DOCSLIB.ORG

Peace in World History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peace in World History Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 Peace in World History In Peace in World History, Peter N. Stearns examines the ideas of peace that have existed throughout history, and how societies have sought to put them into practice. Beginning with the status of peace in early hunter-gatherer and agri- cultural societies, and continuing through the present day, the narrative gives students a clear view of the ways people across the world have understood and striven to achieve peace throughout history. Topics covered include: • comparison of the Pax Romana and Pax Sinica of Rome and China • concepts of peace in Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, and their histori- cal impact • the place of peace in the periods of expanding empires • the emergence, starting in the nineteenth century, of both formal schemes to promote peace and increasingly destructive technologies for warfare. Moving away from the view of history as a series of military conflicts, Peace in World History offers a new way of looking at world history by focusing on peace. Showing how concepts of peace have evolved over time even as they have been challenged by war and conflict, this lively and engaging narrative enables students to consider peace as a human possibility. Peter N. Stearns is Provost and a Professor of History at George Mason University. Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 Themes in World History Series editor: Peter N. Stearns The Themes in World History series offers focused treatment of a range of human experiences and institutions in the world history context. The purpose is to provide serious, if brief, discussions of important topics as additions to text- book coverage and document collections. The treatments will allow students to probe particular facets of the human story in greater depth than textbook coverage allows, and to gain a fuller sense of historians’ analytical methods and debates in the process. Each topic is handled over time – allowing discus- sions of changes and continuities. Each topic is assessed in terms of a range of different societies and religions – allowing comparisons of relevant similarities and differences. Each book in the series helps readers deal with world history in action, evaluating global contexts as they work through some of the key components of human society and human life. Gender in World History Asian Democracy in World History Peter N. Stearns Alan T. Wood Consumerism in World History: The Revolutions in World History Global Transformation of Desire Michael D. Richards Peter N. Stearns Migration in World History Warfare in World History Patrick Manning Michael S. Neiberg Sports in World History Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 Disease and Medicine in World David G. McComb History Sheldon Watts The United States in World History Edward J. Davies, II Western Civilization in World History Food in World History Peter N. Stearns Jeffrey M. Pilcher The Indian Ocean in World History Childhood in World History Milo Kearney Peter N. Stearns Religion in World History The Environment in World History John Super and Briane Turley Stephen Mosley Poverty in World History Agriculture in World History Steven M Beaudoin Mark B. Tauger Premodern Travel in World History Science in World History Steven S. Gosch and Peter N. Stearns James Trefil Premodern Trade in World History Alcohol in World History Richard L. Smith Gina Hames Sexuality in World History Human Rights in World History Peter N. Stearns Peter N. Stearns Globalization in World History Peace in World History Peter N. Stearns Peter N. Stearns Jews and Judaism in World History Howard N. Lupovitch Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 Peace in World History Peter N. Stearns Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 40 40 Routledge 40 Taylor &. Francis Croup NEW YORK AND LONDON First published 2014 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 And by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Taylor & Francis The right of Peter N. Stearns to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stearns, Peter N. Peace in world history / Peter N Stearns.—First edition. pages cm.—(Themes in world history) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. World history. 2. Peace. I. Title. D62.S74 2014 303.6'6—dc23 2013042311 ISBN: 978–0–415–71660–4 (hbk) ISBN: 978–0–415–71661–1 (pbk) ISBN: 978–1–315–87959–8 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 For Holden Jack, and a life of peace Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 Contents Acknowledgments x Introduction 1 1 Peace and early human societies 9 2 The great empires: Peace in Rome and China 23 3 Peace in the Buddhist tradition 35 4 Religion and peace in the postclassical age 47 5 Peace in a new age of empires 69 6 Peace in an industrial age 91 7 Peace in the decades of war 115 8 Peace in contemporary world history 139 9 Regional approaches to peace: The comparative challenge 160 Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 10 Peace ideas and peace movements after 1945 183 Epilogue 201 Index 205 Acknowledgments Christina Regelski provided invaluable research assistance for this book. Laura Bell went beyond the call of duty in readying the manuscript. My wife, Donna Kidd, encouraged the project from concept stage onward. I always appreciate the support of the Routledge series editor, Kimberly Guinta. Interaction with many faculty in George Mason’s School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution has educated me in many ways. I’m grateful to Kevin Avruch for his interest and guidance. My admiration also goes to Dr. Daisaku Ikeda, and the inspira- tion his ideas on peace have provided. Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 Introduction World history has not been kind to peace, either in human experience or in scholarship. While all sorts of people in many different societies and time peri- ods have craved peace, a successful devotion to peace is not usually as dramatic a goal as the pursuit of war. Most societies spend more time not at war than in war, but this statement is complicated by the extent to which wars may be planned or prepared during apparently peaceful interludes; and, as we will dis- cuss, it is certainly a rare moment in modern human history when a significant war is not occurring somewhere. That’s true today, and it has been true in the past. It’s also true that – in contrast to at least some other historical subjects – it’s impossible to paint a historical picture that suggests clear progress toward peace, despite some important efforts, at various points in time, in that direc- tion. We will see that there is a serious contention that right now, over the past 20 years, that the rate of global conflicts has been declining, and we have to assess this claim and whether it suggests a new stage in human affairs. But cer- tainly that past century has been a century of bloodshed, as people have learned how to kill each other in larger numbers than ever before. Here too, the study of peace may seem to go against the standard tide of history. Certainly historians have not for the most part treated peace kindly. There are far more studies of war than of peace. Survey histories, in most national and regional traditions, spend more time on war. The same is now true of the growing field of world history; to take a crude measure, it’s the rare index in a major textbook that lists peace as a topic at all. Of course there are countercur- Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:01 04 October 2016 rents. A beginning has been made in writing historical studies of peace, and certainly specific moments – a major treaty, the emergence of organizations devoted to peace – have their place. As a genre, peace study is gaining ground, and historical background normally plays a role here. Still, there’s little doubt that most people, at least in our society, think of history more in terms of war than of peace, and most history students gain little systematic knowledge about peace as a topic. At the popular level, the history of war can seem almost an obsession, par- ticularly among American males: to fill the hours of the History Channel on television, if World War II had not occurred, it would have had to be invented. 2 Introduction Military history is surpassed only by personal family history as a topic in the discipline, among the public in the United States.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Module Hi1200 Europe, 1000-1250
    MODULE HI1200 EUROPE, 1000-1250: WAR, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES Michaelmas Term Professor Robinson ( 10 ECTS ) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2 2. A Guide to Module HI1200 3 3. Lecture Topics 6 4. Essay Titles 6 5. Reading List 8 6. Tutorial Assignments 11 1 1. INTRODUCTION This module deals with social and political change in Europe during the two-and-a- half centuries of the development of the crusading movement. It focuses in particular on the internal development of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Byzantium (the Eastern Christian empire based on Constantinople) and the crusading colonies in the Near East. The most important themes are the development of royal and imperial authority, the structure of aristocratic society, rebellion and the threat of political disintegration, warfare as a primary function of the secular ruling class and the impact of war on the development of European institutions. Module HI1200 is available as an option to Single Honors, Two-Subject Moderatorship and History and Political Science Junior Freshman students. This module is a compulsory element of the Junior Freshman course in Ancient and Medieval History and Culture. The module may also be taken by Socrates students and Visiting students with the permission of the Department of History. Module HI1200 consists of two lectures each week throughout Michaelmas Term, together with a series of six tutorials, for which written assignments are required. The assessment of this module will take the form of: (1) an essay, which accounts for 20% of the over-all assessment of this module and (2) a two-hour examination in Trinity Term, which accounts for 80% of the over-all assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Jerusalem? Why Then? Erin Larson Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2010 Why Jerusalem? Why Then? Erin Larson Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Larson, Erin, "Why Jerusalem? Why Then?" (2010). All Theses. 783. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/783 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHY JERUSALEM? WHY THEN? A STUDY OF THE RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE OF JERUSALEM TO THE WEST IN 1095 A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts History by Erin Larson May, 2010 Accepted by: Dr. Caroline Dunn Clark, Committee Chair Dr. Steven Grosby Dr. Steven Marks i Abstract One of the fascinating aspects of this research is how what individuals believe to be true leads to collective action as a society. Research for this paper will show the evolution of Christian theology from the early Christian rejection of the physical world to the medieval reliance on physical people, places and objects as a connection to heaven. This paper will also track the creation of penitential warfare as a way of entering heaven. This paper will prove that Jerusalem was important to medieval Europeans for three reasons: saving the city from the Muslims was an act of penance, the city was a way into heaven and the city was a source of holy places and relics which provided Gods protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Age of Chivalry
    The Constraints Laws on Warfare in the Western World War Edited by Michael Howard, George J. Andreopoulos, and Mark R. Shulman Yale University Press New Haven and London Robert C . Stacey 3 The Age of Chivalry To those who lived during them, of course, the Middle Ages, as such, did not exist. If they lived in the middleof anything, most medieval people saw themselves as living between the Incarnation of God in Jesus and the end of time when He would come again; theirown age was thus a continuation of the era that began in the reign of Caesar Augustus with his decree that all the world should be taxed. The Age of Chivalry, however, some men of the time- mostly knights, the chevaliers, from whose name we derive the English word "chivalry"-would have recognized as an appropriate label for the years between roughly I 100 and 1500.Even the Age of Chivalry, however, began in Rome. In the chansons de geste and vernacular histories of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Hector, Alexander, Scipio, and Julius Caesar appear as the quintessential exemplars of ideal knighthood, while the late fourth or mid-fifth century Roman military writer Vcgetius remained far and away the most important single authority on the strategy and tactics of battle, his book On Military Matters (De re military passing in transla- tion as The Book of Chivalry from the thirteenth century on. The Middle Ages, then, began with Rome; and so must we if we are to study the laws of war as these developed during the Age of Chivalry.
    [Show full text]
  • The Clash Between Pagans and Christians: the Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309
    The Clash between Pagans and Christians: The Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309 Honors Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Donald R. Shumaker The Ohio State University May 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Heather J. Tanner, Department of History 1 The Baltic Crusades started during the Second Crusade (1147-1149), but continued into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands, the Baltic Crusades were implemented in order to combat the pagan tribes in the Baltic. These crusades were generally conducted by German and Danish nobles (with occasional assistance from Sweden) instead of contingents from England and France. Although the Baltic Crusades occurred in many different countries and over several centuries, they occurred as a result of common root causes. For the purpose of this study, I will be focusing on the northern crusades between 1147 and 1309. In 1309 the Teutonic Order, the monastic order that led these crusades, moved their headquarters from Venice, where the Order focused on reclaiming the Holy Lands, to Marienberg, which was on the frontier of the Baltic Crusades. This signified a change in the importance of the Baltic Crusades and the motivations of the crusaders. The Baltic Crusades became the main theater of the Teutonic Order and local crusaders, and many of the causes for going on a crusade changed at this time due to this new focus. Prior to the year 1310 the Baltic Crusades occurred for several reasons. A changing knightly ethos combined with heightened religious zeal and the evolution of institutional and ideological changes in just warfare and forced conversions were crucial in the development of the Baltic Crusades.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter the Hermit: Straddling the Boundaries of Lordship, Millennialism, and Heresy Stanley Perdios Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 peter the hermit: straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy Stanley Perdios Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Perdios, Stanley, "peter the hermit: straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12431. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12431 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peter the Hermit: Straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy by Stelios Vasilis Perdios A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History Program of Study Committee: Michael D. Bailey, Major Professor John W. Monroe Jana Byars Kevin Amidon Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Stelios Vasilis Perdios, 2012. All Rights reserved. ii Table of Contents Chapter Page Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: The Crisis of Secular Lordship 7 Chapter Three: The Crisis of Spiritual Lordship 35 Chapter Four: Lordship on the Eve of the Millennium 65 Chapter Five: Conclusion 95 Bibliography 99 1 Chapter One: Introduction When is a hermit not a hermit? When he is Peter the Hermit who led the Popular Crusade in the year 1096.
    [Show full text]
  • Capuchins As Crusaders: Southern Gaul Ill the Late Twelfth Century
    77 Capuchins as Crusaders: Southern Gaul ill the late Twelfth Century John France Swansea UniversIty The Peace and Truce of God has attracted much attention, both as something of importance in itself and because many have thought it played an important role in preparing men's minds for the appeal made at Clermont in 1095. Thi~ was finnly endorsed by Erdmann, Delaruelle and Duby, to name simply the most imporum~ and through them it passed into the common currency of crusader writing. l The only writer to have contested this view is Marcus Bull, who sharply doubts the impact of this movement on the anns-bearing laity by the end of the 11111 century. i This article is not concerned with its impact on the First Crusade, but on its continuance in southern Gaul in the twelfth century and the way in which the Capuchin movement, for all its apparent affinity with the Peace Movement, actually drew its inspiration and fonn from something quite different, the crusading movement This has not been recognised because the Capuchin movement was distorted by some medieval writers whose attitudes have powerfully influenced modem historians. The Capuchins were an armed fraternity which attempted to end the terrible disorders in central and southern Gaul caused by mercenary bands whose depredations reached a climax at this time. A vision of the Virgin, granted to a carpenter of I.e Puy in 1182, was said to have been inspired a wave of popular enthusiasm, as a result of which they enjoyed considerable success. They were called Capuchins (capuciaa) because they wore a distinctive hood and cloak bearing a badge of the Virgin and Child.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Latin Phrases (Full) 1 List of Latin Phrases (Full)
    List of Latin phrases (full) 1 List of Latin phrases (full) This page lists direct English translations of common Latin phrases. Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases, as Greek rhetoric and literature reached its peak centuries before that of ancient Rome. This list is a combination of the twenty divided "List of Latin phrases" pages, for users who have no trouble loading large pages and prefer a single page to scroll or search through. The content of the list cannot be edited here, and is kept automatically in sync with the separate lists through the use of transclusion. A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V References A Latin Translation Notes a bene placito from one well Or "at will", "at one's pleasure". This phrase, and its Italian (beneplacito) and Spanish (beneplácito) pleased derivatives, are synonymous with the more common ad libitum (at pleasure). a caelo usque ad from the sky to the Or "from heaven all the way to the center of the earth". In law, can refer to the obsolete cuius est solum centrum center eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos maxim of property ownership ("for whoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to the sky and down to the depths"). a capite ad calcem from head to heel From top to bottom; all the way through (colloquially "from head to toe"). Equally a pedibus usque ad caput. a contrario from the opposite Equivalent to "on the contrary" or "au contraire".
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Four Traditions on War and Peace in Christian History
    The Journal of Social Encounters Volume 2 Issue 1 Article 2 2018 An Overview of Four Traditions on War and Peace in Christian History Joseph J. Fahey [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters Part of the Christianity Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Fahey, Joseph J. (2018) "An Overview of Four Traditions on War and Peace in Christian History," The Journal of Social Encounters: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, 7-21. Available at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters/vol2/iss1/2 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Journal of Social Encounters by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Journal of Social Encounters An Overview of Four Traditions on War and Peace in Christian History Joseph J. Fahey* This essay examines four traditions on war and peace that have developed in Christian history. They are: Pacifism, Just War, Total War, and World Community.1 Pacifism characterized the earliest Christians; Just War appeared in the late fourth and fifth centuries; Total War in the eleventh century; and World Community began in the sixteenth century. All four positions continue today and are held by people who sincerely call themselves Christian. Globally the growing involvement of religious actors in violent conflicts and peacebuilding efforts, described in detail by Toft, Philpott and Shah (2011), has led to an increase in attention to the views of violence in peace in the world’s major religious traditions (see Kurtz, et al., 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Peacemaking in Medieval León and Castile, C. 1100-1230
    1 Peacemaking in Medieval León and Castile, c. 1100-1230 Submitted by Charles Thomas Tindal-Robertson, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Studies in July 2014. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. 2 Abstract In early mediaeval Christian Iberia, domestic peace was necessary in order to provide a concerted military effort against Islamic al-Andalus during the Reconquest. This was the case both before and after the partition of the Empire in 1157, and especially during the era of the ‘cinco reinos’. Peacemaking was required to counteract the tendency of the Christian kingdoms to rivalry, particularly over territorial disputes. It was largely achieved through diplomacy, both by successive royal peace treaties, and through dynastic marriage alliances. 3 Contents Introduction – 4; Peacemaking in the Early Medieval West - 4; Kingship and the Royal Prerogative to Wage War and Conclude Peace – 8; Historiography – 20; Iberian Historiography – 22; Research Aims and Methodology – 32; Sources - The Iberian Peace Treaties – 38. Chapter 1 – The Political Geography of Leon-Castile, c. 1100-1157 – 50; Introduction – 50; Historiography – 50; Precedents for Imperial Claims – 51; The Secession of Portugal -56; Castilian-Aragonese Rivalry – 59; The Issue of Navarre – 67; The Imperial Coronation of Emperor Alfonso VII – 73; Diplomacy and the Second Crusade – 75; Conclusion – 86.
    [Show full text]
  • War, Government and Society in the Age of the Crusades
    MODULE HI1200 EUROPE, 1000-1250: WAR, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES Professor Robinson Single Honors History, Two-Subject Moderatorship, History and Political Science, Ancient and Medieval History and Culture Module ECTS Value: 10 Broad Curriculum Module ECTS Value: 5 HI1200 - Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this module, students should be able to: • Outline chronologically key events and developments in the history of western Europe and the Near East during the high middle ages • Assess the causes and immediate consequences of the crusades • Discuss the core features of European society during the high middle ages • Analyse the impact of different aspects of political, social and military development on Europe during the high middle ages • Undertake a basic analysis and evaluation of selected primary sources in translation relating to European and crusading history in 1 the high middle agesPresent and discuss in written and oral format analysis of key questions relating to the history of Europe and the Near East during the high Middle Ages. 1. INTRODUCTION TO MODULE HI1200 This module deals with social and political change in Europe during the two-and-a- half centuries of the development of the crusading movement. It focuses in particular on the internal development of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Byzantium (the Eastern Christian empire based on Constantinople) and the crusading colonies in the Near East. The most important themes are the development of royal and imperial authority, the structure of aristocratic society, rebellion and the threat of political disintegration, warfare as a primary function of the secular ruling class and the impact of war on the development of European institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Pax Americana
    Pax Americana Pax Americana[1][2][3] (Latin for "American Peace", modeled after Pax Romana, Pax Britannica, and Pax Mongolica) is a term applied to the concept of relative peace in the Western Hemisphere and later the world beginning around the middle of the 20th century, thought to be caused by the preponderance of power enjoyed by the United States.[4] Although the term finds its primary utility in the latter half of the 20th century, it has been used with different meanings and eras, such as the post-Civil War era in North America,[5] and regionally in the Americas at the start of the 20th century. Pax Americana is primarily used in its modern connotations to refer to the peace among great powers established after the end of World War II in 1945, also called the Long Peace. In this modern sense, it has come to indicate the military and economic position of the United States in relation to other nations. For example, the Marshall Plan, which spent $13 billion to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, has been seen as "the launching of the pax americana".[6] The Latin term derives from Pax Romana of the Roman Empire. The term is most notably associated with Pax Britannica (1815– 1914) under the British Empire, which served as the global hegemon and constabulary from the late 18th century until the early 20th century.[7] Contents Early period Interwar period Modern period Pax Britannica heritage Late 20th century Contemporary power American imperialism See also References Further reading External links Early period The first articulation of a Pax Americana occurred after the end of the American Civil War with reference to the peaceful nature of the North American geographical region, and was abeyant at the commencement of the First World War.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relic Cult of St Patrick Between the Seventh and the Late Twelfth Centuries in Its European Contexts: a Focus on the Lives
    Erskine, Sarah Christine (2012) The relic cult of St Patrick between the seventh and the late twelfth centuries in its European contexts: A focus on the lives. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3398/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Relic Cult of St Patrick between the Seventh and the Late Twelfth Centuries in its European Contexts: A Focus on the Lives By Sarah Christine Erskine MA (Hons), MLitt A thesis presented to the University of Glasgow, School of Humanities, College of Arts. In fulfilment of the thesis requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Celtic Civilisation and History. December 2011 © Sarah Christine Erskine ii Acknowledgements I respectfully extend the first of these acknowledgements to my supervisors at Glasgow University, Professor Thomas Owen Clancy and Dr Marilyn Dunn. Thomas, ‘my Gaffer’, has loyally supported me in my intellectual pursuits and has offered invaluable advice whenever needed: I remain wholeheartedly grateful and proud to have learned so much from such a formidable and respected scholar.
    [Show full text]