Beguines and the Devotio Moderna 355 12.10 Cartulaire du Beguinage de Sainte-Elizabeth a Gand: Concerning the Beguines 355 12.11 Mechthild of Magdeburg: The Flowing Light of the Godhead 357 12.12 The Following of Christ: The Spiritual Diary of Gerard Groote 359 12.13 Salome Stricken: A Way of Life for Sisters 360 A Female Visionary: Margery Kempe and the Vicar 362 12.14 The Book of Margery Kempe 362 The Fourth Lateran Council: Heretics and Jews 364 12.15 Raymond of Toulouse and the Cathar Heresy 364 12.16 Interpreting the Evidence: Blind Synagoga and the Provisions of the Council 364

Chapter 13 Intellectual and Artistic Development in the High Middle Ages 367

The Medieval University 369 13.1 Early Statutes of the College of the Sorbonne 369 13.2 Rules of the University of Paris (1215) 370 13.3 “Please Send Money”: The Balade of a Student at Orleans 372 Philosophy and Science in the Thirteenth Century 372 13.4 The Scholastic Method: From the Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas 372 13.5 The Journey of the Soul unto God by Saint Bonaventure 374 13.6 Summa Contra Gentiles by Saint Thomas Aquinas 375 13.7 Roger Bacon and the Beginning of Modern Experimental Science 377 Literature in the Thirteenth Century 377 13.8 The Romance of the Rose 377 13.9 A Poetic Disputation: The Owl and the Nightingale 381 Gothic Architecture 387 13.10 Interpreting the Evidence: The Cathedral as Symbol: From The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments by William Durandus 387 13.11 Interpreting the Evidence: Architecture and Geometry: From the Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt 389 13.12 Interpreting the Evidence: Trinity Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral and Gervase of Canterbury 391 13.13 Interpreting the Evidence: Rose Window of Notre Dame and Jean de Jandun’s Description 394 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xiii

Contents xiii Chapter 14 The Fourteenth Century: Disorder and Vitality 396 Famine and Plague 398 14.1 Famine: The Chronicle of Jean de Venette 398 The Black Death: Pestilence from East to West 398 14.2 The Origins of the Plague: Historia Byzantina 398 14.3 Constantinople: From the History of John VI Kantakouzenos 400 14.4 Palestine: Al-Wardi’s “Essay on the Report of the Pestilence” (c. 1348) 401 14.5 Florence: From The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio 401 14.6 France: From the Chronicle of Jean de Venette 404 14.7 England: From the Chronicle of Henry Knighton (1349) 406 Peasant Revolt 407 14.8 Statute of Laborers (1349) 407 14.9 Interpreting the Evidence: Peasant Revolts from the Chronicles of Froissart and an Illumination Depicting Wat Tyler and John Ball 408 The Hundred Years War 411 14.10 The Battle of Crécy (1346): Description from the Chronicles of Froissart 411 The Avignon Papacy: Crisis in the Church 414 14.11 Letter of Petrarch Concerning the Avignon Papacy 414 14.12 A Letter of Catherine of Siena to Pope Gregory XI 415 Fourteenth-Century Literature and Art 416 14.13 “Heavenly Love”: From The Divine Comedy by Dante 416 14.14 “Earthly Love”: Sonnets by Petrarch 419 14.15 “Earthly Pleasure”: A Tale from The Decameron by Boccaccio 419 14.16 “The Cook’s Tale” by Geoffrey Chaucer 421 14.17 A Feminine Voice: The Debate on The Romance of the Rose by Christine de Pizan 423 14.18 Interpreting the Evidence: Lamentation: A Fresco of Giotto and Remarks by Boc- caccio and Ghiberti 425 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xiv A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xv

Topical Contents

The Topical Contents will facilitate organization for those who wish to study the Middle Ages thematically, rather than chronologically. The material has been divided into sixteen categories as follows: (1) The Germanic Tribal Tradition, (2) Government, Politics, and the Law, (3) Islam, (4) Byzantium, (5) Daily Life, (6) Women, (7) Technology, (8) Medieval Warfare and the Crusades, (9) Religious History, (10) Papal–Imperial Relations, (11) Monasticism, (12) Pilgrimage, (13) Art and Architecture, (14) Literature, (15) Intellectual History and Philosophy, (16) Interpret- ing the Evidence

(1) The Germanic Tribal Tradition 1.2 Lactantius: De Mortibus Persecutorum 5 1.3 Diocletian’s Edict on Maximum Prices 6 1.16 Tacitus, Germania 28 2.5 Isidore of Seville, History 1.17 Ammianus Marcellinus, History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi 43 of the Roman Empire 30 2.6 The Visigothic Code: Provisions Concerning 1.18 Treaty with the Vandals (271) 31 Women 45 1.19 The Battle of Adrianople (378) 32 2.8 Excerpts from the Salic Law 48 2.1 Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds 2.13 The Corpus Iuris Civilis of Justinian 57 of the Goths 36 3.9 The Muslims Conquer Iberia 76 2.2 Cassiodorus, Letters 38 4.5 Einhard: Charlemagne’s Wars against 2.5 Isidore of Seville, History the Saxons 96 of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi 43 4.7 Capitulary for Saxony (775–790) 99 2.6 The Visigothic Code: Provisions Concerning Women 45 4.8 General Capitulary for the Missi Dominici (802) 101 2.7 The Conversion of Clovis: Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks 46 4.9 The Capitulary De Villis 103 2.8 Excerpts from the Salic Law 48 4.16 The Treaty of Verdun (843) 113 4.17 The Annals of St. Bertin 113 (2) Government, Politics, and the Law 4.18 The Annals of Xanten 114 1.1 Aurelius Victor: Lives of the Emperors 4 4.19 The Annals of St. Vaast 115

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4.20 The Magyars: An Account by Liudprand 11.2 Philip IV Calls the First Estates of Cremona 116 General 310 4.21 Normans in France: The Baptism 11.3 “An Execrable Evil”: Philip IV of Rollo 118 and the Templars 310 5.7 Peace of God, Proclaimed in the Synod 11.5 Magna Carta (1215) 315 of Charroux (989) 127 11.6 Frederick II and Germany 318 5.8 Truce of God, Proclaimed by the 11.8 The Proper Virtues of a King: From Archbishop of Arles (1035–41) 128 the Siete Partidas 322 6.1 The Election of Hugh Capet as King 14.8 Statute of Laborers (1349) 407 of France (987) 154 14.9 Interpreting the Evidence: Peasant Re- 6.2 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1066) 155 volts from the Chronicles of Froissart and an 6.4 Gesta Guillelmi by William of Poitiers Illumination Depicting Wat Tyler and (1071) 157 John Ball 408 6.5 Statutes of William the Conqueror 14.10 The Battle of Crécy (1346): Description (c. 1070) 159 from the Chronicles of Froissart 411 6.6 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 160 (3) Islam 6.7 A Christian Monarch in Iberia: Sancho Abarca, King of Navarre 161 3.1 The Night of Destiny: Ibn Ishaq, The Life 6.8 Liutprand of Cremona 162 of Muhammad 67 6.9 Interpreting the Evidence: Otto III 3.2 How the Qu’ran Was Assembled 69 The Chronicon of Thietmar of 3.3 The Five Pillars of Islam: Passages from the Merseburg 164 Qu’ran 70 6.10 Interpreting the Evidence: The Gospel 3.4 Jihad: Passages from the Qu’ran and the Book of Otto III 165 Sayings of Muhammad 71 6.11 Interpreting the Evidence: The Book 3.5 Women in Islamic Society 73 of the Golden City of Rome 165 3.6 The Founding of the Caliphate 73 6.19“ Apostolic King”: A Letter from Pope 3.7 The Accession Speech of Abu Bakr Sylvester II to King Stephen (632) 75 of Hungary 176 3.8 Abu Bakr on the Rules of War (632) 76 6.20 The Laws of King Stephen I 3.9 The Muslims Conquer Iberia 76 of Hungary 177 3.10 The 78 6.21 Olga “the Beautiful”: A Tenth-Century Treaty of Tudmir Russian Ruler 180 3.11 The Pact of Umar 79 7.18 The Conquest of Lisbon 217 3.12 Interpreting the Evidence: Al-Azhar Mosque and Documents of Support 80 9.1 Power and the Monarchy: Deeds of Louis the Fat by Suger 252 3.13 Interpreting the Evidence: Qibla, “Umar in Jerusalem” and the 83 9.2 Henry II and the Angevin Empire: Qu’ran The Instruction of a Prince by Gerald 3.14 An Arabic Definition of Poetry by Ibn of Wales 254 Qutayba 86 11.1 Interpreting the Evidence: A Paragon 3.15 A Lyric from the Kitab al-Aghani (“The of Kingly Virtue: Joinville’s Chronicles Book of Songs”) by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani of the Crusades, the Life of Saint Louis, (c. 897–967) 86 and a Manuscript Illumination 3.16 A Jewish Voice in al-Andalus: Samuel the from the Bible abrégée 307 Nagid 87 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 9:08 PM Page xvii

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3.17 Scheherazade: A Tale from The Thousand 5.15 Interpreting the Evidence: The Lord’s and One Nights 87 Manor House (Mid-Thirteenth 7.14 Ibn al-Athir: A Muslim View Century) 138 of the Crusade 210 5.16 The Office of Dairymaid from the 9.12 The Memoirs of Usa-mah Book of the Office of Seneschal 139 Ibn-Munquidh 268 5.17 The Yield from the Dairy 139 9.14 Ibn Shaddad: The Life of Saladin 270 5.18 The Serving Maid 140 (4) Byzantium 5.19 Interpreting the Evidence: Women’s Work: Visual Evidence from the Luttrell 2.13 The Corpus Iuris Civilis of Justinian 57 Psalter 140 2.14 Interpreting the Evidence: Hagia Sophia 10.1 A Description of Twelfth-Century London and a Description of the Building by by William Fitzstephen 277 Procopius 58 10.2 Guild Statutes: Spur-Makers and 2.15 Interpreting the Evidence: Theodora and Leather-Tanners 279 Justinian: The Mosaics at Ravenna and the 11.14 Lübeck and Hamburg Seek Mutual Secret History by Procopius 61 Protection (1241) 330 6.23 Preface to On Ceremonies by Emperor 11.15 The Hanseatic League (1253) 331 Constantine VII 183 11.16 London and the Hansa Negotiate 332 11.11 Villehardouin’s Chronicle: The Conquest 11.17 Trade in the Mediterranean Sea: of Constantinople 327 Venice 333 11.12 Nicolas Mesarites: A Byzantine Lament 328 11.18 Padua: The State Promotes Commerce 334 11.13 Nicetus Choniates: On the Statues 329 14.1 Famine: The Chronicle of Jean 14.2 The Origins of the Plague: Historia de Venette 398 Byzantina 398 14.4 Palestine: Al-Wardi’s “Essay on the Report 14.3 Constantinople: From the History of John of the Pestilence” (c. 1348) 401 VI Kantakouzenos 400 14.5 Florence: From The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio 401 (5) Daily Life 14.6 France: From the Chronicle of Jean de 5.1 The Homage Ceremony 122 Venette 404 5.2 Immixtio Manuum 123 14.7 England: From the Chronicle of Henry 5.3 Homage to Several Lords 123 Knighton (1349) 406 5.4 Feudal Aids 124 (6) Women 5.5 Inheritance Provisions 124 5.6 The Knighting Ceremony 125 1.9 The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicity 16 5.11 Interpreting the Evidence: The Village 2.11 Letter from Pope Boniface to Queen of Cominor from the Domesday Book 134 Ethelburga 54 5.12 Interpreting the Evidence: A Manor 3.5 Women in Islamic Society 73 Belonging to Peterborough Abbey 4.15 A Carolingian Mother’s Advice to Her Son: (c. 1125) 135 Handbook for William by Dhuoda 112 5.13 Interpreting the Evidence: A Manor in 5.16 The Office of Dairymaid from the Sussex (1307) 135 Book of the Office of Seneschal 139 5.14 Interpreting the Evidence: Freedom for 5.17 The Yield from the Dairy 139 the Serf (1278) 137 5.18 The Serving Maid 140 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xviii

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5.19 Interpreting the Evidence: Women’s 4.17 The Annals of St. Bertin 113 Work: Visual Evidence from the Luttrell 4.18 The Annals of Xanten 114 Psalter 140 4.19 The Annals of St. Vaast 115 6.13 Interpreting the Evidence: The Cross of 4.20 The Magyars: An Account by Liudprand Abbess Matilda of Essen 168 of Cremona 116 6.21 Olga “the Beautiful”: A Tenth-Century 6.4 Gesta Guillelmi by William of Poitiers Russian Ruler 180 (1071) 157 7.13 A Woman’s Perspective: From The Alexiad 6.8 Liutprand of Cremona 162 by Anna Comnena 208 7.8 From the Gesta Francorum (“Deeds 9.3 A Mother’s Plea: Letter from Empress of the Franks”) 202 Matilda to Thomas Becket 255 7.9 Fulcher of Chartres 203 10.7 Songs by Troubadours, Trouvères, and 7.10 Robert the Monk 204 Trobairitz 289 7.11 Balderic of Dol 206 10.9 Letter to Abelard from Heloise 296 7.12 A Hebrew Chronicle: The Massacres 10.13 Interpreting the Evidence: “Cry Out of Jews 206 Therefore, and Write Thus!”: The Visions 7.13 A Woman’s Perspective: From The Alexiad of Hildegard of Bingen 302 by Anna Comnena 208 12.10 Cartulaire du Beguinage de Sainte-Elizabeth a 7.14 Ibn al-Athir: A Muslim View Gand: Concerning the Beguines 355 of the Crusade 210 12.11 Mechthild of Magdeburg: The Flowing Light 9.11 The History of Fulcher of Chartres of the Godhead 357 (1059–1127) 267 12.13 Salome Stricken: A Way of Life for 9.12 The Memoirs of Usa-mah Sisters 360 Ibn-Munquidh 268 12.14 The Book of Margery Kempe 362 9.13 The Chronicle of Otto of (7) Technology St. Blasien 269 9.14 Ibn Shaddad: The Life of Saladin 270 5.20 Interpreting the Evidence: Walter of Henley’s Husbandry and the Luttrell 9.15 A Letter of Clement III Concerning the Psalter 143 Third Crusade 272 5.21 Interpreting the Evidence: Watermills 9.16 The Death of Frederick Barbarossa: From in the Domesday Book and the Luttrell the Chronicle of Otto of St. Blasien 273 Psalter 146 11.19 The History of the World-Conqueror by 5.22 Interpreting the Evidence: Windmills Juvaini 335 in the Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond and 14.10 The Battle of Crécy (1346): Description the Luttrell Psalter 148 from the Chronicles of Froissart 411 (8) Medieval Warfare and the Crusades (9) Religious History 1.18 Treaty with the Vandals (271) 31 1.4 The Conversion of Constantine 8 1.19 The Battle of Adrianople (378) 32 1.5 The Edict of Milan 10 2.1 Jordanes, The Origins and Deeds 1.6 The Council of Nicaea 11 of the Goths 36 1.7 The Nicene Creed 12 3.9 The Muslims Conquer Iberia 76 1.9 The Martyrdom of Perpetua 4.5 Einhard: Charlemagne’s Wars against and Felicity 16 the Saxons 96 1.10 The Confessions of St.Augustine 18 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xix

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1.11 Saint Jerome: Letters 19 12.13 Salome Stricken: A Way of Life 1.12 Pope Leo I and the Petrine Theory 21 for Sisters 360 1.13 The Election of Bishops 22 12.14 The Book of Margery Kempe 362 1.14 The Life of Saint Antony by Athanasius 23 12.15 Raymond of Toulouse and the Cathar 2.10 Bede, A History of the English Church and Heresy 364 People 52 12.16 Interpreting the Evidence: Blind Synagoga 2.11 Letter from Pope Boniface to Queen and the Provisions of the Council 364 Ethelburga 54 14.11 Letter of Petrarch Concerning the Avignon 2.12 Jonas, The Life of St. Columban 55 Papacy 414 4.6 Missionary Activity in the Empire: Letter 14.12 A Letter of Catherine of Siena to Pope of Boniface to Pope Zacharias (742) 97 Gregory XI 415 6.12 Interpreting the Evidence: Grant of Land (10) Papal–Imperial Relations to a Monastery 167 7.12 A Hebrew Chronicle: The Massacres 1.12 Pope Leo I and the Petrine Theory 21 of Jews 206 4.1 Einhard: The Coronation 94 8.5 The Relics of Saint Cuthbert 229 4.2 The Biography of Pope Leo III (d. 816) 94 9.4 Becket’s Martyrdom: From the Vita 4.3 The Annals of Lorsch 95 by Edward Grim 256 4.4 A View from Byzantium: The Chronicle 9.5 Interpreting the Evidence: A Miracle of Theophanes 95 of Saint Thomas of Canterbury and a 6.14 The Pope’s Prerogatives According Stained-Glass Panel from Trinity Chapel, to Gregory VII 170 Canterbury Cathedral 257 6.15 Letter from Henry IV 171 10.12 Maimonides: Guide for the Perplexed 301 6.16 The Incident at Canossa 173 10.13 Interpreting the Evidence: “Cry Out 6.17 Decrees against Lay Investiture 174 Therefore, and Write Thus!”: The Visions 6.18 The Concordat of Worms (1122) 174 of Hildegard of Bingen 302 6.19 “Apostolic King”: A Letter From Pope 11.10 The Church and the Jews in Thirteenth- Sylvester II to King Stephen of Century Spain 326 Hungary 176 12.1 Peter Waldo: From an Anonymous 9.6 Letter of Frederick I to Pope Eugene III 261 Chronicle (c. 1218) 340 9.7 Pope Eugene’s Reply 262 12.2 Walter Map: On the Waldensians (1179) 341 9.8 Treaty of Constance, 1153 263 12.3 The Cathar Movement According to 9.9 The “Stirrup Episode” 263 Eckbert, Abbot of Schönau 342 9.10 The “Besançon Episode” 264 12.4 Pope Gregory IX: Vox in Rama 345 11.4 Unam Sanctam: Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV 313 12.5 Albigensians: From the Inquisitor’s Guide of Bernard Gui 346 11.7 Frederick II and Pope Innocent IV 320 12.10 Cartulaire du Beguinage de Sainte-Elizabeth a Gand: Concerning the Beguines 355 (11) Monasticism 12.11 Mechthild of Magdeburg: The Flowing Light 1.14 The Life of Saint Antony by Athanasius 23 of the Godhead 357 1.15 Interpreting the Evidence: The Rule 12.12 The Following of Christ: The Spiritual Diary of Saint Benedict and the Groundplan Of Gerard Groote 359 of St. Gall 24 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xx

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7.1 Interpreting the Evidence: Foundation 4.14 Interpreting the Evidence: Ivory Book Charter of the Abbey of Cluny (910), Cover and De Diversis Artibus by Groundplan, and Description by Odilo Theophilus 109 of Cluny 188 5.9 Interpreting the Evidence: The Bayeux 7.2 Bernard of Clairvaux and the Cistercian Tapestry 130 Order 194 5.10 Interpreting the Evidence: Bodiam 7.3 Bernard on Cluny 195 Castle 131 7.15 The Chronicle of William of Tyre 212 7.1 Interpreting the Evidence: Foundation 7.16 The Chronicle of Michael the Charter of the Abbey of Cluny (910), Syrian 213 Groundplan, and Description by Odilo 12.6 The Rule of St Francis of Assisi 347 of Cluny 188 12.7 “Little Flower of the Blessed Francis”: 8.1 “A White Mantle of Churches”: The Rule of Saint Clare 350 The Five Books of History by Rodulphus Glaber 222 12.8 Concerning Reading: From the Dominican 8.2 Interpreting the Evidence: The Vézelay Constitutions 352 Chronicle and the Church of Sainte 12.9 Interpreting the Evidence: De Modo Madeleine 222 Orandi: From the Nine Ways of Prayer 8.3 Interpreting the Evidence: The Western of Saint Dominic 353 Tympanum at Autun and the “Besetting (12) Pilgrimage Demons” 225 7.4 The Pilgrim Udalrich 197 8.4 Interpreting the Evidence: The Reli- quary and Miracles of Saint Foy, Virgin 7.5 The Pilgrim Saewulf 197 Martyr 227 7.6 The Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago 8.6 Interpreting the Evidence: Suger’s de Compostela 198 Chalice and On the Various Arts by 7.7 Interpreting the Evidence: Pilgrimage Theophilus 231 to Canterbury: Thomas Becket and a 8.7 “O Vanity of Vanities!”: Bernard of Stained-Glass Panel from Canterbury Clairvaux on Religious Art 234 Cathedral 200 9.5 Interpreting the Evidence: A Miracle (13) Art and Architecture of Saint Thomas of Canterbury and a Stained-Glass Panel from Trinity Chapel, 1.8 Interpreting the Evidence: St. Peter’s Canterbury Cathedral 257 Basilica and Constantine’s Gift 13 10.3 Interpreting the Evidence: De Consecratione 1.15 Interpreting the Evidence: The Rule by Abbot Suger and the Ambulatory of Saint of Saint Benedict and the Groundplan Denis 281 of St. Gall 24 13.10 Interpreting the Evidence: The 2.14 Interpreting the Evidence: Hagia Cathedral as Symbol: From The Symbolism Sophia and a Description of the Building of Churches and Church Ornaments by by Procopius 58 William Durandus 387 2.15 Interpreting the Evidence: Theodora 13.11 Interpreting the Evidence: Architecture and Justinian: The Mosaics at Ravenna and Geometry: From the Portfolio of Villard and the Secret History by Procopius 61 de Honnecourt 389 4.10 Interpreting the Evidence: The Palatine 13.12 Interpreting the Evidence: Trinity Chapel at Aachen and Descriptions by Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral and Einhard and Notker 104 Gervase of Canterbury 391 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xxi

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13.13 Interpreting the Evidence: Rose 14.15 “Earthly Pleasure”: A Tale from The Window of Notre Dame and Jean de Decameron by Boccaccio 419 Jandun’s Description 394 14.16 “The Cook’s Tale” by Geoffrey 14.18 Interpreting the Evidence: Lamentation: Chaucer 421 A Fresco of Giotto and Remarks by 14.17 A Feminine Voice: The Debate on The Romance Boccaccio and Ghiberti 425 of the Rose by Christine de Pizan 423 (14) Literature (15) Intellectual History and Philosophy 2.4 Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy 41 2.3 Cassiodorus, An Introduction to Divine 2.10 Bede, A History of the English Church and Human Readings 39 and People 52 4.11 Einhard: The Emperor’s Devotion to the 3.14 An Arabic Definition of Poetry by Ibn Liberal Arts 107 Qutayba 86 4.12 Notker “the Stammerer” 107 3.15 A Lyric from the Kitab al-Aghani 4.13 De Litteris Colendis (“On the Study (“The Book of Songs”) by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfa- of Letters”) 108 hani (c. 897–967) 86 10.10 Sic et Non by Peter Abelard 298 3.16 A Jewish Voice in al-Andalus: Samuel 10.11 Averroes: On the Harmony of Religion and the Nagid 87 Philosophy 299 3.17 Scheherazade: A Tale from The Thousand 10.12 Maimonides: Guide for the Perplexed 301 and One Nights 87 13.1 Early Statutes of the College 6.22 The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason 182 of the Sorbonne 369 7.17 The Poem of the Cid 214 13.2 Rules of the University of Paris 8.8 “Noble Lord, Knight of Gentle Birth”: (1215) 370 From The Song of Roland 236 13.3 “Please Send Money”: The Balade 8.9 Abraham: A Play by Roswitha of of a Student at Orleans 372 Gandersheim 241 13.4 The Scholastic Method: From the Summa 10.4 Interpreting the Evidence: Images of Theologica by Thomas Aquinas 372 Lancelot, by Chrétien de Troyes 283 13.5 The Journey of the Soul unto God by Saint 10.5 Marie de France: The Lay of the Bonaventure 374 Nightingale 286 13.6 Summa Contra Gentiles of Saint Thomas 10.6 The Art of Courtly Love by Andreas Aquinas 375 Capellanus 288 13.7 Roger Bacon and the Beginning of Modern 10.7 Songs by Troubadours, Trouvères, Experimental Science 377 and Trobairitz 289 10.8 Historia Calamitatum by Peter (16) Interpreting the Evidence Abelard 293 1.8 St. Peter’s Basilica and Constantine’s 11.9 The Cantigas de Santa Maria by Alfonso X, Gift 13 “The Wise” 324 1.15 The Rule of Saint Benedict and the 13.8 The Romance of the Rose 377 Groundplan of St. Gall 24 13.9 A Poetic Disputation: The Owl and the 2.14 Hagia Sophia and a Description of the Nightingale 381 Building by Procopius 58 14.13 “Heavenly Love”: From The Divine Comedy 2.15 Theodora and Justinian: The Mosaics by Dante 416 at Ravenna and the Secret History 14.14 “Earthly Love”: Sonnets by Petrarch 419 by Procopius 61 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xxii

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3.12 Al-Azhar Mosque and Documents 9.5 A Miracle of Saint Thomas of of Support 80 Canterbury and a Stained-Glass Panel 3.13 Qibla, “Umar in Jerusalem” and from Trinity Chapel, Canterbury the Qu’ran 83 Cathedral 257 4.10 The Palatine Chapel at Aachen and 10.3 De Consecratione by Abbot Suger and the Descriptions by Einhard and Ambulatory of Saint Denis 281 Notker 104 10.4 Images of Lancelot, by Chrétien 4.14 Ivory Book Cover and De Diversis De Troyes 283 Artibus by Theophilus 109 10.13 “Cry Out Therefore, and Write Thus!”: 5.9 The Bayeux Tapestry 130 The Visions of Hildegard of 5.10 Bodiam Castle 131 Bingen 302 5.11–5.15 Life on the Manor 133 11.1 A Paragon of Kingly Virtue: Joinville’s Chronicles of the Crusades, the Life of Saint 5.19 Women’s Work: Visual Evidence from Louis, and a Manuscript Illumination from the Luttrell Psalter 140 the Bible abrégée 307 5.20–5.22 Rural Life and Technological 12.9 De Modo Orandi: From the Nine Ways Development 142 of Prayer of Saint Dominic 353 6.2–6.4 Three Views of the Norman 12.16 Blind Synagoga and the Provisions Conquest 155 of the Council 364 6.9–6.11 Otto III 164 13.10 The Cathedral as Symbol: From The 6.12–6.13 Monastic-Feudal Connections 167 Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments 7.1 Foundation Charter of the Abbey of by William Durandus 387 Cluny (910), Groundplan, and De- 13.11 Architecture and Geometry: From the scription by Odilo of Cluny 188 Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt 389 7.7 Pilgrimage to Canterbury: Thomas 13.12 Trinity Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral Becket and a Stained-Glass Panel from and Gervase of Canterbury 391 Canterbury Cathedral 200 13.13 Rose Window of Notre Dame and Jean 8.2 The Vézelay Chronicle and the Church de Jandun’s Description 394 of Sainte Madeleine 222 14.9 Peasant Revolts from the Chronicles 8.3 The Western Tympanum at Autun and of Froissart and an Illumination the “Besetting Demons” 225 Depicting Wat Tyler and John 8.4 The Reliquary and Miracles of Saint Ball 408 Foy, Virgin Martyr 227 14.18 Lamentation: A Fresco of Giotto 8.6 Suger’s Chalice and On the Various Arts and Remarks by Boccaccio and by Theophilus 231 Ghiberti 425 A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xxiii

Preface

This anthology contains a variety of sources pertain- century. The events of these years are viewed from ing to the history and culture of the Middle Ages. various perspectives, including selections from legal The documents and images represent a broad spec- documents, annals, letters, contemporaneous bio- trum of topics dealing with medieval civilization graphies, theological and philosophical treatises, his- and illustrate social, intellectual, literary, and artis- torical writings, and literary extracts. The sources tic history, as well as the political developments of have been chosen to integrate social and cultural his- the era. The book has been designed either to be used tory with more traditional material; hence, selections alone or to accompany the standard textbooks on that inform the student about women and marginal medieval history, medieval literature, art history, groups in the medieval world are included alongside and humanities. It consists of fourteen chapters works that treat topics that are more common in the arranged in chronological order, in which selections field, such as the Rule of Saint Benedict or Magna from primary sources are carefully coordinated to Carta. In addition, the inclusion of material from furnish an overview of the political and cultural life Muslim and Byzantine areas shows the multifaceted of the medieval period. In order to coordinate basic nature of medieval civilization. Some chapters deal themes, the introductory material and the questions with aspects of cultural history and include writings at the end of the selections provide cross-references concerning art and architecture, as well as selections among the chapters where appropriate. from literature and philosophical works. The book contains many documents tradition- Scholars do not agree on the exact timeframe of ally included in medieval history source readers, and the Middle Ages. I have chosen to begin this collec- it enhances this traditional content with selections tion with the division of the Roman Empire during that offer greater variety and style. In addition to the reign of the emperor Diocletion (284–305) literary excerpts, each chapter contains sections because this event was a determining factor in the identified as “Interpreting the Evidence,” in which future development of civilization in both the East images are specifically coordinated with documents, and the West. During the medieval era there were offering an opportunity to compare various ways of two distinct entities—the empire in the West, even- viewing an individual or a topic. tually known as the “Holy Roman Empire,” and the The materials in this book trace the develop- Byzantine Empire in the East, which endured until ment of medieval civilization from the era of the the fifteenth century. The documents in this collec- Roman Emperor Diocletian to the late fourteenth tion demonstrate various aspects of life in both

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geographical areas and trace interactions between accounts, letters, and legal codes, as well as visual and the two empires. literary evidence, allow the reader to experience the The organization of the material moves chrono- stress and struggle of building kingdoms in England, logically from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle France, Germany (known as the Holy Roman Empire Ages, as the Roman world was transformed by the for much of the period), Hungary, and the Iberian influences of the Germanic people and the Christian Peninsula (Chapters 6, 9, and Chapter 11). religion (Chapter 1). Several of the Germanic leaders Another broad theme of this book deals with established kingdoms in the subsequent centuries; the religious experience of medieval people. Chapter 7 the Visigoths conquered the Iberian Peninsula, the discusses two aspects of spiritual fervor that char- Franks assumed leadership in France, and the Ostro- acterized the eleventh and twelfth centuries— goths settled in Italy, where Theodoric attempted to monasticism and the Crusades. Chapter 12 offers continue Roman traditions, as will be seen in Chapter 2. evidence of lay spirituality as well as the creation of One of the most important events of the sixth century new monastic orders. was the birth of Mohammad and the subsequent Chapters 8, 10, and 13 deal with the artistic, emergence of Islam (Chapter 3). The Muslims were a literary, and philosophical aspects of medieval life significant factor in the history of the Middle Ages, as during the eras often called Romanesque (the the documents in this collection attest. For reasons eleventh and twelfth centuries) and Gothic (the thir- of accessibility, diacritical markings have not been teenth century), though the chronological divide included in Arabic names and phrases. between the two styles is fluid. In particular, the The fusion of Germanic and Christian tradi- “Interpreting the Evidence” sections offer an oppor- tions was exemplified in the person and empire of tunity to analyze aspects of political and artistic Charlemagne, who, in addition to building a vast history in tandem. empire, patronized scholarship and the arts. The The book closes with a view of the fourteenth Carolingian contribution to medieval civilization century, which was a time of creativity as well as cri- was immense and created a bridge between anti- sis. The people of Europe and the Middle East dealt quity and the High Middle Ages through its intel- with famine, plague, war, peasant rebellion, and a lectual contributions (Chapter 4). crisis in the Church; however, as the documents Following the reign of Charlemagne, the empire demonstrate, it was also a time of spiritual regener- was destroyed due to many factors. In addition to war- ation and artistic as well as literary innovation. fare among the emperor’s descendants, the Europeans Although the book is organized chronologi- were invaded from the south by the Muslims, from cally, the Contents at the beginning of the book is the east by the Magyars, and from the north by the presented in two different ways in order to accom- Vikings. The civilization that emerged from this on- modate professors and students who choose to view slaught had a very different character. Instead of cen- the history of the era either topically or thematically. tralized government, the political system was based The approach on pages iii–xii presents the material upon control by various powerful lords who estab- as it is actually organized in the chapters themselves. lished bonds of loyalty among themselves. They of- The second version on pages xiii–xx offers a break- fered protection to the peasants, who were obligated down based on the following themes: (1) The Ger- to support their masters through agricultural labor. manic Tribal Tradition, (2) Government, Politics, and The documents contained in Chapter 5 demonstrate the Law, (3) Islam, (4) Byzantium, (5) Daily Life, various aspects of the lives of aristocratic men and (6) Women, (7) Technology, (8) Medieval Warfare and women as well as the lives of serfs, as the people the Crusades, (9) Religious History, (10) Papal– bound to the manor were known. Imperial Relations, (11) Monasticism, (12) Pilgrimage, During the tenth and eleventh centuries mon- (13) Art and Architecture, (14) Literature, (15) Intel- archs were able to consolidate their power in areas of lectual History and Philosophy, and (16) Interpreting Europe—a trend that continued in the High Middle the Evidence. The Topical Contents section can be Ages. Various documents, including historical used to facilitate an alternative method of teaching A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xxv

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the era and provides ready access to the material for Michael Markowski, Westminster College; Andrew classes in humanities, art history, and medieval litera- G. Miller, DePaul University; Donald Prudlo, Jack- ture, in addition to standard history courses. sonville State University; Kevin Roddy, University of California, Davis; Leslie Ross, Dominican Univer- sity of California; Brian Rutishauser; Fresno City Acknowledgments College; and Elizabeth Todd, Case Western Reserve University. I would like to express my gratitude and apprecia- Through the auspices of the sabbatical program tion to several scholars and colleagues whose com- at Capital University and the support of the Gerhold ments and suggestions eased and enriched the endowed chair in Humanities, I was able to com- process of writing this book. Among others, Denvy plete the research and writing of this book. In par- Bowman, Leslie Ross, Nigel Hiscock, John Cherry, ticular, I would like to thank the Gerhold family for and John V. Fleming offered vital advice and their generosity in establishing the endowment. encouragement. The following reviewers provided At Prentice Hall, Charles Cavaliere, Rob helpful criticism that significantly improved the DeGeorge, and Debra Wechsler provided efficient contents of the book: Eric Fournier, West Chester direction and guidance. Most of all, I thank my University of Pennsylvania; A. Daniel Frankforter; husband, Dieter Droste, who offered constant Penn State Erie–The Behrend College; Candace encouragement as well as technological expertise. Gregory-Abbott, California State University, Sacra- The creation of the book would not have been possi- mento; William V. Hudon, Bloomsburg University; ble without him. A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xxvi A01_SLOC7267_01_SE_FM.QXD 1/28/10 7:21 PM Page xxvii

Introduction to the Student

This book is a collection of various kinds of histori- after the event? Is it a poem that reflects the aes- cal documents, including edicts, letters, biographi- thetic atmosphere of the time period? It is important cal and autobiographical writings, poetry, literature, to place this information in context, and to examine philosophy, and statistical surveys. In addition, there the document with this in mind. The introductory are a number of visual sources, which can also be material for each document will help you to answer viewed as “historical documents,” including manu- these questions, and your ideas about the material script illuminations, ivory carvings, mosaics, fres- should take these facts into account. coes, sculpture, and photos of buildings. Where As you read the source, analyze the reasons why it these appear, they are presented in conjunction with was created and what the potential audience may have the written documents and are coordinated for com- been. Consider whether the account is reliable, or parative analysis in features titled “Interpreting the whether the author may have presented the material Evidence” that appear in every chapter. from a nonobjective point of view. For example, would As you study each of these sources, there are a biographer working at the court of a king be likely specific questions you should contemplate. First of to present an unfavorable portrayal of the monarch? all, what is the nature of the document? Is it an edict Questions for Discussion follow each of the doc- issued by a monarch, or a segment of a biography, or uments. These are designed to stimulate conversa- a statistical analysis, or a work of poetry or fiction? tion about the source, and to suggest paths of The answer to this question will determine the analysis; however, they are only a beginning for your framework for your analysis. research, and further questions should arise from Second, who was the author of the source and your encounters with the material. As you will soon what was his or her relationship to the event being realize, the documents in this collection present a described? You should also observe when and where variety of interpretive challenges and offer many the document was written. For example, is it an eye- opportunities to experience the fascination of histor- witness account, or an historical analysis written ical research and analysis.

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