Recognizing Indians: Place, Identity, History, and the Federal Acknowledgment of the Ohlone/Costanoan-Esselen Nation." (2010)
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University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Anthropology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 7-1-2010 RECOGNIZING INDIANS: PLACE, IDENTITY, HISTORY, AND THE FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE OHLONE/ COSTANOAN-ESSELEN NATION Philip Blair Laverty Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/anth_etds Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Laverty, Philip Blair. "RECOGNIZING INDIANS: PLACE, IDENTITY, HISTORY, AND THE FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE OHLONE/COSTANOAN-ESSELEN NATION." (2010). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ anth_etds/41 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECOGNIZING INDIANS: PLACE, IDENTITY, HISTORY, AND THE FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE OHLONE/COSTANOAN-ESSELEN NATION BY PHILIP BLAIR LAVERTY B.A., Anthropology and Philosophy, University of California, Santa M.A., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 1998 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July 2010 iii © Philip Blair Laverty © Speech, stories, and traditional knowledge belong to individuals quoted and/or the Ohlone/Costanoan-Esselen Nation. iv DEDICATION To my parents, Robert and Leslie Laverty, and to all those who made this dissertation possible by sharing something of their lives with me. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people supported this dissertation and made my work possible. Despite the difficulties I describe, my experience working with members of the Ohlone/Costanoan- Esselen Nation (OCEN) members has typically been a warm and welcoming one. I wish to express my deepest appreciation to all those who welcomed me and supported me in a variety of ways. I hope that this dissertation proves helpful. Any mistakes or misinterpretations are mine. May we always find ways to positively collaborate. I would like to thank Rudy Rosales and his sister, Gloria Ritter, and her late husband, Bob Ritter, daughter, Janette Cate, son-in-law, Jeremy Cate, and son, Robert Ritter, Jr. Rudy and Gloria were not only my key consultants, they were my host family in Monterey and I deeply appreciate their warmth and hospitality. I wish to thank Lorraine Escobar for all of her generous assistance with research guidance and genealogical data. I would also like to thank Paul Mondragon and his family as well as Charlie Higuera and family for their support and kind hospitality. I wish to thank the chairpeople with whom I have worked including Louise Miranda Ramirez, Lorraine Escobar, Cari Herthel, Rudy Rosales, and Loretta Escobar Wyer. I wish to thank all the people, some of whom are now deceased, who spent time with me discussing issues and research questions in depth, particularly: Myrtle Greene, Frances Garcia, Rich Cominos, Augustina “Gussie” and Red Nichols, John “Bud” Vierra, Patti Nunes, Adolph and Myra Rosales, Geneva Baty, Carol Van de Mark, Kathy Martins, Virginia Meadows and Cheryl Urquidez, Dale Escobar, Eddie and Dee Escobar, Jean Shay, Bernadine Meadows Van Ostrand, Inez Piazzoni Wilson, Ed Post, Barbara Valdez, Gary Martinez, James F. Martinez, Sr., and Pauline Martinez Arias. I wish to express thanks to a number of other people who spent time talking with me or supported this project through other ways, including: Pam Tanous, Ann Cominos and family, Vivian Rodriguez, Viola Miranda, Al Rodriguez, Rich Rodriguez, Ernest Ramirez, Christianne Najera, Chesney Grant, Gary A. Gomez, Christianne Arias, Rose Marie Miranda, Alexandria Casares Robert Fernandez, Josie Gomez, Anthony Gomez, Charlotte Diaz-Gomez, Teresa Machado, Joan Denys, Elizabeth Paxton, Al Miranda, Louie Machado, Jr., Laurence Escobar, Alex Ramirez, and Joe Kavanagh, Hope Casareno, Suzanne Dessauer, Steven Fernandez, Valerie Valdez Rivera, Jannette Valdez- Witten, Marlene Baker, Duane Thielman, Philip Greene, and Cindy Crain. I would also like to thank other OCEN consultants, especially Susan Morley for sharing thoughts, information, and photos, as well as Patricia Collins and Brianna Moulton. My apologies to anyone I have missed. I wish to express my gratitude as well to the Amah Mutsun people, their leaders, and the chairmen with whom I worked, Charlie Higuera and Val Lopez, and others who welcomed me, spent time talking with me, or otherwise supported my work, including: Ed Ketchum, Ruben and Lillian Luna, Quirina Luna, Augie Najera, Ralph Corral and his sister, Nora Lopez, Mike Higuera, the Mondragon family, Elizabeth Orozco, Marion Martinez, Mary Carrier and Lisa Carrier, and Mr. and Mrs. Ed Azevedo. I would also like vi to thank the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe and its leadership, especially Chairwoman Rosemary Cambra, Norma Sanchez, and Monica Arellano. I am extremely grateful to my advisor, Les Field, and Alan Leventhal for all the guidance, assistance, research materials, and more that they have graciously shared with me. I am grateful to my dissertation committee members, Sylvia Rodríguez, David Dinwoodie, and Margaret Connell-Szasz, for all of their critical help, generosity, and patience. Many thanks to my professors at the University of New Mexico for the stimulating lectures, discussions, and feedback, especially Keith Basso who provided much helpful commentary when I formulated this project. I would also like to thank Alfonso Ortiz, Louise Lamphere, Carole Nagengast, Suzanne Oakdale, Karl Schwerin, and James Treat. Other professors or colleagues at other the universities have helped me in different ways, including Sara-Larus Tolley, Edward Castillo, Lisbeth Haas, Renya Ramirez, Judith Habicht-Mauche, Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, and Dennis Tibbetts. Will Shephard ‘punched my ticket’ at a critical time. I would also like to thank my leadership in my current employment for supporting my educational efforts. My fellow graduate students, especially Tad McIlwraith and Joe Kinsella, have helped me enormously through much thoughtful discussion. I would also like to thank the students who participated in the American Indian issues discussion group facilitated by Margaret Connell-Szasz. Students at the University of California at Santa Cruz also assisted me with this project, especially Brie Moulton and Lucy Munger for assisting me with the tedious work of copying microfilm frames of J.P. Harrington’s fieldnotes. I am very grateful for the funding I have received for this project. The Whatcom Museum Society and the University of Washington awarded me money through The Jacobs Research Fund. The American Philosophical Society granted me funding through the Phillips Fund for Native American Research. At the University of New Mexico, the Anthropology Department awarded me the Frank J. Broilio, Harry W. and Margaret Baseheart Memorial Endowment Scholarship, as well as research and teaching assistantships and travel monies. The Office of Graduate Studies awarded me a Research, Project, and Travel Grant. The Graduate and Professional Student Association awarded me monies through the Student Research Allocations Committee. I wish to thank the Firestone family for their generous assistance with court fees. I presented drafts of various material at the California Indian Conference in 1999, 2001, and 2003; the American Anthropological Association Annual Conference in 1999, 2001, 2002; the Annual Meetings of the Rocky Mountain Council for Latin American Studies in 2000; the American Ethnological Society Annual Conference in 1999; the University of New Mexico Anthropology Symposium in 1998 and 1999; and the California American Studies Association and Rocky Mountain American Studies Association Joint Conference in 1998. vii The staff at The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, particularly, David Kessler and Susan Snyder, and the staff at the McHenry Library, University of California, Santa Cruz, including the student photocopy office there, have always offered the kindest support. My deepest gratitude to Jeff Boyd, Erin Laverty, and John Reves for their editorial assistance and thanks to Susan Ramage for her technical assistance. My heartfelt thanks to Deborah Miranda for allowing me to include her poem, “Without History.” To my parents, Robert and Leslie Laverty, my sisters, and family my sincere appreciation for their love, interest, and support. I also wish to thank my wife, Michelle Prejean, for her encouragement and support. RECOGNIZING INDIANS: PLACE, IDENTITY, HISTORY, AND THE FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE OHLONE/COSTANOAN-ESSELEN NATION BY PHILIP BLAIR LAVERTY B.A., Anthropology and Philosophy, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1995 M.A., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 1998 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico JULY 2010 ix RECOGNIZING INDIANS: PLACE, IDENTITY, HISTORY, AND THE FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE OHLONE/COSTANOAN-ESSELEN NATION by PHILIP BLAIR LAVERTY B.A., Anthropology and Philosophy, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1995 M.A., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 1998 Ph.D., Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2010 ABSTRACT Long considered “extinct,” in 1992 the Ohlone/Costanoan-Esselen Nation (OCEN) began its bid to achieve federal acknowledgment as an American Indian tribe. This dissertation