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Disease Problems in the Cultivation of Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.) and Their Management Leading to Production of High Quality Pathogen Free Seed

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Disease Problems in the Cultivation of Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum L.) and Their Management Leading to Production of High Quality Pathogen Free Seed International J. Seed Spices 7(1), January 2017:1-7 Disease problems in the cultivation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and their management leading to production of high quality pathogen free seed M. N. Khare1, S. P. Tiwari 2 and Y.K.Sharma3 1Ex-Dean & Professor Emeritus 2Department of Plant Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur-482004, (M.P.). 3ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer-305206 (Rajasthan) Abstract Coriander is an important spice crop grown in many countries including India which has major share. The crop is attacked by several pathogens causing diseases like vascular wilt, stem rot, root rot, charcoal rot, seedling blight, stem gall, leaf blight, anthracnose, powdery mildew, seed rot, grain mould, bacterial blight, soft rot, seedling root rot, reniform and root knot nematodes, phyllody and virus diseases. Some new diseases have appeared in some countries. Resistant varieties are the best to control the diseases. Other cultural, physical and chemical methods are mentioned for their management. It is essential to produce high quality pathogen free seed for planting and export. Key words : Bacterial, cultural management, fungal, mycoplasma, nematode, viral diseases Introduction steam volatile oil is also obtained from seeds. These enhance aroma and flavor. Coriander seeds are used as Coriander is an important spice crop belonging to the family medicine to cure indigestion, dysentery, vomiting as well Apiaceae. It’s all the tender aerial parts, stem, leaf, flower, as cold. The essential oil has carminative, antiseptic, fruits are used due to aromatic flavour. The crop is grown bactericidal, fungicidal and muscle relaxant. The coriander in almost all the states of the country but Rajasthan, plant parts and seeds are used by people as short-cut Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, medicines for various body problems (Singh et al., 2007). Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand are the major coriander According to Pandey (2010) coriander is an important growing states. Rajasthan produces quality coriander and source of chemicals like alpha pinene, gamma terpenene, enjoys major share in area and production in the country. lononene, cymene, various nonlinalool alcohols, esters, Coriander is also grown in Morocco, Russia, Bulgaria, flavonoids, cumarines, isocumarines, phthalides and Mexico, Argentina, China, Romania, Japan and Italy. From phenolic acids. Coriander oil contains coriandrol, gireniol India coriander seeds and its powder are exported to and vebriniol. several countries like Malaysia, Singapore, Srilanka, USA The crop suffers due to a number of biotic and abiotic and gulf countries. During 2010-11, 4.82 lakh tones of stresses which are detrimental to plant health and seed coriander seeds were produced from 5.30 lakh area quality. Several disease causing pathogens are seed- (Malhotra and Vashistha, 2008; Champawat and Singh, borne. They are associated with seeds externally, 2008; Anonymous, 2013). internally, extraembryal, intraembryal, as contaminant and Coriander contains 24 g carbohydrates, 1.3 g protein, 19.6 inert matter as well as associated with inert matter. Their g fat, 5.3 g minerals and 6.3 g moisture in 100 g seed. seed to plant transmission may be local or systemic or Other compounds are linalool, a and b pinene, para both. It is essential to know the actual location of the cymene, a- terpenene. The oil from foliage contains pathogen with seeds for its management. Plant to seed aliphatic aldehydes, mainly dacylaldehyde. The seeds infection and its time of infection is a must to plan have 0.4 per cent essential oil. It is more in European measures to check it to get pathogen free seed as produce. coriander. Linalool is the main component up to 90% and 1. Vascular wilt up to 7% thymol. Oleresins with 90% fatty oil and 5% The plants get infected from seedling to adult stage; *Corresponding author email: [email protected] International Journal of Seed Spices Common diseases of coriander and their pathogens Nature of Pathogen Disease name Pathogen Fungi Vascular wilt Fusarium oxysporum f sp. coriander Stem rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) deBary Root rot Rhizoctonia solani, Kuhn, Fusarium solani Charcoal rot Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub) Butler Seedling blight Alternaria poonensis, Pythium ultimum Stem gall Protomyces macrosporus Unger. Leaf blight Alternaria alternata Leaf spot Cercospora corianderi, Phoma multirostrata Anthracnose Colletotrichum capsici (Syd) Butler and Bisby, C. gloeosporioides, Gloeosporium achaeniicola Rostr. Powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni DC Seed rot Fusarium miniliforme, F. semitectum, F.equiseti, Aspergillus spp. Grain mould Helminthosporium, Fusarium, Curvularia, Alternaria Bacterial Bacterial blight Xanthomonas campestris pv corianderi, X. translucens Jones, Johnson & Reddy Bacterial sof rot Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. Seedling rot Pseudomonas sp. Virus Carrot red leaf virus Phytoplasma Phyllody Nematodes Root knot Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood however the severity of the disease is more at later stages brown, later the whole stem is girdled. The surface gets of crop growth. The foliage turns yellow and droops down, covered with white fungus hyphae and looks like a cottony starts drying and the plant dies. On splitting the root and growth. The plant gradually dries. On splitting the collar portion, brown discolouration of tissues is observed. diseased stem black sclerotia are observed. Partial wilting is also noticed in plants when some of the The disease is caused by Scelotinia sclerotiorum which branches exhibit drooping. Seeds are either not produced contains hyaline, branched, septate hyphae. They are inter or if produced, they are light and immature. and intra cellular both. These hyphae form black Sclerotia The optimum temperature for disease development is 24- within the stem. The sclerotia germinate in winter in soil 27 C. it is favoured by 60 -70% soil moisture. Srivastva where they remain from previous crop or disseminate with (1972) studied the factors influencing wilt of coriander and seed as inert matter. Stipes are formed on germination reported slightly alkaline pH of soil to check the disease. which contain apothecia and produce ascus. Each ascus The disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f sp. produces ascospores which disseminate and attack the corianderi. The mycelium contains hyaline, septate, crop causing the disease. branched hyphae producing three types of spores, The sclerotia should be removed from seed lot. Deep macrospores, microspores and chlamydospores. The ploughing is helpful in burying the sclerotia deep in soil. pathogen is basically soil borne but can be transmitted Paddy after coriander helps in the elimination of the through seed. The toxins produced by the pathogen reduce inoculum source. the seed germination and seedling vigour (Gandhi kumar 3. Root rot and Raghuchandra, 2001). Mall (1968) reported stem and root rot of coriander caused Crop rotation is useful in checking the disease as the by Rhizoctonia solani. The roots exhibit destruction of pathogen is specific to coriander. Adjustment of date of cortex. The vascular part turns reddish, later shredded. sowing is also useful. Amendment of soil with oilcakes Several plants exhibit symptoms at one place in the field. checks the disease severity. Either resistant or less The plants get pulled easily. susceptible local types may be preferred. 4. Charcoal rot 2. Stem rot The disease is more prevalent in light soil and dry areas. The disease has been reported on coriander by Mehta et This is a seed and soil borne disease. The pathogen al., (1946). The disease appears mainly around flowering remains in soil associated with crop debris. It is externally under high soil moisture conditions in patches. First water and internally seed borne. The root and stem exhibit black soaked spots are formed on the main stem which turn Sclerotia. It results in seed rot, seedling rot, dry root rot 2 International Journal of Seed Spices and stem rot. The disease has been reported by Mahor chlamydospores germinate on getting moisture. The wall et al., (1982). The leaves start yellowing from the base cracks and a vesicle come out. The nuclei divide and which moves up. The stem exhibits brownish protoplasm gathers around each nucleus forming spores. discolouration with black Sclerotia. The roots of the The vesicle bursts and spores are released. They further diseased plants also turn brown and form black Sclerotia. increase by budding, finally infect the new crop. Hence Pycnidia are formed when the conditions are favourable. the disease is soil and seed borne. The infection is followed The disease has been reported from Bulgaria (Rodeva et by soil moisture and shade. The required pH range is al., 2010) caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. between 4.6 and 7.4 (Mathur, 1962; Mukhopadyaya and 5. Seedling blight Pavgi, 1964). Lakra (2001) estimated chlamydospore Seedling damage is caused by Pythium ultimum. The intensity in different plant parts and observed maximum tender basal parts of seedlings, root, collar, tender stem number in collar portion and minimum in highly infected turn water soaked, brown and die. The plants rot in patches. plants. The survived plants remain stunted with yellowish leaves. Early sown crop in mid September and late sown crop The disease has been reported from Italy also (Garibaldi around first week of December have less disease severity, et al., 2010). however the crop sown in mid November had least 6. Stem gall intensity
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