DOCSLIB.ORG

Mycoflora Associated with the Goat's Hair and Sheep Wool in Taif, Saudi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mycoflora Associated with the Goat's Hair and Sheep Wool in Taif, Saudi Vol. 11(11), pp. 458-465, 21 March, 2017 DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2017-8462 Article Number: 9E112A863291 ISSN 1996-0808 African Journal of Microbiology Research Copyright © 2017 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR Full Length Research Paper Mycoflora associated with the goat’s hair and sheep wool in Taif, Saudi Arabia Mohamed Fadl Awad1,2 1Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-azhar University, Assuit Branch, Egypt. 2Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Received 24 January, 2017; Accepted 14 February, 2017 The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of mycoflora in 30 samples of healthy goat’s hair and sheep wool collected from different localities in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and the ability of some fungal isolates for keratinase activities. Sixty four species belonging to 28 genera were collected from the two substrates. The wool of sheep was polluted with fungi than goat hairs, and contained high total counts and number of fungal genera and species. Nine species of true dermatophytes isolated belonged to Microsporum (3 species) and Trichophyton (6 species). Several keratinophilic species were isolated of which, Chrysosporium indicum, Chrysosporium keratinophilum and Chrysosporium tropicum were the most prevalent. The commonest saprophytes in order of frequency were members of the genera, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Cochliobolus. In addition, the other genera found included Acremonium, Chaetomum, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Fusarium, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Phoma, Rhizopus, Scopulariopsis, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and others. Five species from 20 tested isolates (Aspergillus niger, C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum, Microsporum gypseum and Trichoderma viride) had high keratinase activity. The results of this study indicate that both goat hair and sheep wool provide a suitable habitat for dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. Most of these fungi play an important role in the degradation of keratin substrates, so that they can help preserve the environment and reduce pollution. Key words: Mycoflora, goat’s hair, sheep wool, keratinase activities, Saudi Arabia. INTRODUCTION Keratinophilic fungi are natural colonizers of keratinous groups. Hyphomycetes include dermatophytes and a substrates. Some are keratolytic and play an important great variety of non dermatophyte filamentous fungi. ecological role in decomposing α-keratins, insoluble They occur on cornfield debris in the soil and degrade fibrous proteins (Filipello Marchisio, 2000). Keratinophilic hard keratin and keratinous material. Therefore, they play fungi include a variety of filamentous fungi mainly an important ecological role in decomposing such residue comprising of hyphomycetes and several other taxonomic (Filipello Marchisio, 2000; Sharma and Rajak, 2003). *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +966561326724. Author(s) agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Awad 459 Animals are known to carry dermatophytes and other penicillin as bacteriostatic agents. The plates were incubated at keratinophilic fungi on their hairs. These animals may act 25°C for 2-4 weeks and the developing fungal colonies were as a source of human and animal infections by direct counted, identified (based on morphological and microscopic characters) and calculated per 10 hair fragments for each sample. contact or by contaminating working areas and dwelling The relative importance value (RN) was calculated (Ali-Shtayeh and places (Ripon, 1982). Therefore, the studies on Asad AI Sheikh, 1988; Shearer and Webster, 1985). dermatophytes and keratinophilic fungi present on the hair of domestic animals are of considerable significance. Keratinophilic fungi along with dermatophytes are The dilution-plate method responsible for various cutaneous mycoses. The dilution-plate method described by Johnson and Curl (1972) Dermatophytes require keratin for growth. These fungi was used for estimation of saprophytic fungi associated with the can cause different types of tinea in humans and animals. hair and wool. Czapek Dox Agar medium from Sigma (sucrose The majority of the fungi responsible for diseases in 30.0, sodium nitrate 3.0, potassium chloride 0.5, magnesium sulfate human beings and animals exist freely in nature as soil heptahydrate 0.5 iron(ii) sulfate heptahydrate 0.01, di-potassium saprophytes (Kumari et al., 2005). hydrogen phosphate 1.0, Agar 15.0) was used in which rose-bengal (1/15000) and chloramphenicol (25 µg/ml) was added as The presence of keratinophilic fungi on hairs of various bacteriostatic agents. Three plates were used for each sample and animals has been briefly reviewed by numerous the plates were incubated at 25°C for 2-3 weeks. The developing researchers in many parts of the world (Ali-Shtayeh et al., fungi were counted, identified and calculated per g hair. 2000; Dobrowolska et al., 2006; Al-Duboon and Farhan, 2007; Nichita and Marcu, 2010; Sallam and ALKolaibe, 2010; Jain and Sharma, 2012; Emenuga and Oyeka, Screening of fungi for keratinase activity 2013; Enany et al., 2013). Twenty fungal isolates were screened by using solid medium Keratin is the major component of poultry feathers method (Wawrzkiewiez et al., 1991). Chicken feather was cut into waste. Distribution of keratinolytic microbes in the nature small fragments, washed extensively with water and detergent and is widespread. Some fungal strains can produce keratin dried in a ventilated oven at 40°C for 72 h to prepare feather proteases which have keratolytic activity and can powder. The feather powder which was the only source of carbon, was added to the sterile agar medium. The diameter of the clear keratinolyse feather. These enzymes have been zone was measured after 7 days at room temperature to quantify produced by fungi, including the species of Aspergillus activity. Keratinase activity of fungus was detected as a clear zone spp., Cochliobolus spp., Mucor spp. and Penicillium spp. around the colony. (Friedrich et al., 1999; Soomro et al., 2012; Ramakrishnaiah et al., 2013; Singh, 2014; Singh et al., 2016). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The aim of this investigation was to study the occurrence, distribution and prevalence of mycoflora Dermatophytic and keratinophilic fungi (using hair associated with goat’s hair and sheep wool in Taif, Saudi baiting technique) Arabia and the ability of some fungal isolates for keratolytic activity. Sixteen species belonging to 3 genera of dermatophytes and closely related fungi were isolated from goat (13 species and 3 genera) and sheep hairs (14 species and 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS genera). The most contaminated hairs were that of sheep Thirty samples of each of healthy goat’s hair and sheep wool were with the higher total counts (226 isolates/300 fragments) collected from different localities in Taif, Saudi Arabia. The samples and a wide spectrum of species (14 species) than that of were placed in sterile polyethylene bags, transferred immediately to goat (174 isolates and 13 species) as shown in Table 1. the laboratory, and stored in a refrigerator (3-5°C) until examination. Similar observations were obtained from goats and sheep For isolation of mycobiota associated with hair or wool samples, two in many parts of the world (Nasser and Abdel-Sater, methods were used: 1997; El-Said et al., 2009; Sallam and ALKolaibe, 2010). Chrysosporium was the most frequent genus and Hair-baiting technique emerged in 90 and 96.6% of the samples comprising 83.3 and 80.5% of total isolates and have relative For isolation of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi, the importance value RIV of 173.3 and 177.1 of goat and hair-baiting technique (Vanbreuseghem, 1952) was employed. Five fragments from each sample were scattered on the surface of sheep, respectively. This genus was also isolated from moistened sterile soil (20 to 25% moisture content) in sterile plates goat and sheep hairs in Yemen as reported by Sallam (3 plates for each sample). The plates were incubated at 25°C for and ALKolaibe (2010), indicating that Chrysosporium was 10-12 weeks and the soil in plates was remoistened with sterile recorded in 73 and 68% of the goat hairs and sheep wool distilled water whenever necessary. The molds which appear on the samples constituting 57.1 and 47.1% of total fungi, hair fragments were transferred to the surface of Sabouraud's respectively. Also, in Libya, El-Said et al. (2009) dextrose agar medium from Sigma (mycological peptone 10.00, dextrose 40.00, agar 15.00) in 1000 ml of distilled water (Moss and observed that Chrysosporium was the most frequent McQuown, 1969). The medium was supplemented with 0.5 g genus and emerged in 92 and 96% of the samples cycloheximide (actidione), 40 μg/ml streptomycin and 20 units/ml comprising 91.2 and 87.8% of the total isolates and have 460 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. Table 1. Total isolates (TI, calculated per 300 hair fragments), number of cases of isolation (NCI, out of 30 samples), occurrence remarks (OR) and relative importance values (RIV) of dermatophytic and keratinophilic fungi recovered from hairs of 30 animals of each goats and sheep at 25°C. Goats hair Sheep wool TI NCI & OR RIV TI NCI & OR RIV Chrysosporium 145 27H 173.3 182 29H 177.1 C. asperatium Carmichael 13 5L 24.1 - - C dermatitidis Carmichael 13 8L 34.1 15 8M 33.3 C. indicum (Randhawa and Sandhau) Garg 15 8M 35.2 17 6L 27.5 C. keratinophilum D. Frey ex J.W. Carmich. 45 12M 65.9 73 19H 95.6 C. pannorum (Link) Hughes - - - 3 2R 8.0 C. tropicum Carmichael 49 10M 61.5 62 14M 74.0 C. xerophilum Pitt 10 6L 25.8 12 4L 18.6 Microsporum 5 3R 12.9 9 7L 27.3 M. canis Bodin - - - 1 1R 3.8 M. ferrugineum M. Ota - - - 2 2R 7.5 M. gypseum (E. Bodin) Guiart & Grigoraki 5 3R 12.9 6 5L 19.3 Trichophyton 24 16H 67.1 35 18H 75.48 T.ajelloi (Vanbreus.) Ajello 2 2R 7.8 - - - T.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 43-09-405 and 407 Final Combine
    Pak. J. Bot ., 44(6): 2093-2102, 2012. A NEW SPECIES OF TIAROSPORELLA AZADARICHTA AND NEW FUNGAL RECORDS ON AZADIRACHTA INDICA FROM PAKISTAN SYED QAISER ABBAS 1, TEHREEMA IFTIKHAR 1* , MUBASHIR NIAZ 1, IFTIKHAR ALI 1, NABILA IFTIKHAR 1 AND ALIA ABBAS 2 1Department of Botany, Government College University, Alama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University, Karachi, Pakistan *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species of Tiarosporella azadarichta has been described on Azadirachta indica and some new fungal records viz ., Diplozythiella bambusina , Ulocladium chartarum , Cladosporium nigrellum, Cladosporium oxysporum. Didymostilbe coffeae , Muellerella pygmaea, Lasiodiplodia paraphysaria, Monochaetinula terminalae, Trimmatostroma sp., and Epidermophyton floccosum are reported on Azadirachta indica for the first time from Pakistan. Introduction reason a detailed survey of the plant for fungi was under taken in this study. Azadirachta indica (as Azadirachta Juss, Melia azadirachta ) belong to the family Meliaceae. Neem is its Materials and Methods common name. It is important due to its commercial and medicinal value. Azadirachta indica is also an important Samples of Azadirachta indica were collected from plant for its potential of anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and the different areas of District Faisalabad and Gojra. The insecticidal activity. Decline of trees due to fungi are different areas were G.C. University. Faisalabad, increasing tremendously in Pakistan especially in Punjab Agriculture University Faisalabad, Gutwala forest (park) and Sindh (Javed et al ., 2004; Khanzada et al ., 2011; Fateh Faisalabad, Tandlianwala and Gojra City. Methods and et al., 2011; Rheman et al., 2011; Farooq et al., 2011). materials are the same as described Abbas et al ., (2010).
    [Show full text]
  • An Unusual Haemoid Fungi: Ulocladium, As a Cause Of
    Volume 2 Number 2 (June 2010) 95-97 CASE Report An unusual phaeoid fungi: Ulocladium, as a cause of chronic allergic fungal sinusitis Kaur R, Wadhwa A1,Gulati A2, Agrawal AK2 1Department of Microbiology. 2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India. Received: April 2010, Accepted: May 2010. ABSTRACT Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) has been recognized as an important cause of chronic sinusitis commonly caused by Aspergillus spp. and various dematiaceous fungi like Bipolaris, Alternaria, Curvalaria, and etc. Ulocladium botrytis is a non pathogenic environmental dematiaceous fungi, which has been recently described as a human pathogen. Ulocladium has never been associated with allergic fungal sinusitis but it was identified as an etiological agent of AFS in a 35 year old immunocompetent female patient presenting with chronic nasal obstruction of several months duration to our hospital. The patient underwent FESS and the excised polyps revealed Ulocladium as the causative fungal agent. Keywords: Ulocladium, Phaeoid Fungi, Chronic Sinusitis. INTRODUCTION CASE REPORT Chronic allergic sinusitis is a common condition A 35 year old female patient presented to the ENT responsible for the development of nasal polyps, out patient department of the Lok Nayak Hospital, described as abnormal lesions that emanate from Delhi, with chronic nasal obstruction, excessive any portion of the nasal mucosa or Para nasal sneezing, nasal discharge and frontal headache since sinuses. They are commonly located in the middle several months. Nasal obstruction was of gradual meatus and ethmoid sinus and are present in onset, non progressive, more on the left side than 1-4% of the population (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Cutaneous Infection Caused by Ulocladium Chartarum in a Heart Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Review
    Acta Derm Venereol 2003; 83: 218–221 CLINICAL REPORT Cutaneous Infection Caused by Ulocladium chartarum in a Heart Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Review MARI´A TERESA DURA´ N1, JESU´ S DEL POZO2, MARI´A TERESA YEBRA3, MARI´A GENEROSA CRESPO4, MARI´A JESU´ S PANIAGUA4, MARI´A ANGELES CABEZO´ N5 and JOSEP GUARRO6 Departments of 1Microbiology, 2Dermatology, 3Pathology, 4Cardiology, and 5Plastic Surgery, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, A Corun˜a, Spain, 6Unit of Microbiology, Facultat de Medicina i Cie`ncies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain A cutaneous mycoses caused by Ulocladium chartarum in On physical examination, a 6-cm2 sharply demarcated a heart transplant recipient is reported. The infection plaque on the dorsal area of his right big toe was noticed. cleared after complete surgical excision and 6 months of The lesion had a granular surface and a vermiculate oral itraconazole therapy. In vitro activity of amphoter- consistency (Fig. 1). No additional lesions were observed. icin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ravucona- A cutaneous biopsy was obtained. The histopatho- zole and terbinafine against the clinical isolate is shown. logic examination of the biopsy revealed a granuloma- Key words: dermatomycoses; immunocompromised host; tous dermal infiltrate and scarce stellate abscesses. The skin diseases. granuloma and the margins of the abscesses were com- posed of lymphocytes, histiocytes, epithelioid cells and (Accepted February 3, 2003.) multinucleated giant cells. In tissue sections stained Acta Derm Venereol 2003; 83: 218–221. with hematoxylin-eosin, numerous rounded, refringent, hyaline or slightly eosinophilic thick-walled fungal struc- Ma Teresa Dura´n Valle, Servicio de Microbiologı´a, tures were present in the granuloma and within the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, giant cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Monograph on Dematiaceous Fungi
    Monograph On Dematiaceous fungi A guide for description of dematiaceous fungi fungi of medical importance, diseases caused by them, diagnosis and treatment By Mohamed Refai and Heidy Abo El-Yazid Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 2014 1 Preface The first time I saw cultures of dematiaceous fungi was in the laboratory of Prof. Seeliger in Bonn, 1962, when I attended a practical course on moulds for one week. Then I handled myself several cultures of black fungi, as contaminants in Mycology Laboratory of Prof. Rieth, 1963-1964, in Hamburg. When I visited Prof. DE Varies in Baarn, 1963. I was fascinated by the tremendous number of moulds in the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, Netherlands. On the other hand, I was proud, that El-Sheikh Mahgoub, a Colleague from Sundan, wrote an internationally well-known book on mycetoma. I have never seen cases of dematiaceous fungal infections in Egypt, therefore, I was very happy, when I saw the collection of mycetoma cases reported in Egypt by the eminent Egyptian Mycologist, Prof. Dr Mohamed Taha, Zagazig University. To all these prominent mycologists I dedicate this monograph. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Refai, 1.5.2014 Heinz Seeliger Heinz Rieth Gerard de Vries, El-Sheikh Mahgoub Mohamed Taha 2 Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. 30. The genus Rhinocladiella 83 2. Description of dematiaceous 6 2. 31. The genus Scedosporium 86 fungi 2. 1. The genus Alternaria 6 2. 32. The genus Scytalidium 89 2.2. The genus Aurobasidium 11 2.33. The genus Stachybotrys 91 2.3. The genus Bipolaris 16 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Recurrence of Stachybotrys Chartarum During Mycological And
    Recurrence of Stachybotrys chartarum during mycological and toxicological study of bioaerosols collected in a dairy cattle shed Caroline Lanier, Veronique Andre, Virginie Seguin, Natacha Heutte, Anne El Kaddoumi, Valérie Bouchart, Rachel Picquet, David Garon To cite this version: Caroline Lanier, Veronique Andre, Virginie Seguin, Natacha Heutte, Anne El Kaddoumi, et al.. Recur- rence of Stachybotrys chartarum during mycological and toxicological study of bioaerosols collected in a dairy cattle shed. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine (AAEM), Institute of Agricultural Medicine in Lublin, 2012, 19 (1), pp.61-67. hal-02186772 HAL Id: hal-02186772 https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02186772 Submitted on 13 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 2012, Vol 19, No 1, 61-67 ORIGINAL ARTICLE www.aaem.pl Recurrence of Stachybotrys chartarum during mycological and toxicological study of bioaerosols collected in a dairy cattle shed Caroline Lanier1, Véronique André1, Virginie Séguin1, Natacha Heutte1, Anne El Kaddoumi1, Valérie Bouchart2, Rachel Picquet2, David Garon1 1 Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France 2 Laboratoire Départemental Frank Duncombe, Conseil Général du Calvados, Saint Contest, France Lanier C, André V, Séguin V, Heutte N, Kaddoumi A, Bouchart V, Picquet R, Garon D.
    [Show full text]
  • HHE Report No. HETA-1999-0014-3094, Springdale
    This Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) report and any recommendations made herein are for the specific facility evaluated and may not be universally applicable. Any recommendations made are not to be considered as final statements of NIOSH policy or of any agency or individual involved. Additional HHE reports are available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/ Workplace Safety and Health Evaluation of Mold Contamination in a Hotel Before and After Remediation Kenneth Martinez, CIH, MSEE Douglas Trout, MD, MHS Kenneth Wallingford, MS, CIH Chandran Achutan, PhD Mitchell Singal, MD, MPH Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 1999-0014-3094 Springdale Best Western Hotel Cincinnati, Ohio November 2009 Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health The employer shall post a copy of this report for a period of 30 calendar days at or near the workplace(s) of affected employees. The employer shall take steps to insure that the posted determinations are not altered, defaced, or covered by other material during such period. [37 FR 23640, November 7, 1972, as amended at 45 FR 2653, January 14, 1980]. CONTENTS REPO R T Highlights of the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation .............ii Summary ............................................................................ iii Introduction ..........................................................................1 Background .........................................................................1 Methods ...............................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Orthologous Allergens and Diagnostic Utility of Major Allergen Alt
    Original Article Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2016 September;8(5):428-437. http://dx.doi.org/10.4168/aair.2016.8.5.428 pISSN 2092-7355 • eISSN 2092-7363 Orthologous Allergens and Diagnostic Utility of Major Allergen Alt a 1 Antonio Moreno,1 Fernando Pineda,2* Javier Alcover,2 David Rodríguez,2 Ricardo Palacios,2 Eduardo Martínez-Naves3 1Allergy Service, Hospital of Cuenca, Cuenca, Spain 2DIATER laboratories, Madrid, Spain 3Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Purpose: Hypersensitivity to fungi is associated with rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma. For some fungi, such as Alternaria alternata (A. alternata), the symptoms of asthma are persistent, increasing disease severity and the risk of fatal outcomes. There are a large number of species of fungi but knowledge of them remains limited. This, together with the difficulties in obtaining adequate standardized extracts, means that there remain signifi- cant challenges in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of allergy associated with fungi. The type of indoor fungi related to asthma/allergy varies ac- cording to geographic, climatic, and seasonal factors, making their study difficult. The aim of this study was to determine hypersensitivity to indoor fungi in a population from Cuenca, Spain. Methods: Thirty-five patients with symptoms compatible with rhinitis or asthma who showed clear wors- ening of their symptoms in their homes or workplace were included.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Spaceflight on Growth of Ulocladium Chartarum Colonies on the International Space Station
    The Effect of Spaceflight on Growth of Ulocladium chartarum Colonies on the International Space Station Ioana Gomoiu1*, Elias Chatzitheodoridis2, Sonia Vadrucci3, Isabelle Walther3 1 Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy of Science, Bucharest, Romania, 2 School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece, 3 Space Biology Group, ETH Zu¨rich, Zu¨rich, Switzerland Abstract The objectives of this 14 days experiment were to investigate the effect of spaceflight on the growth of Ulocladium chartarum, to study the viability of the aerial and submerged mycelium and to put in evidence changes at the cellular level. U. chartarum was chosen for the spaceflight experiment because it is well known to be involved in biodeterioration of organic and inorganic substrates covered with organic deposits and expected to be a possible contaminant in Spaceships. Colonies grown on the International Space Station (ISS) and on Earth were analysed post-flight. This study clearly indicates that U. chartarum is able to grow under spaceflight conditions developing, as a response, a complex colony morphotype never mentioned previously. We observed that spaceflight reduced the rate of growth of aerial mycelium, but stimulated the growth of submerged mycelium and of new microcolonies. In Spaceships and Space Stations U. chartarum and other fungal species could find a favourable environment to grow invasively unnoticed in the depth of surfaces containing very small amount of substrate, posing a risk factor for biodegradation of structural components, as well as a direct threat for crew health. The colony growth cycle of U. chartarum provides a useful eukaryotic system for the study of fungal growth under spaceflight conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Fungal Names
    INDEX OF FUNGAL NAMES Alternaria cerealis 187 Alternaria cetera 188–189 Alphabetical list of fungal species, genera and families treated in Alternaria chartarum 201 the Taxonomy sections of the included manuscripts. Alternaria chartarum f. stemphylioides 201 Alternaria cheiranthi 189 A Alternaria chlamydospora 190, 199 Alternaria chlamydosporigena 190 Acicuseptoria 376–377 Alternaria “chlamydosporum” 199 Acicuseptoria rumicis 376–377 Alternaria chrysanthemi 204 Allantozythia 384 Alternaria cichorii 200 Allewia 183 Alternaria cinerariae 202 Allewia eureka 193 Alternaria cinerea 207 Allewia proteae 193 Alternaria cirsinoxia 200 Alternaria 183, 186, 190, 193, 198, 207 Alternaria citriarbusti 187 Alternaria abundans 189 Alternaria citrimacularis 187 Alternaria acalyphicola 200 Alternaria colombiana 187 Alternaria agerati 200 Alternaria concatenata 201 Alternaria agripestis 200 Alternaria conjuncta 196 Alternaria allii 191 Alternaria conoidea 188 Alternaria alternantherae 185 Alternaria “consortiale” 204 Alternaria alternariae 206 Alternaria consortialis 204 Alternaria alternarina 195 Alternaria crassa 200 Alternaria cretica 200 Alternaria alternata 183, 185–186 Alternaria cucumerina 200 Alternaria anagallidis 200 Alternaria cucurbitae 204 Alternaria angustiovoidea 187 Alternaria cumini 193 Alternaria anigozanthi 193 Alternaria cyphomandrae 201 Alternaria aragakii 200 Alternaria danida 201 Alternaria araliae 199 Alternaria dauci 201 Alternaria arborescens 187, 201 Alternaria daucicaulis 196 Alternaria arbusti 195 Alternaria daucifollii 187
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Control of Spoilage Fungi in Dairy Products: an Update
    microorganisms Review Diversity and Control of Spoilage Fungi in Dairy Products: An Update Lucille Garnier 1,2 ID , Florence Valence 2 and Jérôme Mounier 1,* 1 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM EA3882), Université de Brest, Technopole Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; [email protected] 2 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf (STLO), AgroCampus Ouest, INRA, 35000 Rennes, France; fl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)2-90-91-51-00; Fax: +33-(0)2-90-91-51-01 Received: 10 July 2017; Accepted: 25 July 2017; Published: 28 July 2017 Abstract: Fungi are common contaminants of dairy products, which provide a favorable niche for their growth. They are responsible for visible or non-visible defects, such as off-odor and -flavor, and lead to significant food waste and losses as well as important economic losses. Control of fungal spoilage is a major concern for industrials and scientists that are looking for efficient solutions to prevent and/or limit fungal spoilage in dairy products. Several traditional methods also called traditional hurdle technologies are implemented and combined to prevent and control such contaminations. Prevention methods include good manufacturing and hygiene practices, air filtration, and decontamination systems, while control methods include inactivation treatments, temperature control, and modified atmosphere packaging. However, despite technology advances in existing preservation methods, fungal spoilage is still an issue for dairy manufacturers and in recent years, new (bio) preservation technologies are being developed such as the use of bioprotective cultures. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the diversity of spoilage fungi in dairy products and the traditional and (potentially) new hurdle technologies to control their occurrence in dairy foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Forest Tree Seed Health for Germplasm Conservation 2010-TPFQ-16 Agenda: 14.1 Forest Tree Seed Health for Germplasm Conservation
    IPGRI TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 6 Forest tree seed health tree Forest Forest Tree Seed Health For Germplasm Conservation 2010-TPFQ-16 Agenda: 14.1 Forest tree seed health for germplasm conservation J.R. Sutherland, M. Diekmann and P. Berjak, editors Technical Bulletin No. 6 Technical IPGRI is a Future Harvest Centre supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) IPGRI ISBN 92-9043-515-1 Page 1 of 89 Forest Tree Seed Health For Germplasm Conservation 2010-TPFQ-16 Agenda: 14.1 IPGRI Technical Bulletins are published by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute with the intention of putting forward definitive recommendations for techniques in genetic resources. They are specifically aimed at National Programme and genebank personnel. Previous titles in this series: A protocol to determine seed storage behaviour T.D. Hong and R.H. Ellis IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 1, 1996. Molecular tools in plant genetic resources conservation: a guide to the technologies A. Karp, S. Kresovich, K.V. Bhat, W.G. Ayad and T. Hodgkin IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 2, 1997. Core collections of plant genetic resources Th.J.L. van Hintum, A.H.D. Brown, C. Spillane and T. Hodgkin IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 3, 2000. Design and analysis of evaluation trials of genetic resources collections Statistical Services Centre and University of Reading IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 4, 2001. Accession management: combining or splitting accessions as a tool to improve germplasm management efficiency N.R. Sackville Hamilton, J.M.M. Engels, Th.J.L. van Hintum, B. Koo and M. Smale IPGRI Technical Bulletin No.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of the Reference Genes for Qrt-PCR Normalization and Expression Levels of MAT Genes Under Various Conditions in Ulocladium
    Determination of the reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization and expression levels of MAT genes under various conditions in Ulocladium Li-Guo Ma1 and Yun Geng2 1 Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China 2 Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China ABSTRACT The genus Ulocladium is thought to be strictly asexual. One of the possible reasons for the lack of sexuality in Ulocladium species is the absence of the stimulus of environmental factors. Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes is controlled by a specific region in the genome referred to as mating-type locus (MAT) that consists of two dissimilar DNA sequences in the mating partners, termed MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs. To identify the response of MAT loci to environmental conditions, the mRNA transcription level of MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes was tested using qRT-PCR under different temperatures (−20 C, −10 C, 0 C, 10 C, 20 C, 30 C and 40 C), culture medias (CM, OA, HAY, PCA, PDA and V8), photoperiods (24 h light, 24 h dark, 12 h light/12 h dark, 10 h light/14 h dark and 8 h light/16 h dark), and CO2 concentrations (0.03%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). For obtaining reliable results from qRT-PCR, the most stable internal control gene and optimal number of reference genes for normalization were determined under different treatments. The results showed that there is no universal internal control gene that is expressed at a constant level under different experimental treatments.
    [Show full text]