HISTORY GCSE KNOWLEDGE ORGANISERS

ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN ENGLAND, C1060-1088 MEDICINE THROUGH TIME, C1250-PRESENT WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY, 1918-1939 SUPERPOWER RELATIONS AND THE COLD WAR, 1941-91

ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN ENGLAND, C1060-1088

KNOWLEDGE ORGANISERS

KEY TOPIC 1: ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND AND THE NORMAN CONQUEST, 1060-66

KEY TOPIC 2: WILLIAM I IN POWER: SECURING THE KINGDOM, 1066-87

KEY TOPIC 3: NORMAN ENGLAND, 1066-88

EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN ENGLAND, C1066-88

KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 1, ‘ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND AND THE NORMAN CONQUEST, 1060-66’

1 What were the people who settled in England after the Romans left called? Anglo-Saxons

2 What was the name given to free peasants who could work for another lord as well as their local one? Ceorls

3 What was the name given to the local lords, who lived in manor houses? Thegns

4 What was the measurement used for land, equivalent to 120 acres, during the Anglo-Saxon period? Hides

5 Which group of people, the most important aristocrats in the land, gave loyalty to the king? Earls Law-making; Money production;

6 Society Saxon

- What powers did an Anglo-Saxon king have? Landownership; Military & Taxation

7 Anglo What was the name of the council which would advise the king? The Witan

8 Which issues would they advise the king on? Foreign opposition; Religion & Land

9 Which group of men, one from every five hides, were part of the Anglo-Saxon army & fleet? Fyrd

10 Which group of people were responsible for collecting geld taxes, enforcing laws and providing men for the fyrd? Shire reeves

11 From which king was power bestowed on the house of Godwin? King Cnut

12 How did Harold Godwin become closer to the royal family? Edward married his sister, Edith

13 Who was the only significant rival to the Godwins? Aelfgar, Earl of Mercia

Tostig, Earl of Northumbria & Gyrth, Earl 14 Other than Harold, Earl of Wessex, and Aelfgar, Earl of Mercia, who else controlled England? of East Anglia 15 When Harold Godwinson travelled to France in the summer of 1064, who was he captured by? Count Guy of Ponthieu

16 The purpose of this mission is clouded in mystery; what is the Norman interpretation of the mission? To swear allegiance to William To rescue Harold’s brother and his 17 What is the Anglo-Saxon interpretation of the purpose of this mission? Edwardthe Confessor nephew, Wulfnoth & Hakon 18 Who did Tostig replace to become Earl of Northumbria? Earl Siward His friendship with Malcolm III of 19 What were the reasons that contributed to the rising against Tostig in 1065? Scotland, high taxes & cruel punishments 20 How did Harold, and the king’s other advisers, react to the thegns rebellion against Tostig? They agreed that Tostig was to blame

21 Which Anglo-Saxon king died in 1066 with no clear heir? Edward the Confessor

22 Which Anglo-Saxon earl was crowned following the death of the king? Harold Godwinson

23 The claimant to the throne was the Earl of what area of England? Wessex

24 William was Duke of what area in northern France? Normandy Edward the Confessor promised him the 25 What did William claim happened in 1051, which lay at the root of his claim? English throne

26 Who sent a banner to William showing support for his cause? The Pope RivalClaimants 27 Which king of Norway also claimed the English throne? Harald Hardrada

28 Who betrayed Harold Godwinson by joining the Vikings? Tostig (his brother)

29 For how long did the Anglo-Saxon army march to meet the Vikings, once they had invaded northeast England? Four days

30 At what battle did the Anglo-Saxons defeat the Vikings in September 1066? Stamford Bridge

31 What was the name of the battle that took place between Harold and William on October 14th, 1066? The Battle of Hastings

32 What were the names of the elite troops belonging to both William and Harold? William’s knights & Harold’s housecarls

33 Approximately how many soldiers fought in each of the two armies? 7,000

34 What did William ‘break’ that gave him the critical advantage over Harold? The shield wall

35 What was the military tactic that some historians suspect William used to achieve this? Feigned retreat William set sail when Harold had 36 Why do some historians suggest that leadership was an important factor in William’s victory? disbanded his forces

37 Where did William and his troops construct this fortress? Pevensey TheInvasion Norman Deciding to fight immediately after 38 Why do some historians suggest that Harold’s failures were an important factor in William’s victory? Stamford Bridge rather than regroup Harald Hardrada invaded York causing 39 Why do some historians suggest that luck was an important factor in William’s victory? Godwinson to move north 40 What is the name of the tapestry on which the entire battle is depicted? Bayeux

1015 King Cnut conquers England 1050 Godwin is exiled 1062 The Godwins defeat Gruffudd ap Llywelyn

1016 Edward goes into exile 1051 Godwin returns with an army 1064 Harold’s embassy

1018 King Cnut gives power to Godwin 1053 Godwin dies; his earldom passes to Harold 1065 Uprising against Tostig; Tostig exiled

1043 Edward becomes king of England 1055 Tostig becomes Earl of Northumbria 1066 Battle of Hastings

1045 Edith marries Edward 1057 Leofwine & Gyrth also become earls 1070 Bayeux Tapestry KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 2, ‘WILLIAM I IN POWER: SECURING THE KINGDOM, 1066-87’

1 Who did the Witan elect king of England after the Battle of Hastings? Edgar the Aethling

2 Where did the new king and his followers finally submit to William? Berkhamstead

3 What did William promise in return? To be a ‘gracious lord’

4 On which day was William crowned king of England? 25th December 1066

5 Which Anglo-Saxon earls did William reward for their loyalty? Edwin & Morcar

6 How did William reward his followers? Giving gifts and granting land

7 EstablishingControl What was the name given to the highly fortified borderlands of Chester, Shrewsbury and Hereford? The March of Wales

8 How many castles are estimated to have been William built during William’s reign? 500 A palisade; a keep; a gatehouse; a bailey; a 9 What features did a motte and bailey castle have? ditch and a motte 10 Why did the Normans build castles? To have a base and as a symbol of power

11 Which earls revolted in 1068? Edwin & Morcar Loss of lands, high taxes, badly run 12 Why did they revolt? government and castles

13 Which of William’s supporters, and the Earl of Northumbria, was killed in January 1069? Robert Cumin Saxon resistance Saxon 14 - What is the name given to the governor of a castle and its surrounding areas? Castellan

15 Who launched attacks on the eastern coast of England, with the help of Edgar the Aethling’s Scottish troops? The Danes

16 What did Henry pay the Danes to leave England? The Danelaw

17 What is the name given to the campaign launched on the north following the rebellions? The Harrying (Harrowing) of the North

18 Which rebel leader led the attack on Peterborough and the Isle of Ely? Hereward the Wake

19 After which battle did Eadric the Wild abandon his rebellion against the Marcher earls? The Battle of Shrewsbury

The causes and outcomes of Anglo Theof causes and outcomes Morcar was imprisoned for life and Edwin 20 What happened to Edwin & Morcar? was killed by his own men

The death of Cumin, the rebels used 21 What were the main reasons for William harrying the north? guerrilla tactics & fear of Danish invasion

22 How many people were said to have died as a result of the Harrying of the North? 100,000

23 What was the name of the book which surveyed every landholding in England in 1085? The Domesday Book

24 What was the name given to the large land-holders of Norman England who held land directly from the king? Tenants-in-chief 2; Thurkhill of Arden & Colswein of 25 Of the 190 tenants-in-chiefs, how many were Anglo-Saxon? Lincoln His half-brothers Bishop Odo & Robert of 26 Other than the king, himself, who held the most land in England by 1086? Mortain 27 Whose land was the first to be forfeited in 1066? The Godwinsons’

28 1087 resistance Theto legacy of Which group of people did the tenants-in-chiefs usurp? Thegns

29 What is the name of someone who holds land in return for services to their Norman lord? Vassal

30 How did William maintain royal power? Control of coinage, land and oath-taking

Ralph de Gael, Roger de Breteuil & 31 Which earls, of East Anglia, Hereford & Northumbria, launched the revolt against King William I in 1075? Waltheof 32 What was unique about the rebellion of 1075? It included Normans

33 Who agreed to help the rebels? Cnut, son of King Sweyn of Denmark

Loss of lands, privileges & William’s 34 Why did the earls decide to rebel? absence 35 Why did the earls rebellion fail before it had even began? The Danes failed to arrive in time

36 Which rebel leader betrayed the other two? Waltheof

37 Who did he inform about the rebellion? Bishop Lanfranc, the regent in England Revolt of the Earls, 1075 of Revolt 38 What is the term used when someone is banished from the Catholic Church? Excommunication

39 Which clergyman prevented the rebels crossing the river Severn? Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester Ralph escaped, Roger was imprisoned & 40 What happened to three rebel leaders? Waltheof was executed

1066 (October) William marches on London 1069 (January) Earl Cumin is killed 1070 Hereward the Wake leads a rebellion (February) Uprising in York. Edgar joins 1066 (December) William I crowned King of England 1069 1070 Morcar’s lands are forfeited uprising from Scotland. The Anglo-Saxon chronicle reports that many 1067 1069 (December) William pays the Danes to leave 1071 Edwin’s lands are forfeited castles are being built to “oppress” the people 1068 Edwin & Morcar launch a rebellion 1069 Harrying of the North 1075 The Earls’ Revolt

1068 Maerleswein’s lands are forfeited 1070 King Sweyn leads a Danish fleet to England 1076 Waltheof’s lands are forfeited KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 3, ‘NORMAN ENGLAND, 1066-88’

1 What did William I’s feudal system create, which meant that people were organised into classes? A hierarchy

2 What is the land held by a vassal in return for service to a lord called? Fief

3 What was the name given to the act of providing a knight to the king in exchange for a grant of land? Knight service

4 How many knights do historians suspect lived and worked in Norman England? 6,000

5 How did William use land to create loyalty amongst his tenants-in-chiefs? Forcing them to pay homage

6 Who replaced the Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, in 1070? Lanfranc

7 Who was the one remaining Anglo-Saxon bishop after 1070? Wulfstan bishop of Worcester

8 Who was William concerned might try and influence his Norman Church leaders? The Pope TheChurch System Feudal the and

9 In what ways was Anglo-Saxon ‘Normanised’ (made more like Normandy)? 500

10 With whom did William break off trading? Scandinavia

11 What aspect of Anglo-Saxon government did William retain? The Witan

12 What did William do to the earldoms, such as Wessex & Mercia? Made them smaller or removed them

13 What did William frequently use to guard his kingdoms in France and England as he travelled between them? Regents

14 What is the name given to the land that the king or a tenant would keep for his own use rather than granting it? A demesne (pronounced ‘de-mean’)

15 Which group of loyal Normans were most responsible for Anglo-Saxon land grabs? Sheriffs

16 How much English land did William hold as part of his royal demesne in 1086? 18%

17 Which laws were brought in to protect the animals that were the best to hunt, such as wild deer and boar? The Forest laws Norman Government Norman

18 Why were they so unpopular? People starved whilst animals were saved

19 What was the system of raising money for royal and governmental expenses? The geld tax

20 What was William I still concerned with in 1085? Another Viking invasion

21 Which cathedral built by the Normans was the longest in Europe? Winchester Cathedral

22 Which Norman castle contained the biggest stone keep in Europe? The Tower of London (The White Tower)

23 What did Norman aristocrats do to exemplify their superiority over the Anglo-Saxons? Cut their hair

24 What did the Norman clergy do with many of the old Anglo-Saxon saints’ relics? They threw them away

25 What were many Norman aristocrats unable or unwilling to do? Speak English

26 How many ships did Bishop Odo, the king’s half-brother, contribute to William’s invasion of England? 100

27 Which earldom was Odo rewarded with in return? Kent (forfeited by Leofwine Godwinson) TheAristocracy Norman 28 What position did Odo hold in 1067, whilst William was absent? Co-regent (with Earl William FitzOsbern)

29 Where did Odo lay waste to in 1079, following attacks from Scotland and the murder of the bishop of Durham? Northumberland

30 What happened to Odo in 1082, on William’s command? He was imprisoned

31 William was the illegitimate son of which French duke? Duke Robert of Normandy

32 What was William said to have done on his deathbed? Repented (for his brutality)

33 How many children did William have with his wife Matilda? 9

34 What was the name of his eldest child? Robert

35 Following an argument which escalated into a battle, which castle did Robert try to steal from his father? Rouen

and his sons his and

36 On which day did William the Conqueror die? 9th September 1087

37 Whilst his eldest son was chosen to run Normandy, which other son was tasked with ruling England? William Rufus WilliamI

38 Having been released from prison in 1087, who led a rebellion in 1088 against William II in favour of Robert? Bishop Odo

39 After the rebellion failed to win support, where did Odo and Robert of Mortain seek refuge? Pevensey Castle

40 Did King William keep his promises to lower taxes, end the forest laws and restore Edward I’s laws? No

1035 William I is born 1076 Odo is tried for illegal land acquisition 1087 (July) William is injured in battle

1036 Bishop Odo is born 1082 Odo is imprisoned by William 1087 (September) William I dies

1049 Odo is made Bishop of Bayeux by William 1084 A heavy geld tax is levied 1087 (September) William Rufus becomes king

1067 Odo is made Earl of Kent 1085 Henry prepares for Viking invasion 1088 Odo leads a rebellion against William II

1075 Lanfranc is named William’s regent 1086 The first draft of the Domesday book 1097 Odo dies in Palermo, living in exile EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: ‘ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN ENGLAND, C1066-88’

1 What percentage of the Anglo-Saxon population were slaves in 1060? 10

66 - 2 How many local lords, known as thegns, were there in 1060? 4,000-5,000

3 What was the name of the tax that thegns paid and which ordered him to equip himself with a helmet & sword? Heriot (‘war gear’)

4 How much would it cost to pay the Wergild for each of the following respectively: ceorl; thegn; earl 20; 1,200; 3,600 shillings

5 What triggered the uprising against Earl Tostig? The murder of Gospatric The Northern Danegeld regions paid 6 What is arguably the most significant difference between the South and the Danelaw? fewer tax 7 How many men, and longships, did Harald Hardrada attack England with? 10,000-15,000 and 200-300

8 In the loss at Gate Fulford, how many men did Edwin and Morcar bring to fight the Vikings? 6,000 Saxon England & the & Conquest, Norman England Saxon 1060

9 - What is the name of the Norman technique of gripping the lance so that the full weight of the horse is behind it? Couching He could have bottled William up in 10 Anglo Why might Harold’s decision to charge back to Hastings be justified? Hastings & starved him into submission

11 Who was said to have negotiated with William Edgar’s submission in advance of him arriving in Berkhamstead? Archbishop Stigand

87 -

12 Which of William’s supporters received, in return for his loyalty, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight and the West? William FitzOsbern 1066 13 Who became Earl of Shrewsbury, and in charge of much of Essex and Sussex? Robert of Montgomery

14 Where in England was there the greatest density of castles? Hereford, bordering Wales 32 km, as Normans troops could travel 15 What was the distance placed between castles in rebellious areas, and why? that distance in one day 16 Why did the Danes and the rebels choose Ely fens to launch their campaign? The fens provided natural protection Planting salt in the land, destroying future 17 Apart from slaughtering most of the inhabitants of the north, how else did William punish the rebels? seeds 18 What percentage of Yorkshire was classed as wasteland following the Harrying of the North? 60

19 Between how many aristocratic families was England divided by 1086? 8 Williamthe I kingdom, in power: securing 20 What military techniques were being developed at this time to attack castles? Siege

21 How many days, unpaid, was knight service per year? 40

22 When a landholder died, the heir made a payment to the king if they wanted the land. What was this called? A relief

23 What percentage of Anglo-Saxons had been peasants before the Normans arrived? 80

88 - 24 What was the name of William’s wife, who he frequently made regent whilst he was away? Matilda

25 Which sheriff, hated for his land grabbing, was referred to by the monks at Ely as ‘a filthy pig, a shameless dog’? Sheriff Picot

26 Which sizeable forest did William create during the Norman Conquest for hunting? The New Forest

27 Of the 1,000 tenants-in-chiefs recorded in the Domesday Book, how many were Anglo-Saxon? 13 Norman England, 1066 England, Norman 28 What percent of the 8,000 under-tenants, recorded in the Domesday Book, were Anglo-Saxon? 10

29 How much penance were Norman troops told to serve following the Battle of Hastings? 1 year for every Anglo-Saxon killed

30 What was William’s son, Robert’s, nickname? Robert Curthose (‘dumpy legs’)

31 What does William ‘Rufus’ mean? William the Red

32 With whom did William often have quarrels with? His brothers, Robert & Henry

33 What were the majority of their disputes about? Land

1100 - 34 Who did William famously fall out with in 1095? Archbishop Anselem of Bec

35 How did William try to win back Anselem? He called a council at Rockingham

36 What did Anselem eventually do? He went into exile

37 How much did William have to pay to lease Normandy whilst Robert fought in the First Crusade? 10,000 Marks

38 Where was William planning to invade before his untimely death? Aquitaine, France The reign of William II, 1087 TheWilliam II, reign of

39 What do many historians believe happened to William in the New Forest? He was murdered

40 Who succeeded William as king of England? Henry I, his younger brother

1057 William II is born, the third of William’s sons 1091 William invades & steals lands in Normandy 1086 William takes Normandy for himself William’s elder brother dies in a hunting William takes Cumbria off Malcolm of 1075 1092 1097 Anselem of Bec abandons his post for France accident in the New Forest Scotland 1077 William, Henry & Robert begin warring 1093 Anselem of Bec becomes Archbishop 1099 William recovers Maine & Vexin in Normandy The hated Ranulf Flambard is made Bishop of 1089 William launches a campaign to take Normandy 1095 Robert Mowbray launches a rebellion 1099 Durham Robert temporarily leases Normandy to William is shot and killed hunting in the New 1089 Archbishop Lanfranc dies 1096 1100 William whilst he is on Crusade Forest MEDICINE THROUGH TIME, C1250-PRESENT KNOWLEDGE ORGANISERS

KEY TOPIC 1: C1250-C1500: MEDICINE IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND

KEY TOPIC 2: C1500-C1700: THE MEDICAL RENAISSANCE IN ENGLAND

KEY TOPIC 3: C1700-C1900: MEDICINE IN 18TH’-AND 19TH–CENTURY BRITAIN

KEY TOPIC 4: C1900-PRESENT: MEDICINE IN MODERN BRITAIN

KEY TOPIC 5: THE BRITISH SECTOR OF THE WESTERN FRONT, 1914-18: INJURIES, TREATMENTS & THE TRENCHES

KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 1, ‘C1250-C1500: MEDICINE IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND’

1 Which theory is Hippocrates famous for creating? The Theory of the Four Humours (liquids)

2 What were the ‘four humours’? Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile

3 What did this theory claim caused illness? If the humours were imbalanced

4 Why was this theory revolutionary compared with all previous theories? It claimed illness had natural causes

5 Which Roman doctor adopted this theory, and came up with his own theory on how to treat these imbalances? Galen

6 What was Galen’s theory for treating illnesses identified by the theory of the four humours called? The Theory of Opposites

Medieval medicine Medieval -

7 What methods were used to treat people for imbalanced humours? Purging and bleeding Pre 8 What did Galen create, on the human body, which was still being used during the Medieval period? An anatomical drawing of the body

9 Why did it contain so many mistakes (for example, the kidneys, jaw bone and liver)? He dissected animals (pigs, dogs and apes)

10 What event, taking places in 473 AD, meant that much of the knowledge gained by Romans & Greeks was lost? The Fall of the Roman Empire

11 Which institution controlled the majority of medical thinking during the Medieval period? The Church

12 Other than the Theory of the Four Humours, what types of causes did medieval people believe caused illness? Supernatural

13 Which illness, in particular, was seen as a punishment from God? Leprosy

14 What had Galen written that meant that the Church wanted to maintain his work and resist change? “The body is perfect…there must be a God”

15 What method, when physicians did not conduct the dissection themselves, meant that Galen was not challenged? Directed dissection

16 What was the name given to the people who carried out small surgeries as well as giving haircuts? Barber surgeons

17 What was the name given to the belief that illness spread through corrupted or bad air? Miasma

18 Which invention helped to spread new medical beliefs, particularly during the Renaissance? Gutenberg’s Printing Press

19 illness Ideasdisease aboutthe cause and of When was it invented? 1440

20 Which 13th century-military surgeon said that “Galen & Hippocrates were old dogs who needed replacing”? Henri de Mondeville

21 What three ways did the Church suggest someone could undergo spiritual healing? Prayer, paying for a mass and fasting

22 It was believed that the king’s touch had healing powers; how many people did Edward I aim to touch per year? 2,000

23 What did physicians use to diagnose illness? Astrology (star charts)

24 What three ways could a barber surgeon let blood in order to balance out the humours? Cutting a vein, leeches and cupping

25 What was the name of the instructions provided by physicians informing people how to live a healthy life? Regimen Sanitatis (healthy regime)

26 What was set up in Oxford, Cambridge, Bologna, Montpellier, Paris & Padua that made medicine professional? Universities

27 What was the name given to those people who mixed herbal remedies from manual such as ‘Materia Medica’? Apothecaries

28 What places, used to provide care for the sick, began to expand during the Medieval period? Hospitals

29 treatment Approachesprevention and to By 1500 how many were there? 1,100

30 How many of these hospitals were owned and run by the Church? 30%

31 When did the Black Death reach England? 1348

32 At its height, how many people were being buried in London each day? 200

33 How many of the English population are said to have died from the Black Death? 1/3

34 What symptoms did those infected display? Coughing blood & black boils (buboes)

35 What did the majority of medieval people believe had caused this plague? God deserting them

36 What unusual event, taking place in 1345, did some interpret as a forewarning of the terror ahead? Mars, Jupiter & Saturn were misaligned

37 Which potion did physicians often recommend to heal the sick? Theriaca (a mixture of about 70 items)

38 with Dealing the Black Death What was the name of the physician who kept the Pope alive by placing him next to a great fireplace? Guy de Chauliac

39 Which group of people whipped themselves through the streets of London to show God that they were sorry? The Flagellants

40 What law did the government bring in to prevent people spreading the plague by moving to new areas? New people had to be isolated for 40 days

400BC Hippocrates publishes his Theory of 4 Humours 1180 Articella is used as the medical textbook 1349 King Edward III demands the streets be clean

180AD Galen theorises the Theory of Opposites 1315 Mundinus’ dissection; first since Herophilus 1349 The extremist Catholics, Flagellants, emerge

476 Roman Empire falls; The ‘Dark Ages’ begin 1340 Montpellier University runs annual dissection 1350 The Black Death begins to subside

900 The Islamic physician Rhazes challenges Galen 1347 The Black Death arrives in Europe (Italy) 1378 Great Schism; Catholic Church is damaged

1025 Avicenna publishes the Canon of Medicine 1348 The Black Death arrives in England 1440 Johannes Gutenberg invents Printing Press KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 2, ‘C1500-C1700: THE MEDICAL RENAISSANCE IN ENGLAND’

1 By 1500, the Catholic Church was losing influence; what term describes a society which is not religious? Secular

2 Which medical professor believed that alchemy could cure illness, and rejected the Theory of Four Humours? Paracelsus

3 What did the English scientist Robert Hooke make developments in during the 1660s? Microscopes

4 Which Dutch scientist had developed Hooke’s work further by 1683? Antony van Leeuwenhoek

5 What was the name of the medical textbook written by Thomas Sydenham published in 1676? Observationes Medicae

6 What did Sydenham’s ‘Medical Observations’ encourage his students to do? Observing patients and treating symptoms

7 What foundations did Sydenham lay, that was a departure from Hippocrates and Galen? Scientific approach to medicine

8 What new school of thought emphasised discovery of truth & rejected the notion that God caused everything? Humanism

9 illness Ideasdisease aboutthe cause and of What association, founded in 1660 by Charles II, was set up to carry out experiments to understand science? The Royal Society

10 What was the motto of this association which summed up the move towards science and away from Galen? Nullius in verba, Take nobody’s word for it

11 Which theory stated that if you slept in the same room as an animal your illness could be transferred to them? Transference

12 What examples show how herbal remedies began to be picked based upon the colour of the illness? Jaundice (saffron) & Smallpox (red wine)

13 From where did ingredients such as ipecac (for dysentery) and sarsaparilla (Great Pox) come from? The New World (1492 exploration begins)

14 What was the name given to the work being committed to find chemical cures for illness, led by Paracelsus? Iatrochemistry (medical chemistry)

15 Within the ‘Pharmacopoeia Londoinensis’ (London Dispensatory) how many of the remedies were chemical? 122 out of 2,140 (1618)

16 Which famous anatomist studied at Paris in 1533 and would go on to lecture at Padua University? Andreas Vesalius

17 What was the name of his most famous publication, published in 1543? The Fabric of the Human Body (Fabrica)

18 How many mistakes of Galen’s, including the inaccuracy of the jaw bone, liver and kidneys, did Vesalius identify? 300

19 treatment Approachesprevention and to Knowing that his work was going to be considered controversial, how did Vesalius attempt to gain acceptance? He dedicated it to Emperor Charles V

20 Following the dissolution of the monasteries (1536) many hospitals disappeared; which famous one survived? St Bartholomew’s Hospital

21 Who was Harvey’s teacher at Padua University who taught him to question Galen? Andreas Vesalius

22 What method of teaching did Vesalius use that allowed Harvey to see what happened with a dissected body? Conducted instruction

23 What did Harvey notice, which challenged Galen’s theory, when he tried to pump liquids away from the heart? It did not work (due to the valves)

24 What relatively new invention began to make Harvey think that the heart might act as a pump? Mechanical pumps on fire engines

25 According to Harvey, how many litres of blood would the liver have to produce a day for a person to survive? 1,800

26 Acknowledging that blood did not come from the liver, what did Harvey begin to suggest? Heart is a pump; blood circulates the body WilliamHarvey 27 Who did Harvey begin working for in 1618, as a royal doctor, to try and grow his reputation? King James I

28 What was the name of Harvey’s seminal work published in 1628? De Motu Cordis (Circulation of the Blood)

29 When did Harvey publish his other work ‘An anatomical account of the motion of the heart & blood in animals’? 1651

30 Despite being accurate, it was initially deemed to have no practical use; when did universities begin using it? 1673

31 When did the Great Plague hit London? 1665 (June-November)

32 At its height, in September, how many deaths as a result of the plague were recorded in a single week? 7,000

33 Drawing on similarities with the Black Death, what was unusual about October 1664 and November 12th 1664? Saturn/Jupiter & Mars/Saturn misaligned

34 In contrast to the Black Death (God) what did most people believe was causing the spread of the plague? Miasma

35 Which village in Derbyshire was infected by the plague after fleas on cloth from London were shipped there? Eyam

36 Although 273 out of the 350 inhabitants of Eyam died, how do we know that methods of quarantining worked? The plague did not spread outside Eyam

37 What could people carry close to their nose (containing sweet smells) to prevent them breathing in the miasma? A Pomander

38 with Dealing the Plague Great Which doctors would wear bird-shaped masks to avoid catching the plague from their patients? Plague doctors

39 How many cats and dogs were slaughtered to stop the Great Plague from spreading? 40,000 dogs and 200,000 cats

40 What piece of advice, from doctors and the government, tells us that medicine was not yet scientific? Prayer could prevent the Great Plague

1526 Paracelsus theorises chemicals cause disease 1546 ‘Barts’ Hospital refounded by Henry VIII 1665 Hooke develops a powerful microscope

1536 Dissolution of the Monasteries 1618 Harvey becomes a royal doctor 1665 First ‘Philosophical Transactions’ published

1543 Vesalius’ publishes ‘Fabric of the Human Body’ 1628 Harvey proves that blood circulates body 1665 The Great Plague spreads through London

1545 Paré publishes ‘Oeuvres’ on curing wounds 1648 van Helmont suggests acid causes digestion 1676 Sydenham publishes ‘Observationes Medicae’

1546 Fracastoro says diseases spread by seeds in air 1660 The Royal Society is founded 1683 Leeuwenhoek is first to observe bacteria KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 3, ‘C1700-C1900: MEDICINE IN 18TH’-AND 19TH–CENTURY BRITAIN’

1 Which movement in Europe during the 18th century encouraged people to think for themselves? The Enlightenment

2 Which theory, developed in the 18th century, stated that microbes were the product and not the cause of decay? Spontaneous generation

3 What new theory was published in 1861 which stated that bacteria did indeed cause decay? Germ Theory

4 The founder of this theory then linked this idea to why humans become ill in 1878; what was his name? Louis Pasteur

5 Which scientist began to identify different bacteria, many of which caused common illnesses? Robert Koch

6 Which bacteria did he discover in 1882? Tuberculosis

7 Which new developments did Koch create which made it easier for future scientists to study bacteria? Agar jelly and staining bacteria with dyes

8 Which physicist, in 1870, theorised that disease spread through dust particles? John Tyndall

9 illness Ideasdisease aboutthe cause and of Who, by 1884, was still rejecting Germ Theory of disease, and instead believed that disease was in the soil? The British Government

10 Which well-respected doctor died in 1915 still promoting the theory of spontaneous generation? Dr Henry Bastien

11 Which figure would go on to pioneer professionalism in nursing? Florence Nightingale

12 In which war, beginning in 1854, did she make her name? The Crimean War

13 The mortality rates at her hospital in Scutari dropped from 40% to what following her interventions? 2%

14 What did Nightingale establish at St Thomas’ Hospital in London in 1860? Nightingale School for Nurses

15 Which three barriers to complex surgery still existed by the mid-1800s? Pain, infection and blood loss

16 Which surgeon was the first to use anaesthetics on a patient (using ether to amputate a leg in 1846)? Robert Liston

17 Which more effective anaesthetic did James Simpson discover a year later? Chloroform

18 The use of anaesthetics initially led to more deaths from surgery; what was this period called? The Black Period, 1846-70 Approaches to treatment 1) Approaches(part to

19 Which antiseptic did Joseph Lister develop in 1865 (and published two years later) after reading Germ Theory? Carbolic Acid

20 What term means that bacteria are prevented from getting into a wound rather than being killed off afterwards? Aseptic surgery

21 Which disease was so rife in Britain that there were 11 epidemics during the 18th century? Smallpox

22 What method, in which you would infect yourself with that same disease, was used to prevent it later on? Inoculation

23 In the worst year for deaths, how many people died in London of smallpox in 1796? 3,548

24 Which General Practitioner pioneered a new method, which would become the way smallpox was prevented? Edward Jenner

25 By injecting someone with a similar but less deadly disease (in this case, cowpox) what did he pioneer? Vaccinations (‘vacca’ is Latin for ‘cow’)

26 When did the government announce that smallpox vaccinations were compulsory? 1872

27 Using Jenner’s work on smallpox, which vaccine did Pasteur create that led to the production of many more? Chicken cholera

28 Whose ‘Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Classes’ led to the first Public Health Act, 1848? Edwin Chadwick (1842) Approaches to prevention 2) Approaches(part to

29 What did the second Public Health Act, 1875, propose? Clean water, dispose of sewage & parks

30 What was the major difference between the first Public Health Act and the second? The second was compulsory

31 When did cholera first arrive in Britain? 1831

32 Between arriving in London in February 1832 and the end of the year, how many people died of cholera? 5,275

33 During the worst year of the epidemic, 1848-49, how many people died of cholera in England and Wales? 53,293

34 Which surgeon - who would go on to make an impact on cholera – was first to give chloroform to Queen Victoria? John Snow

35 Which outbreak first prompted Snow to become involved with seeking an answer to preventing cholera? 1854 (Soho, London)

36 How many people had died of cholera within a ten day period just 200 metres from a pump on Broad Street? 500

37 How did Snow illustrate this (a pioneering method showing the concentration of disease? A dot distribution map

38 What did Snow do to prove that the water from the pump was spreading the cholera? Removed the pump handle Fighting cholera in London, 1854 in London, Fightingcholera

39 Which event, caused by a dry, hot summer and the Thames’ low levels, prompted the government into action? The Great Stink (1858)

40 As a result, a new sewer system was completed in 1875 by which engineer? Joseph Bazalgette

1795 Davy uses ‘laughing gas’ to numb pain 1847 Simpson discovers chloroform 1864 Pasteur’s Germ Theory of Disease

1796 Jenner’s Smallpox vaccination 1847 Semmelweis introduces hand-washing 1867 Lister publishes a paper on Carbolic Acid

1840 Inoculation becomes illegal in Britain 1848 First Public Health Act 1872 Smallpox vaccination becomes compulsory

1842 Clarke uses ether to remove a tooth 1854 Snow links cholera to water 1875 Second Public Health Act

1842 Chadwick writes his report 1860 Nightingale’s School of Nursing established 1882 Koch discovers the tuberculosis bacteria KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 4, ‘C1900-PRESENT: MEDICINE IN MODERN BRITAIN’

1 What is the name of the procedure in which flesh is examined to diagnose illness? Biopsy

2 Which principle, developed by Mendel, stated that genes come in pairs and are inherited from parents? Fundamental laws of inheritance

3 Which English doctor theorised in 1902 that hereditary diseases are caused by missing information in the body? Archibald Garrod

4 In which year did the scientists Beadle and Tatum prove Garrod’s theory? 1941

5 What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins manage to create images of in 1951? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

6 Which two scientists published a paper in 1953 on the double helix structure of DNA? Crick and Watson

7 Which project did James Watson launch in 1990 (and ended in 2000) which mapped the human genome? The Human Genome Project

8 What did the physicist Ernst Ruska and electrical engineer Max Knoll develop in 1931? The electron microscope

9 illness Ideasdisease aboutthe cause and of An optical microscope can magnify a sample up to 2,000 times; what can an electron microscope achieve? 10,000,000 times magnification

10 Which three types of scanners were developed during the 1900s? Ultrasound (1940s-), MRI & CT (1970s-)

11 What does the body produce to fight diseases? Antibodies

12 Which scientist had tested over 600 arsenic compounds in order to find a cure for the disease syphilis? Ehrlich

13 After retesting the 606th compound in 1909, what did Hata create (it was referred to as the first ‘magic bullet’)? Salvarsan 606

14 What was the second magic bullet, developed by Domagk in 1932, aim to cure? Blood poisoning

15 Following Prontosil, what did the death rate of puerperal fever drop to? 4.7 % (from 20%)

16 What did the Minister for Health, Nye Bevan, establish in 1948, following a report by William Beveridge in 1944? The National Health Service (NHS)

17 When was the first heart transplant performed? 1967 (Barnard)

18 In 1900, 25% of deaths were caused by infectious disease; what had this figure fallen to by 1990? 1%

19 treatment Approachesprevention and to What vaccination did the government introduce in 1942? Diphtheria

20 How did the government aim to improve peoples’ health by improving air quality following the smog of 1952? Clean Air Acts (1956 & 1986)

21 Who discovered penicillin by chance? Alexander Fleming

22 When did he write his report on it? 1929

23 Why is this sometimes referred to as the first ‘true antibiotic’ (unlike Salvarsan 606)? It was made from micro-organisms

24 Which scientists restarted Fleming’s research in 1939? Florey & Chain

25 Having successfully treated mice in 1940, when did they successfully treat humans? 1941

26 When did mass-production of penicillin begin? 1942

27 Who provided the majority of the funding? The American Government

28 What prompted the American Government to grant Florey & Chain money towards mass-production? Pearl Harbour (World War II)

29 By which time was there enough penicillin to treat all the Allied casualties? D-Day (June 1944)

30 penicillin of Fleming,FloreyChain’s and development Which chemist created a chemical copy of penicillin so that it could be changed to target different diseases? John Sheehan

31 In the 19th century, only 1% of all cancers were caused by lung tumours; what was it by 1927? 14%

32 The number of deaths among men peaked in 1973; how many died that year? 26,000

33 The idea of tailoring treatments to a person’s DNA is called what? Pharmacogenomics

34 By 1985, how much did smoking-related deaths cost the NHS? £165 million per year

35 How much did the government, however, earn from the tobacco tax? £4 billion

36 What two methods can the government employ in order to reduce the number of people who smoke? Changing (force) & influencing behaviours

37 When did the government first ban tobacco advertising on the television? 1965

38 In what year did the government ban smoking in the workplace and raise the legal age for buying tobacco to 18? 2007

39 In what way was the government’s 2007 ban similar to their response in 1875 to John Snow’s Theory? It forced cities to be cleaner for health The fight against lung cancer in the in 21st Thecancer against century fight lung 40 How else has the government’s reaction to combat lung cancer been similar to how they responded to cholera? Only reacted when death toll is too high

1902 Garrod’s Theory on hereditary illnesses 1928 Fleming identifies penicillin 1948 Establishment of the National Health Service

1907 Ehrlich tests arsenic compounds 1929 Fleming publishes his findings 1953 Crick & Watson’s Theory on DNA

1909 Hata retests the 606th compound; finds the cure 1932 Domagk’s Prontosil used for blood poisoning 1957 A chemical copy of penicillin is created

1911 The National Insurance Act 1941 Garrod’s Theory is proven by Beadle & Tatum 1984 Last recorded case of polio in the UK

1919 The Ministry of Health is established 1942 Mass-production of penicillin begins 1990 Human Genome Project KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: ‘THE BRITISH SECTOR OF THE WESTERN FRONT, 1914-18: INJURIES, TREATMENTS & THE TRENCHES’

1 By the late 1890s, what had Lister laid the foundations for? Aseptic surgery

2 How did Neuber and von Bergmann help to develop aseptic surgery? Sterilising the air (through heating)

3 What was worn by doctors to decrease the chance of infection? Rubber Gloves

4 What did the German physicist, Roentgen, develop in 1895? The X-ray

5 Who was the first doctor to make a diagnosis using x-ray? Dr John Hall-Edwards

6 Who experimented with blood transfusions 100 years before the start of the First World War? James Blundell

7 MedicineCentury in the 20th What did Landsteiner discover in 1901? Blood groups (A,B & O)

8 Which blood group proved to be a ‘universal blood group’? O

9 How many members of the British Expeditionary Force were sent to stop the Germans in Belgium & France? 70,000

10 How many German soldiers were they met by? 160,000

11 What was the area, which ran from the English Channel to Switzerland & on which trenches were dug, called? The Western Front

12 What is the area that extends into enemy territory, so that it is surrounded on three sides, called? A salient

13 How many causalities did the British suffer at the Battle of the Somme? 400,000

14 What was used to transport casualties at the start of the war? Horse-drawn ambulances

15 What had been paid for by donations, following an appeal from ‘The Times’ newspaper, by October 1914? Motor ambulances The British Sector of the Western Front of TheSector British 16 Who was responsible for the medical care in the army? The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC)

17 What percent of injuries sustained in the war were the results of shrapnel? 58%

18 What was the painful swelling in feet, caused by standing in cold mud, called? Trench Foot

19 What illness led to flu-like symptoms? Trench Fever

20 How many troops experienced shellshock (nightmares, loss of speech and shaking)? 80,000

21 How many rounds per minute could a machine gun fire? 450

22 What was the name of the helmet that reduced fatal head wounds by 80%? The Brodie Helmet

23 requiring Conditions treatment What types of chemical weapon were used in the First World War? Chlorine; Phosgene and Mustard gas

24 How many British soldiers died from gas attacks? 6,000

25 The number of medical officers increased from 3,168 in 1914 to what number in 1918? 13,063

26 The procedure by which casualties were transported from the frontline to a safe area was known as what? The Chain of Evacuation

27 Following the first 2 stages (of 4), from Regimental Aid Posts to Dressing Stations, where did the injured go? Casualty Clearing Station; Base Hospital

28 At the CCS, what system was used to divide the patients into 3 separate groups depending on severity? The triage

29 How many casualties did the 379 doctors and the 502 nurses at the CCS treat? 200,000

30 What percent of men admitted to the CCS died? 3.7

31 the RAMC TheFANY & of Work What was the first women’s voluntary organisation to send women to the Western Front called? The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY)

32 What was the name given to a wound bad enough to be sent home but that would not cause permanent damage? A ‘Blighty’ wound

33 By 1918, how many men had had limbs amputated? 240,000

34 What was the name of the method which, developed in 1917, used sterilised salt solution to treat gas gangrene? The Carrel-Dakin method

35 In 1915, what was the survival rate if a soldier was shot in the leg? 20%

36 Following the use of the Thomas Splint (developed in 1915), what did this figure go up to? 82%

37 Who was responsible for equipping the French sector of the Western Front with 20 mobile x-rays? Marie Curie

38 Which British doctor designed a portable blood transfusion kit that could be used on the front line? Geoffrey Keynes

39 What did Harvey Cushing develop new techniques in? Brain surgery

40 medicine TheWWI of significance during The usual rate of survival from an operation was 50%; on the 45 patients Cushing worked on, what was the rate? 71%

1895 X-ray is developed by Roentgen 1915 The Germans use chlorine for the first time 1916 (July) The Battle of the Somme

1901 Landsteiner discovers blood groups 1915 Queen Mary Hospital is built in London 1917 (April) The Battle of Arras

1914 (July) The First World War begins 1915 Lawrence Robertson works on transfusions 1917 (July) The Third Battle of Ypres

1914 (October) The First Battle of Ypres 1915 Robert Mowbray launches a rebellion 1917 (November) The Battle of Cambrai

1915 (April) The Second Battle of Ypres 1915 Lewisohm adds sodium citrate to the blood 1918 (November) End of the First World War WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY, 1918-1939 KNOWLEDGE ORGANISERS

KEY TOPIC 1: THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC, 1918-29

KEY TOPIC 2: HITLER’S RISE TO POWER, 1919-33

KEY TOPIC 3: NAZI CONTROL AND DICTATORSHIP, 1933-39

KEY TOPIC 4: LIFE IN NAZI GERMANY, 1933-39

EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE: WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY, 1918-1939

KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 1, ‘THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC 1918-29’

1 How many German troops were killed during the First World War? 2 million

2 What was the name of the man who governed Germany during the First World War? Kaiser Wilhelm II

19 3 - What did the Kaiser do on the 9th November? He abdicated (stepped down)

4 The man who took over, Friedrich Ebert, was the leader of which political party? SPD (The Social Democratic Party)

5 The National Assembly met in Weimar in 1919 to form a government; what percent of votes did the SPD win? 40%

6 Which other party gained a respectable number of votes (20%)? The Zentrum (Z) – The Centre Party

7 What were the 4 levels of the Weimar Constitution agreed to by the new government? President; Chancellor; Reichstag; People

8 What did Article 1 confirm that Germany now was? A democracy Thethe 1918 Origins Republic, of 9 What voting system was used to try and ensure that smaller parties had a fair share of seats in the Reichstag? Proportional Representation

10 What article allowed the president to pass a law without the consent of the Reichstag in a time of crisis? Article 48

11 Which treaty, signed on 28th June 1919, signalling peace left many Germans angry? The Treaty of Versailles

12 What term means that Germany was banned from negotiating the terms of the treaty? Diktat – it was forced on them

23 - 13 How much money, known as reparations, was Germany ordered to pay (equivalent to 136,000 million marks)? £6.6 billion

14 What else did the treaty demand Germany give up? Colonies, land & troops

15 What did Article 231 of the treaty also state? War Guilt – Germany was fully to blame

16 What name was given to the theory that the politicians betrayed the First World War generals? Dolchstoss – Stab in the back theory

17 What group of men – ex-First World War soldiers – did Ebert turn to put down the Spartacist Uprising? The Freikorps (Free Corps)

18 From 1919-1922, there were 376 political murders. How do we know that judges were sympathetic to the right? No right-wing murderers were convicted

19 the Republic, to Earlychallenges 1919 Where in Germany did the French invade, in 1923, after Germany failed to pay its reparations? The Rühr

20 In 1923, the government used 300 paper mills and 2,000 printing shops to print money. What did this lead to? Hyperinflation

21 What position did Gustav Stresemann hold between 1923 & 1929? Foreign Secretary

22 What new currency did Stresemann introduce to deal with hyperinflation? The Rentenmark

29 23 - What did the 1924 Dawes Plan with America agree would happen to Germany’s reparations? They were reduced to £50 million per year

24 What did the 1929 Young Plan reduce the total number of reparations to? £2 billion

25 What percent of Germans voted in favour of the Young Plan in a referendum held that same year? 85

26 What did Stresemann sign on 1st December 1925? The Locarno Pact

27 Between which countries did the pact promise peace? Germany, Britain, France, Italy & Belgium

28 What did Germany join in September 1926? The League of Nations Thethe 1924 recovery Republic, of 29 What did Germany, along with 61 other countries, sign in 1928 which stated that wars should be avoided? The Kellogg-Briand Pact

30 In May 1924, extreme parties (KPD, DNVP & NSDAP) had gained 40% of the vote. What was it in May 1928? 28%

31 Stresemann reduced unemployment from 2 million in 1926 to what level in 1928? 1.3 million

32 By what percent did real wages rise from 1925 to 1928? 25%

33 By 1918, 75% of women were in work; however, what figure did this fall to under the Weimar Republic in 1925? 36%

29 - 34 What article of the new constitution gave women equal rights with men? Article 109

35 In 1913, there were 128 births (per 1,000 women). What had this reduced to by 1925? 80

36 Which group of people most opposed these so-called ‘new women’? Traditionalists & conservatives

37 What two painters were famous for their expressionist paintings? Otto Dix & George Grosz Changes1924 in society, 38 What school of design – which emphasised simplicity – was Erich Mendelsohn’s ‘Einstein Tower’ inspired by? Bauhaus (Construction house)

39 Which director created the sci-fi hit, ‘Metropolis’, in 1926? Fritz Lang

40 Which two parties opposed many of the changes in the Arts? KPD & NSDAP

1918 (November) Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates 1920 (March) Kapp Putsch 1924 (August) Dawes Plan is agreed

1919 (January) The Spartacist Uprising 1920 (March) Red Rising in the Rühr 1925 (December) The Locarno Pact is signed

1919 (January) First elections are held 1923 (January) Stresemann is made Chancellor 1926 (September) Germany joins the LoN

1919 (June) Treaty of Versailles is signed 1923 (November) Stresemann is Foreign Secretary 1928 (August) Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed

1919 (July) The Weimar Constitution is agreed 1923 (November) The Rentebank is established 1929 (June) Young Plan is agreed KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 2, ‘HITLER’S RISE TO POWER, 1919-33’

1 Which party was Adolf Hitler sent to spy on (and ended up joining)? German Workers’ Party (DAP)

2 22 Who did Hitler depose in order to take over the newly created NSDAP (Nazis)? Anton Drexler -

3 Which paramilitary group did Hitler establish to provide protection and force at political rallies? The Sturmabteilung (SA) or ‘Brownshirts’

4 What three things did Hitler’s new party oppose? Weimar politicians; democracy & Jews

5 What ability did Hitler possess that meant that he was able to get his message across in a persuasive way? He was a good orator (speaker)

6 What two symbols did the Nazis adopt to separate them from other the parties? The swastika & Hitlergruss (Nazi Salute)

7 What newspaper were the Nazis able to buy by December 1920 to spread their message? Völkischer Beobachter - People’s Observer

8 What other newspaper was later set up by Nazi leader, Julius Streicher? Der Stürmer – The Stormer

9 How many men – made up mainly from the Freikorps – had joined the SA a year after being set up? 800, by August 1922 Early development of the Nazi Earlydevelopment of 1920 Party,

10 What was the name of the most-trusted members of the SA that formed Hitler’s own bodyguards? Strosstrupp (Shock Troop)

11 Which Bavarian state leader turned a blind eye to the violence being perpetrated by the Nazis? Gustav von Kahr

12

How many members did the Nazis have by 1923? 50,000

29 - 13 Which party was Hitler inspired by, and who had led a ‘March on Rome’ similar to the Munich Putsch? The Fascists (right-wing, led by Mussolini)

14 How many of the members of the armed SA supported Hitler in taking over the Munich beer hall? 600

15 After initially gaining control, which Nazi supporter released Kahr, Seisser (Police chief) & Lossow (Army chief)? General Ludendorff

16 Despite committing treason, why was Hitler was only charged with 9 months at Landsberg prison? The judges were Nazi sympathisers

17 What did Hitler write whilst in prison, which became the doctrine and bible of the Nazi Party? Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

18 Following the failure of the SA during the Munich Putsch, what group did Hitler set up in 1925? Schutzstaffel (SS) (Protection Squad) Munich Putsch and Putsch lean years, 1923Munich 19 By how much had Nazi Party membership grown by 1929? It had doubled to 100,000

20 Despite this, what did the election results in Berlin & the Rühr (the Nazis got only 1% of the vote in 1928) prove? If the economy was strong, few voted Nazi

21 What happened on 24th October 1929 which led to a recession known as the ‘Great Depression’? The Wall Street Crash

22 How did this affect ordinary German citizens (causing them to lose all their savings)? The German Civil Servant Bank went bust

23 32 By how much had industrial output fallen from 1929 levels by 1933? 40% -

24 Unemployment was 1.3 million in 1929; what was it in 1932? 6.1 million

25 In real terms, how much were workers’ wages worth in 1932 compared to what they were earning in 1928? 70%

26 What did the Nazis promise the people in this time of desperation? Restore order; end the Treaty of Versailles

27 In 1930, by how many did the Nazi’s SA stormtroopers outnumber the KPD’s Red Front Fighters? 400,000 (SA) – 130,000 (RFB)

28 What was the name of the Nazi’s National Party Leader who was also a newspaper tycoon? Alfred Hugenberg Growth in Nazi 1929 support, Growth

29 The Nazis gained a lot of support from farmers; what percent of votes were they able to win in some rural areas? 60 (1930 Reichstag elections)

30 How did the Nazis achieve such mass support, which had not been attempted by parties in Germany before? They tried to appeal to the whole nation

31 Who defeated Hitler, by 6 million votes (19 million) and 20% (53%), to regain the presidency in April 1932? General Hindenburg

32 What did Chancellor Brüning do which united rival right-wing groups, who feared they would lose power? He banned the SA and the SS

33 - 33 What policy did Brüning propose which alienated himself further, this time from the wealthy? Buy their land to house the unemployed

34 Who was elected chancellor after Brüning resigned on 30th May 1932? Franz von Papen

35 How many seats did the Nazis gain in the Reichstag following the July elections, 1932? 230

36 By how much had the Nazi share of the vote increased between 1930 and 1932, making them the largest party? 20% (18% - 38%)

37 What did the number of Nazi seats drop to in November 1932, following a very brief period of stability? 196

38 Who replaced Franz von Papen as Chancellor of Germany in December 1932? Kurt von Schleicher

39 1932 became Hitler How Chancellor, How did Franz von Papen believe that he could control Hitler when the inevitable happened? Make him Vice Chancellor

40 When was Hitler announced as Chancellor of Germany? 30th January 1933

1919 (February) Drexler establishes DAP 1923 (November) Munich Putsch 1929 (October) Wall Street Crash

1919 (September) Hitler joins the DAP 1923 (November) Hitler arrested 1932 (May) Papen becomes Chancellor

1920 (January) Hitler becomes Head of Propaganda 1924 (December) Hitler released from prison 1932 (August) Nazis become largest party

1921 (July) Hitler becomes Head of NSDAP 1925 (February) NSDAP ban lifts; Hitler takes over 1932 (December) Schleicher becomes Chancellor

1921 (August) Hitler establishes the SA 1925 (April) Hitler establishes the SS 1933 (January) Hitler becomes Chancellor KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 3, ‘NAZI CONTROL AND DICTATORSHIP, 1933-39’

1 When Hitler first became Chancellor, how many of his twelve-man cabinet were Nazis? Two (Wilhelm Frick & Hermann Goering)

2 th

Which event took place on the 27 February 1933? The Reichstag Fire

34 - 3 What was the name of the Dutch Communist supporter accused of causing it? Marinus van der Lubbe

4 What did Hitler issue in March 1933, which destroyed the power of the Reichstag? The Enabling Act

5 In the absence of any communist voters (who had been banned) how many votes did the Nazis win? 444 (opposition got 94)

6 What three areas of opposition to Hitler suppress immediately after being granted executive powers? Unions, Parties & Local Government

7 Which leader of the SA had become a threat to Hitler by 1934? Ernst Röhm

8 Which army veterans group had he merged the SA with causing SA membership to rise to 3 million in 1934? Stahlhelm (Steel Helmet) The creation of a dictatorship, 1933 of Thecreation 9 What is the name given to the event in which SA leaders were captured, imprisoned and shot? The Night of the Long Knives

10 What did Hitler declare himself after Hindenburg died, making himself into Chancellor & President of Germany? Führer (Leader)

11 Who was placed in charge of the SS by Hitler? Heinrich Himmler

12 Who was placed in charge of the State Secret Police known as the ‘Gestapo’ (Geheime Staatspolizei) Reinhard Heydrich (Himmler’s deputy)

13 What else had he been charged with running? Sicherheitsdienst (SD) (Security Force)

14 How many people had been placed in prisons under ‘protective arrest’ by 1939? 150,000

15 What was the name of the first concentration camp to open, in 1933? Dachau

16 Between 1930 & 1932 8 people had been executed for political offences. How many had between 1934 & 1939? 534 Thestate police 17 What was the name given to the agreement reached between Hitler and Pope Pius XI in July 1933? Reichskonkordat (The Concordat)

18 Who was the first leader of the Reich Church (the Nazi-loyal Protestant church)? Ludwig Müller

19 What did the Protestant pastor, and Nazi opponent, Niemöller set up to campaign against Nazi actions? Pastors’ Emergency League (PEL)

20 What is the term given to a country in which all sectors are controlled by the state government? Totalitarian state

21 Censorship bans people’s opinions; what is propaganda designed to do? Manipulate old ones or create new ones

22 Who was placed in charge of Nazi Propaganda in the role of Minister of People’s Enlightenment? Joseph Goebbels

23 How many newspapers were closed down in 1935 alone? 1,600

24 By 1939, what percent of German homes had a ‘People’s Radio’ (Volksempfänger)? 70

25 What was held each year in Nuremberg to show off the might of and support for the Nazis? Nuremberg Rallies

26 What was held in 1936 to show off the superiority of the Aryan race? The Berlin Olympics, 1936

27 What role did the Chamber of Culture play in ensuring all cultural activities in Germany followed Nazi ideals? Gleichschaltung (Coordination)

28 In May 1933, how many books written by Jews were burned by students in Berlin? 20,000 (including Einstein & Freud) Controlling and influencing attitudes influencing and Controlling 29 How many films did the Nazi Party release? 1,300

30 Which 1933 anti-Communist film showed a young member of the Nazi Party being killed by communists? Hitlerjunge Quex - Hitler Youth Quex

31 What did the PEL set up in 1934, as an opposing Protestant Church to the Nazi’s Reich Church? The Confessing Church

32 How many times more members did the Confessing Church have compared to the Reich Church? 3 times, 6,000 (CC) – 2,000 (RC)

33 How many Protestant pastors were arrested and sent to concentration camps? 800

34 How many Catholic priests were imprisoned in the Priests’ Block of Dachau? 400

35 What opposition group, consisting of teenagers, emerged from the working-class districts of German cities? The Edelweiss Pirates

36 How did they oppose the Nazi, particularly the Hitler Youth? By taunting or attacking them

37 How many members of this group were there in 1939, compared to the Hitler Youth’s 8 million? 2,000

38 What opposition group, consisting of teenagers, emerged from mainly middle-class families? The Swing Youth Opposition, resistance Opposition, conformity and 39 How many Jazz Youth members would attend the illegal dances held where Louis Armstrong was played? 6,000

40 Which German general opposed the Nazis so much that he led bomb plots to kill Hitler in 1943 and 1944? Ludwig Beck

1932 (June) Sicherheitsdienst is established 1933 (April) Gestapo is established 1934 (June) Night of the Long Knives

1933 (February) Reichstag Fire 1933 (April) Local Government is reorganised 1934 (August) Hindenburg dies; Wehrmacht Oath

1933 (March) Goebbels made Propaganda Minister 1933 (May) Trade Unions are abolished 1936 (August) Berlin Olympics

1933 (March) Dachau is opened 1933 (July) All political parties are banned 1943 (March) Abandoned Bomb Plot

1933 (March) Enabling Act 1933 (July) Reichskonkordat signed 1944 (July) The July Bomb Plot KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 4, ‘LIFE IN NAZI GERMANY, 1933-39’

1 Who was appointed Reich Women’s Leader, in 1934, to ensure that women became servants to the Nazi state? Gertrud Scholtz-Klink

2 What did she insist all women’s organisations needed to join? Deutches Frauenwerk (DFW)

3 How many members did the German Women’s Enterprise (DFW) eventually gain? 6 million

4 The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage, 1933, offered what to young couples to encourage them to marry? A 1,000 mark loan (eight months’ wages)

5 How many children would a woman need to have to earn a golden Cross of Honour for the German Mother? 8; 6 for silver and 4 for bronze

6 What programme did Himmler set up in 1935 to encourage childbirth? Lebensborn (Fountain of Life)

7 By breeding single Aryan women with SS men, the Nazis hoped to birth what type of children? Genetically pure

8 Naziwomen towards policies Between 1938 and 1941 one home alone helped how many mothers deliver children of Lebensborn? 540

9 By the end of 1934 how many women had given up work? 360,000

10 In 1937 the Nazis allowed women with marriage loans to return to work; how many were in work by 1939? 7 million (compared to 5 million in 1933)

11 What did Hitler believe control over children would allow him to secure? The Thousand Year Reich (Reign)

12 How many members did Nazi youth groups have in 1932, compared to the Protestant Church’s 600,000? 100,000

13 What had this risen to by 1939? 8 million

14 What is the name of the Nazi youth group for boys aged 14-18 led by Baldur von Shirach? Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth)

15 What were its primary aims? Create loyal Nazis; prepare future soldiers

16 What was the female equivalent of this group? Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)

17 What were members of the League of German Maidens (BDM) taught in an attempt to secure ‘racial purity’? Racial hygiene – only to marry Aryans

18 Nazithe towards young policies Which subject added to the school curriculum taught children how to classify races according to superiority? Race Studies

19 What subject received double the amount of time that it had previously held? Physical Education (1/6 of lesson time)

20 What text was made compulsory at school? Mein Kampf

21 What percent of the labour force were unemployed when Hitler became Chancellor? 25

22 What service did the Nazis set up in 1933 to provide paid work for the unemployed? Reichs Arbeits Dienst (RAD)

23 How many people were working for the National Labour Service (RAD) by 1935? 422,000

24 What else did Hitler have 125,000 men in 1935 working on building? Autobahns (motorways) standards

25 After Hitler broke the Treaty of Versailles military spending soared. How much was it in 1939? 26 billion marks; it was 3.5 billion in 1933

26 By what percent had wages risen from their 1933 levels by 1939? 20

27 Which Nazi organisation was set up in place of the abolished trade unions? Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF)

28 What division of the German Labour Front (DAF) was set up to make work seem more enjoyable? Kraft durch Freude (KdF) Employment living and

29 What were workers promised as part of Strength Through Joy (KdF) scheme costing five marks per week? A Volkswagen (People’s Car)

30 What did the Schönet der Arbeit (SdA), or Beauty of Labour, division campaign for? Better facilities for workers

31 What is the term used to describe selective breeding? Eugenics

32 Which (mythical) race, with blonde hair & blue eyes, did the Nazis consider to be the Herrenvolk (master race)? Aryans

33 Eastern Europeans were considered to be Untermenschens (sub-human); what were Jews considered to be? Lebensunwertes Leben

34 Jews & ‘gypsies’ (Life unworthy of life) saw the worst persecution; what term refers to the persecution of Jews? Anti-Semitism

35 What programme was responsible for the murder of 5,000 children with disabilities? Aktion T4

36 What two things did the Nuremberg Laws, announced on the 15th September 1935, prevent Jews from? Citizenship & relations with Germans

37 What violent attack on the Jews was launched on the 9th November 1938? Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass)

38 minorities of Thepersecution How many Jews were killed during the attacks? 100

39 As well as being fined 1 billion marks, how else were the Jews punished for the violence? 20,000 were sent to concentration camps

40 What was the purpose of the Reich Office for Jewish Emigration, set up by Heydrich in 1939? To deport Jews out of Germany

1933 (March) One day boycott of Jewish shops 1933 (November) KdF is established 1938 (November) Grynszpan kills Ernst vom Rath

1933 (April) Careers Civil Service Act bans Jews 1935 (June) RAD is formed 1938 (November) Kristallnacht is launched

1933 (May) DAF established 1935 (September) Nuremberg Laws announced 1939 (January) Nazis begin to evict all Jews from

1933 (July) Law for the Encouragement of Marriage 1935 (December) Lebensborn programme begins 1939 (March) Compulsory Hitler Youth reaffirmed

1933 (September) Reichsautobahn begins to be built 1936 (December) Hitler Youth made compulsory 1939 (September) Aktion T4 begins EXTEND YOUR KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: ‘WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY, 1918-39’

1 What was fairly unique about the electorate in Germany on the eve of the Weimar Constitution? Women were allowed to vote

2 How many votes did a party need to earn to secure one representative in the Reichstag? 60,000

3 Germany was governed by its new central government & 18 local governments; what were they called? Land (plural Länder)

29 -

4 What were the leaders of the new German republic referred to by those who believed in the Dolchstoss? The November Criminals

5 What was the name of the politician who signed the armistice who was shot and killed in August 1921? Matthias Erzberger

6 When the French occupied the Rühr, how many men did they have in comparison to Germany’s 100,000? 750,000

7 How much did America loan to German industry between 1924 and 1930? $25 billion

8 The1918 Weimar Republic, What was Stresemann awarded in 1926? The Nobel Peace Prize

9 What percent of women voted in the first Weimar election? 90

10 How many copies of Erich Remarque’s anti-war novel ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ sold in its first 3 months? 500,000 (1929)

11 What did Corporal Adolf Hitler earn in the First World War before he was poisoned in a gas attack? The Iron Cross (Victoria Cross equivalent)

12 What sad fact relates to the way in which Hitler gained his military award? Recommended by a Jew; Hugo Gutmann

13 What DAP registration number was Hitler given when he joined the party (and why is it deceptive)? 555; membership numbers started at 500

33 - 14 Which two ideologies was the Nazi party built on (stressing strong a nation and power to the workers)? Nationalism (N) & Socialism (S) (DAP)

15 How did the Nazis win 32 seats in the Reichstag in 1924 despite being banned? Use of a different name (Deutsche Partei)

16 Which Gauleiter (local leader of the Nazi Party) began to gain real power in the north of Germany? Gregor Strasser

17 At which conference did Hitler tell his local leaders to forget socialism in favour of nationalism? The Bamberg Conference, 1926

18 Hitler’spower, rise 1919 to What did the official membership of the Nazi Party increase to between 1930 and 1933? 129,000 to 849,000

19 What percent of these new members came from the 18-30-year-old demographic? 43

20 How did Hitler alter the Wehrmacht (Army) Oath to secure even more power following Hindenburg’s death? They swore loyalty to Hitler not Germany

21 Which party briefly formed a coalition with the Nazis until they were able to form a majority government? German National People’s Party (DNVP)

22 Why might the SA have preferred a more socialist Nazi Party which was being proposed by Ernst Röhm? 60% were permanently unemployed

39 - 23 Along with Röhm, which powerful Nazi – who had been offered Vice Chancellor before Hitler – was murdered? Gregor Strasser

24 How many members did the SS gain during the 1930s? 240,000

25 How many members did the Gestapo have? 30,000

26 Who reported the vast majority (80%) of crimes to the police? The general public; self-policing

27 How many of the Nazi judge, Roland Freisler’s, defendants received the death penalty for crimes committed? 90%

28 In 1933 there were 3 offences that could warrant the death penalty; what number had this risen to by 1943? 46 Nazi control and dictatorship, and 1933 Nazicontrol 29 What was the name of Hitler’s architect, famous for creating the ‘Zeppelintribune’ (Nazi rally grounds)? Albert Speer

30 Which Catholic minister was famed for opposing the Nazi’s Aktion T4 programme? Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen

31 What motto told women to focus on (1) raising children, (2) working in the kitchen & (3) going to church? The Three Ks: Kinder, Küche & Kirche

32 Which Nazi was made Education Minister, and was responsible for Nazifying the school curriculum? Bernhard Rust

33 From 1935 onwards, how long did men between the ages of 16 and 25 have to spend working for the RAD? 6 months

39 - 34 Following the Treaty of Versailles, the army numbered 100,000 in 1918; how big was it by 1939? 900,000

35 How many members of the KdF were there by 1936? 35 million

36 What was the name of Hitler's policy to halt trade with the outside world and rely entirely on German resources? Autarky (self-sufficiency)

37 How many people were sterilised following the 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring? 400,000

38 LifeGermany, 1933 in Nazi What is the term used to describe the society that the Nazis envisaged without ‘undesirables’? Volksgemeinschaft (People’s community)

39 What group, led by Heydrich, were responsible for killing 2 million people during the Final Solution? The Einsatzgruppen (Task forces)

40 By the end of the Second World War, how many Jews had been murdered in concentration camps? 6 million

1889 (April) Adolf Hitler is born in Austria 1914 (August) Hitler joins the Bavarian Army 1929 (October) Meets Eva Braun

1903 (January) Hitler’s father, Alois, dies 1918 (August) Hitler is awarded the Iron Cross 1932 (February) Granted German citizenship

1905 (September) Hitler drops out of school 1918 (October) Hospitalised by mustard gas 1939 (September) World War II is declared

1907 (October) Rejected from Vienna Art School 1920 (February) Nazi Party is formed 1942 (Janaury) Wannsee Conference is held

1907 (December) Hitler’s mother, Klara, dies 1925 (July) Mein Kampf is published 1945 (April) Adolf Hitler dies in a bunker SUPERPOWER RELATIONS AND THE COLD WAR, 1941-91 KNOWLEDGE ORGANISERS

KEY TOPIC 1: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR, 1941-58

KEY TOPIC 2: COLD WAR CRISES, 1958-70

KEY TOPIC 3: THE END OF THE COLD WAR, 1970-91

KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 1, ‘THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR, 1941-58’

1 What name is given to the combined republics of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan etc. ruled from Moscow? Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

2 What differing ideology to capitalism – used by Britain and America (USA) – did the Soviet Union (USSR) use? Communism

3 Who were the leaders of Britain, USA and the USSR throughout much of the Second World War? Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

4 At which conference did the ‘Grand Alliance’ (Britain, USA and USSR) first meet to plan a winning strategy? Tehran, November 1943

5 What did the Big Three agree to do with Germany at the Yalta Conference in February 1945? Split Germany into four zones

6 Which area did the three then agree to divide into four at the Potsdam Conference, July-August 1945? Berlin

7 How many Japanese civilians were killed following the bombings at Hiroshima (6th) and Nagasaki (9th August)? 120,000

8 Which telegram, sent to the American government, stated that Stalin wanted to end capitalism? Kennan’s Long Telegram Early tensions between EarlyEast tensions West and 9 Which Soviet diplomat wrote a telegram to the government in Moscow stating the USA was militarising? Nikolai Novikov

10 In which speech did Winston Churchill state that the USSR was now a threat to freedom and world peace? ‘Iron Curtain’ speech, Mach 1946

11 Which policy pledged to provide economic aid and military protection to countries from Communism? Truman Doctrine, March 1947

12 Following this, how much money was offered between 1948 and 1952 as part of the Marshall Plan? $12.7 billion

13 In reaction to the Truman Doctrine, what organisation did Stalin set up to control surrounding countries? Cominform

14 What was the name of the USSR’s alternative to the Marshall Plan? Comecon

15 What new currency did the Three Allies create in Trizonia (West Germany)? Deutschemark

16 Which event, in June 1948, saw Stalin attempt to cut off Berlin from food and communications? Berlin Blockade

17 Which new country (known as West Germany) was set up by the Allies on 23rd May 1949? Federal Republic of Germany

18 In response, what did East Germany become in October 1949? German Democratic Republic The development of the Cold War the TheCold development of

19 What military organisation was established by the Allies & 9 other western countries? North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

20 Following the GDR’s membership to NATO in May 1955, which military alliance did Stalin set up? Warsaw Pact

21 7 years after the USA developed the atomic bomb, what more powerful weapon did they test? Hydrogen

22 A year later the Soviets had their own hydrogen bomb; however, what had the USA developed 4 years later? Inter-continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)

23 Which term describes how nuclear weapons were used as a way of preventing the opposing side from attacking? A (nuclear) deterrent

24 Who took charge of the USA and USSR following the departure of Truman and the death of Stalin (both in 1953)? Eisenhower & Khrushchev

25 Which war, beginning in 1950, would see the USA and USSR supporting different sides? The Korean War, 1950-53

26 In what year was the Hungarian Uprising? 1956

27 What did the Hungarian Prime Minister, Imre Nagy, announce on the 3rd November that angered the USSR? Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact The Cold War Theintensifies Cold 28 How many tanks did the USSR send the next day? 1,000

29 How many Hungarians were killed during the uprising? 20,000

30 Why didn’t the Allies prevent the uprising? They did not want to directly combat USSR

31 Which ideology stresses that everyone should be free to own property and businesses and make money? Capitalism

32 Which philosopher developed the idea of communism (homes and business are owned by the state)? Karl Marx

33 What term describes the territories on the outskirts of the USSR that fell under their control after World War II? Satellite state

34 Which US foreign policy aimed to limit the spread of communism outside of a small number of countries? Containment

35 Bulgaria’s trade with Comecon members increased from 10% in the 1930s to what by 1951? 90%

36 What name is given to the operation launched to provide necessities to Berlin following the Berlin Blockade? Operation Vittles (The Berlin Airlift)

37 At its peak (January 1949) how many tonnes of supplies were sent into Berlin by Western aircraft? 170,000

38 How many times more powerful was the new hydrogen bomb in comparison with the atomic bombs? 1,000

39 How far could the ICBMs fire a nuclear warhead? 4,5000 km

40 War your knowledge: the Extend Cold The of origins The development of nuclear weapons between the USA and the USSR is referred to as what? The arms race

1943 (November) Tehran Conference 1946 (September) Novikov telegram 1953 (January) Eisenhower becomes president

1945 (February) Yalta Conference 1947 (March) Truman Doctrine announced 1953 (March) Stalin dies

1945 (July) Potsdam Conference 1947 (June) Marshall Aid plan announced 1956 (February) Khrushchev criticises Stalin

1945 (August) USA drops atom bombs on Japan 1948 (June) Berlin Blockade is set up 1956 (November) The Hungarian Uprising begins

1946 (February) Kennan’s Long Telegram 1949 (April) NATO is established 1958 (June) Nagy is executed KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 2, ‘COLD WAR CRISES, 1958-70’

1 By 1958 how many East Germans had crossed to the West? 3 million (over 1/6 of the population)

2 What did Khrushchev issue on 27th November, demanding that Western forces abandon Berlin? Berlin Ultimatum

3 What were the 4 meetings, held at Geneva, Camp David, Paris & Vienna between 1959 & 1961, set up to solve? The Berlin Problem

4 At which summit did relations between the USA and USSR briefly improve? Geneva, May 1959

5 What event, on 1st May 1960, scuppered any chances of successful talks at the Paris Summit? American spy plane shot down over USSR

6 Who became president of the USA in January 1961? John F. Kennedy

7 What did the Soviets begin construction on on 12th August 1961? The Berlin Wall

8 In a single day in August 1961, how many East Germans crossed the border? 40,000

9 How many people were shot and killed trying to cross the border by East German border guards? 130 Increased tension and the impact of the Berlin Wall of the and impact Increasedtension 10 In which famous speech did Kennedy praise the freedoms of the West against the contrast of communism? ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ Speech

11 Which revolutionary toppled the pro-American Cuban government, and became the country’s leader? Fidel Castro, January 1959

12 When did Castro sign a secret agreement with Khrushchev, in which the Soviet offered trade and economic aid? February 1960

13 In reaction to the secret agreement, what did Eisenhower do in January 1961? Ended all diplomatic relations with Cuba

14 What name is given to the failed plan to send Cuban exiles to topple the Castro regime? The ‘Bay of Pigs’

15 What did Khrushchev agree to do for Castro, in September 1961, after Castro declared himself a communist? Provide weapons for Cuba

16 What did an American U-2 spy-plane, flying over Cuba on 14th October, manage to take pictures of? Launch pads for missiles

17 What is the period between 16th and 28th October, in which the USA and USSR almost began a war, known as? The Thirteen Days TheMissile Cuban Crisis 18 What did Kennedy decide to set up as Soviet ships approached Cuba, each carrying four nuclear warheads? A naval blockade

19 Following the crisis, what was established between Washington and Moscow in June 1963? A ‘hotline’ (direct phone line)

20 What treaty was signed in 1968 to stop countries from sharing nuclear technology in an attempt to limit them? The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

21 When did the communists, backed by the USSR, seize Czechoslovakia? February 1948

22 Who was elected leader of the Czech Communist Party (in effect the Czech government) in January 1968? Alexander Dubcek

23 What did Dubcek think a communist government should offer? ‘Socialism with a human face’

69 24 - The reforms introduced, such as relaxing censorship and increasing trade with the West, was known as what? The Prague Spring

25 Which Soviet President feared that the Prague Spring would undermine communism in the East? Brezhnev

26 On 20th August 1968, how many Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring? 500,000

27 What did Brezhnev publish on 26th September stating that all communist countries had to follow the same rules? The Brezhnev Doctrine Czechoslovakia, 1968Czechoslovakia, 28 In what Soviet newspaper was it printed? Pravda

29 Which hard-line loyalist to Moscow took the place of Dubcek after he was dismissed from office? Gustav Husak

30 Which Communist Parties cut links with Moscow following the invasion? Italy and France

31 After the Vienna Summit, how much did Kennedy decide to increase military spending on Armed forces to? $2 billion

32 How many kilometres was the Berlin Wall? 165

33 Which 18 year-old bricklayer became one of the first, and the most famous, casualty of the Berlin Wall? Peter Fetcher

34 How many Cuban exiles invaded during the failed Bay of Pigs incident? 1,400

35 How many soldiers awaited them? 20,000

36 In which country near the USSR did NATO have missiles based? Turkey

37 Throughout the Cuban Missile Crisis, who served as John F. Kennedy’s most trusted advisers? Robert McNamara & Robert Kennedy

38 In 1967 the Outer Space Treaty was signed to prevent what? Putting nuclear weapons into orbit

39 War your knowledge: Extend crises Cold What term means ‘pushing disagreements to the point where there is a risk of war’? Brinkmanship

40 Which economic system seeks to achieve equality among members of society & forms part of the USSR’s name? Socialism

1958 (November) Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum 1960 (May) Paris Summit 1962 (October) USSR agree to remove weapons

1959 (January) Castro becomes leader of Cuba 1961 (April) ‘Bay of Pigs’ Invasion 1963 (June) Kennedy visits Berlin

1959 (May) Geneva Summit 1961 (June) Vienna Summit 1968 (January) Dubcek becomes Czech leader

1959 (September) Camp David Summit 1961 (August) Construction begins on Berlin Wall 1968 (April) ‘Prague Spring’ reforms begin

1960 (May) U-2 Crisis 1962 (October) Kennedy announces blockade 1968 (September) Brezhnev Doctrine is published KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER: KEY TOPIC 3, ‘THE END OF THE COLD WAR, 1970-91’

1

Which term describes the situation whereby both the USA and USSR had enough weapons to destroy each other? Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

2 The 1970s, which saw a brief period of relative peace between the two sides, is referred to as what? Détente and West and 3 Why was the USSR keen to reduce the number of weapons it was producing as part of the ‘arms race’? Economic problems

4 In which war, lasting from 1955 to 1975, was it shown that the US military was beatable? The Vietnam War

5 At which meeting were agreements made about European borders, international co-operation & human rights? The Helsinki Accords, 1975

6 When was the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT 1) signed? May 1972

7 At which meeting were agreements made about European borders, international co-operation & human rights? The Helsinki Accords, 1975

8 Towards the end of the 1970s, which communist groups did the Soviets begin to support? El Salvador, Nicaragua and Angola

9 Who did the USSR invade in December 1979? Afghanistan Attempts to reduce Attemptsbetween East tension to 10 What did President Carter refuse to sign, following a dip in relations after the high of the Helsinki Accords? SALT 2

11 A revolution in which country led to the USSR wanting to secure Afghanistan? Iran

12 What was the name of the Muslim guerrilla fighters who fought against the USSR? The Mujahideen

13 What did Carter announce in January 1980, which pledged to protect American interests in the Persian Gulf? The Carter Doctrine

14 What did the USA boycott to show their protest against the invasion of Afghanistan? The Moscow Olympics, 1980

15 How many nations joined this protest? Over 60

16 How did the USSR and 15 other communist countries retaliate four years later? Boycotted the Los Angel Olympics, 1984

17 Who replaced Carter as president in January 1981? Ronald Reagan

18 What did Reagan refer to the USSR as in a speech to a Christian group in 1983? An ‘evil empire’ Flashpoints in superpower Flashpoints relations 19 What new policy of helping anti-communist groups to overthrow communist governments was announced? The Reagan Doctrine

20 What new policy, known as ‘Star Wars, put a series of satellites into orbit? Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

21 After the deaths of Brezhnev, Andropov & Cherenkov in quick succession, who became the USSR leader in 1985? Mikhail Gorbachev

22 Which Soviet policy proposed that the USSR embrace certain practices of capitalism? Perestroika (reconstruction)

23 Which Soviet policy proposed that the government be more open and less corrupt? Glasnost (transparency)

24 Which Soviet policy, which had existed since the Hungarian Uprising, was dropped? The Brezhnev Doctrine

25 Which disaster in the Ukraine, in 1986, prompted Gorbachev into proposing to phase out nuclear weapons? The Chernobyl Disaster

26 Which summit witnessed the first formal treaty being signed between the USA and USSR? Washington Summit, 1987

27 What did the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty state? Ban land-based missiles (5,500 km range)

28 Which summit marked the end of the Cold War? Malta Summit, 1989

29 When was the Berlin Wall torn down? 9th November 1989 The collapse of Soviet in Eastern Europe control of Thecollapse 30 When was the break-up of the Soviet Union? December 1991

31 How many American soldiers were killed during the Vietnam War? 60,000

32 How many ICBMs and SLBMs were the USA allowed following SALT 1? 1,054 ICBMs & 740 SLBMs

33 How many ICBMs and SLBMs were the USSR allowed following SALT 1? 1,618 ICBMs & 740 SLBMs

34 War the Cold of In an event which undermined Carter, how many American diplomats were held hostage in 1979 in Tehran? 60 (for 444 days)

35 How much did the war in Afghanistan cost the USSR per year? $8 billion

36 How many Soviet troops were killed in Afghanistan? 15,000

37 By how much had Reagan increased military spending from 1981 to 1982? 13%

38 31 people were killed by the Chernobyl disaster; how many were forced to abandon the surrounding area? 350,000

39 On September 11th 1989, how many East Germans crossed the border into West Germany? 125,000 Extend your endknowledge: Extend The 40 Which revolution, in November 1989, led to an anti-communist government in Czechoslovakia? The ‘Velvet Revolution’

1972 (May) SALT 1 agreement signed 1980 (July) Moscow Olympics; USA boycotts 1987 (December) Washington Summit

1975 (July) Apollo-Soyuz mission is launched 1983 (March) ‘Star Wars’ programme is launched 1988 (May) Moscow Summit

1975 (July) Helsinki Accords 1984 (July) Los Angeles Olympics; USSR boycotts 1989 (November) Berlin Wall is torn down

1979 (December) USSR invasion of Afghanistan 1985 (November) Geneva Summit 1989 (December) Malta Summit

1980 (January) Carter Doctrine 1986 (October) Reykjavik Summit 1991 (December) Gorbachev quits; Cold War ends