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A Brief Introduction to Unix-2019-AMS
Brief Intro to Linux/Unix Brief Intro to Unix (contd) A Brief Introduction to o Brief History of Unix o Compilers, Email, Text processing o Basics of a Unix session o Image Processing Linux/Unix – AMS 2019 o The Unix File System Pete Pokrandt o Working with Files and Directories o The vi editor UW-Madison AOS Systems Administrator o Your Environment [email protected] o Common Commands Twitter @PTH1 History of Unix History of Unix History of Unix o Created in 1969 by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis o Today – two main variants, but blended o It’s been around for a long time Ritchie at AT&T o Revised in-house until first public release 1977 o System V (Sun Solaris, SGI, Dec OSF1, AIX, o It was written by computer programmers for o 1977 – UC-Berkeley – Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) linux) computer programmers o 1983 – Sun Workstations produced a Unix Workstation o BSD (Old SunOS, linux, Mac OSX/MacOS) o Case sensitive, mostly lowercase o AT&T unix -> System V abbreviations 1 Basics of a Unix Login Session Basics of a Unix Login Session Basics of a Unix Login Session o The Shell – the command line interface, o Features provided by the shell o Logging in to a unix session where you enter commands, etc n Create an environment that meets your needs n login: username n Some common shells n Write shell scripts (batch files) n password: tImpAw$ n Define command aliases (this Is my password At work $) Bourne Shell (sh) OR n Manipulate command history IHateHaving2changeMypasswordevery3weeks!!! C Shell (csh) n Automatically complete the command -
“Linux at the Command Line” Don Johnson of BU IS&T We’Ll Start with a Sign in Sheet
“Linux at the Command Line” Don Johnson of BU IS&T We’ll start with a sign in sheet. We’ll end with a class evaluation. We’ll cover as much as we can in the time allowed; if we don’t cover everything, you’ll pick it up as you continue working with Linux. This is a hands-on, lab class; ask questions at any time. Commands for you to type are in BOLD The Most Common O/S Used By BU Researchers When Working on a Server or Computer Cluster Linux is a Unix clone begun in 1991 and written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. 64% of the world’s servers run some variant of Unix or Linux. The Android phone and the Kindle run Linux. a set of small Linux is an O/S core programs written by written by Linus Richard Stallman and Torvalds and others others. They are the AND GNU utilities. http://www.gnu.org/ Network: ssh, scp Shells: BASH, TCSH, clear, history, chsh, echo, set, setenv, xargs System Information: w, whoami, man, info, which, free, echo, date, cal, df, free Command Information: man, info Symbols: |, >, >>, <, ;, ~, ., .. Filters: grep, egrep, more, less, head, tail Hotkeys: <ctrl><c>, <ctrl><d> File System: ls, mkdir, cd, pwd, mv, touch, file, find, diff, cmp, du, chmod, find File Editors: gedit, nedit You need a “xterm” emulation – software that emulates an “X” terminal and that connects using the “SSH” Secure Shell protocol. ◦ Windows Use StarNet “X-Win32:” http://www.bu.edu/tech/support/desktop/ distribution/xwindows/xwin32/ ◦ Mac OS X “Terminal” is already installed Why? Darwin, the system on which Apple's Mac OS X is built, is a derivative of 4.4BSD-Lite2 and FreeBSD. -
The Linux Command Line
The Linux Command Line Second Internet Edition William E. Shotts, Jr. A LinuxCommand.org Book Copyright ©2008-2013, William E. Shotts, Jr. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No De- rivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit the link above or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Fran- cisco, California, 94105, USA. Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners. This book is part of the LinuxCommand.org project, a site for Linux education and advo- cacy devoted to helping users of legacy operating systems migrate into the future. You may contact the LinuxCommand.org project at http://linuxcommand.org. This book is also available in printed form, published by No Starch Press and may be purchased wherever fine books are sold. No Starch Press also offers this book in elec- tronic formats for most popular e-readers: http://nostarch.com/tlcl.htm Release History Version Date Description 13.07 July 6, 2013 Second Internet Edition. 09.12 December 14, 2009 First Internet Edition. 09.11 November 19, 2009 Fourth draft with almost all reviewer feedback incorporated and edited through chapter 37. 09.10 October 3, 2009 Third draft with revised table formatting, partial application of reviewers feedback and edited through chapter 18. 09.08 August 12, 2009 Second draft incorporating the first editing pass. 09.07 July 18, 2009 Completed first draft. Table of Contents Introduction....................................................................................................xvi -
Unix Commands (09/04/2014)
Unix Commands (09/04/2014) • Access control – login <login_name> – exit – passwd <login_name> – yppassswd <loginname> – su – • Login as Super user – su <login> • Login as user <login> • Root Prompt – [root@localhost ~] # • User Prompt – [bms@raxama ~] $ On Line Documentation – man <command/topic> – info <command/topic> • Working with directories – mkdir –p <subdir> ... {-p create all directories in path if not present} mkdir –p /2015/Jan/21/14 will create /2015, Jan, 21 & 14 in case any of these is absent – cd <dir> – rm -r <subdir> ... Man Pages • 1 Executable programs or shell commands • 2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel) • 3 Library calls (functions within program libraries) • 4 Special files (usually found in /dev) • 5 File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd • 6 Games • 7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7), groff(7) • 8 System administration commands (usually only for root) • 9 Kernel routines [Non standard] – man grep, {awk,sed,find,cut,sort} – man –k mysql, man –k dhcp – man crontab ,man 5 crontab – man printf, man 3 printf – man read, man 2 read – man info Runlevels used by Fedora/RHS Refer /etc/inittab • 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) • 1 - Single user mode • 2 - Multiuser, – without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) • 3 - Full multi user mode w/o X • 4 - unused • 5 - X11 • 6 - reboot (Do NOT set init default to this) – init 6 {Reboot System} – init 0 {Halt the System} – reboot {Requires Super User} – <ctrl> <alt> <del> • in tty[2-7] mode – tty switching • <ctrl> <alt> <F1-7> • In Fedora 10 tty1 is X. -
Gnu Coreutils Core GNU Utilities for Version 5.93, 2 November 2005
gnu Coreutils Core GNU utilities for version 5.93, 2 November 2005 David MacKenzie et al. This manual documents version 5.93 of the gnu core utilities, including the standard pro- grams for text and file manipulation. Copyright c 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1 Introduction This manual is a work in progress: many sections make no attempt to explain basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire gnu community will benefit. The gnu utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the POSIX standard. Please report bugs to [email protected]. Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. See section “Bugs” in Using and Porting GNU CC. This manual was originally derived from the Unix man pages in the distributions, which were written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. -
Laboratory Manual
LINUX SHELL PROGRAMMING LAB (4CS4-24) LABORATORY MANUAL FOR IV -SEMESTER COMPUTER SCIENCE& ENGINEERING Linux Shell Programming Lab- 4CS4-24 INTERNAL MARKS: 30 EXTERNAL MARKS: 20 Department of Computer Science and Engineering GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR Department of Computer Science & Engineering Global Institute of Technology, Jaipur LINUX SHELL PROGRAMMING LAB (4CS4-24) Scheme as per RTU M.M M.M. Subject Exam Sessional/ Total Name of Subject L T P End Code Hrs. Mid M.M. Term Term 4CS4-24 Linux Shell Prog. 2 - - 2 30 20 50 Lab Assessment criteria A. Internal Assessment: 30 In continuous evaluation system of the university, a student is evaluated throughout semester. His/her performance in the lab, attendance, practical knowledge, problem solving skill, written work in practical file and behavior are main criteria to evaluate student performance. Apart from that a lab quiz will be organize to see program programming skill and knowledge about the proposed subject. B. External Assessment: 20 At the end of the semester a lab examination will be scheduled to check overall programming skill, in which student will need to solve 2 programming problems in time span of 3 hours. C. Total Marks: 30+20=50 Department of Computer Science & Engineering Global Institute of Technology, Jaipur LINUX SHELL PROGRAMMING LAB (4CS4-24) SYLLABUS AS PER RTU 1. Use of basic Unix Shell Commands: ls, mkdir, rmdir, cd, cat, banner, touch, file, wc, sort, cut, grep, dd, dfspace, du, ulimit. 2. Commands related to inode, I/O redirection, piping, process control commands, mails. 3. Shell Programming: shell script exercise based on following: a. -
Gnu Coreutils Core GNU Utilities for Version 6.9, 22 March 2007
gnu Coreutils Core GNU utilities for version 6.9, 22 March 2007 David MacKenzie et al. This manual documents version 6.9 of the gnu core utilities, including the standard pro- grams for text and file manipulation. Copyright c 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1 Introduction This manual is a work in progress: many sections make no attempt to explain basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire gnu community will benefit. The gnu utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the POSIX standard. Please report bugs to [email protected]. Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. See section \Bugs" in Using and Porting GNU CC. This manual was originally derived from the Unix man pages in the distributions, which were written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. -
UNIX System Commands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)
8/25/00 11:41 AM UNIX System Commands For Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) EMORY Dr. Shaoxiong Wu NMR Research Center at Emory 1996 /xiong/UNIX.doc September 25, 1996 Dr. Shaoxiong Wu The information in this document is based on my own experiences. It has been carefully checked. However, no responsibility is assumed if any one copied this document as their reference. UNIX Commands 10/05/96 12:50 PM Updated Commands for tape operation: Tape Utility %mt -f /dev/rst0 retention (rewind)* Tape Copy %tcopy /dev/rst0 /dev/rst1 rst0-source rst1 --target Tape Dump #/usr/etc/dump 0cdstfu 1000 700 18 /dev/rst0 /dev/sd3c (/dev/sd0a;/dev/sd0g) 150Mb tape This dump can be recovered by mini root!!!! #dump 0cdstfu 1000 425 9 /dev/rst0 /dev/rsd0a On Omega600 (60Mb tape) Recover some files from the dump tape #restore -i restore>ls List files on the tape restore>add file name restore>extract you may extract file into a temp.dir first Tape Backup #../tar cvf /dev/rst0 dir-to-be-backup #../tar tvf /dev/rst0 ---list file on the tape #../tar xvfp /dev/rst0 ./restoredir (current dir) DATA Compression and Tape Backup #tar cf directoryname.tar directoryname ------compress all files in the directoryname #rm -r directoryname #compress directoryname.tar -------a new file name will be -------.tar.Z #tar cvf /dev/rst0 -----tar.Z ------save the file on a tape *******Retrieve the files #tar xvf /dev/rst0 ------tar.Z #uncompress ------tar.Z -----a new file will appear -----.tar 1 /xiong/UNIX.doc September 25, 1996 Dr. -
Useful Linux Commands
Useful Linux Commands Arnon Erba Agricultural & Resource Economics Updated October 25, 2019 Contents 1 Command Structure & Manual Pages2 1.1 Command Structure...................................2 1.2 Manual Pages.......................................2 2 File & Directory Management3 2.1 ls { List Files.......................................3 2.2 cd { Change Directory..................................3 2.3 pwd { Print Working Directory..............................3 2.4 rm { Remove Files....................................3 2.5 cp { Copy Files & Directories..............................3 2.6 mv { Move or Rename Files & Directories........................4 2.7 mkdir { Make New Directories..............................4 2.8 rmdir { Remove Empty Directories...........................4 3 Resource & Process Management4 3.1 ps { Process Status....................................4 3.2 kill { Kill Process....................................4 3.3 free { Show Memory Usage...............................4 3.4 df { Show Free Disk Space................................5 3.5 du { Estimate Disk Usage of Files............................5 3.6 htop { Interactive Resource Monitor..........................5 4 File Manipulation5 4.1 cat { Concatenate Files.................................5 4.2 grep { Search Inside Files................................6 4.3 vim { Text Editor.....................................6 4.4 vi { Text Editor.....................................6 4.5 nano { Text Editor....................................6 1 Abstract This document explains -
GPL-3-Free Replacements of Coreutils 1 Contents
GPL-3-free replacements of coreutils 1 Contents 2 Coreutils GPLv2 2 3 Alternatives 3 4 uutils-coreutils ............................... 3 5 BSDutils ................................... 4 6 Busybox ................................... 5 7 Nbase .................................... 5 8 FreeBSD ................................... 6 9 Sbase and Ubase .............................. 6 10 Heirloom .................................. 7 11 Replacement: uutils-coreutils 7 12 Testing 9 13 Initial test and results 9 14 Migration 10 15 Due to the nature of Apertis and its target markets there are licensing terms that 1 16 are problematic and that forces the project to look for alternatives packages. 17 The coreutils package is good example of this situation as its license changed 18 to GPLv3 and as result Apertis cannot provide it in the target repositories and 19 images. The current solution of shipping an old version which precedes the 20 license change is not tenable in the long term, as there are no upgrades with 21 bugfixes or new features for such important package. 22 This situation leads to the search for a drop-in replacement of coreutils, which 23 need to provide compatibility with the standard GNU coreutils packages. The 24 reason behind is that many other packages rely on the tools it provides, and 25 failing to do that would lead to hard to debug failures and many custom patches 26 spread all over the archive. In this regard the strict requirement is to support 27 the features needed to boot a target image with ideally no changes in other 28 components. The features currently available in our coreutils-gplv2 fork are a 29 good approximation. 30 Besides these specific requirements, the are general ones common to any Open 31 Source Project, such as maturity and reliability. -
GNU Coreutils Core GNU Utilities for Version 9.0, 20 September 2021
GNU Coreutils Core GNU utilities for version 9.0, 20 September 2021 David MacKenzie et al. This manual documents version 9.0 of the GNU core utilities, including the standard pro- grams for text and file manipulation. Copyright c 1994{2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". i Short Contents 1 Introduction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 2 Common options :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 3 Output of entire files :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 4 Formatting file contents ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 22 5 Output of parts of files :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 29 6 Summarizing files :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 41 7 Operating on sorted files ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 47 8 Operating on fields ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 9 Operating on characters ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 80 10 Directory listing:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87 11 Basic operations::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 102 12 Special file types :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 125 13 Changing file attributes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 135 14 File space usage ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143 15 Printing text ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
Linux Dd Command Examples Proxy
Linux Dd Command Examples Sometimes musicianly Fidel razzes her megavolt regularly, but Drusian Lorrie dindling vertebrally or sermonise fairly. Is Steward unco or subtropical after categorial Jacques oviposits so howsoever? Upraised and timely Ulises boggles her ambos vibrating while Blare smuts some pigsty detestably. Index and linux dd command examples for you want, users love to store information about memory in the wrong. Trying to other hand, by doing this command examples we need to the directory? Tar file continue reading this command and vice versa, we hate spam too big difference between the machine. Practical work at the dd examples too much respect to be practiced by the ip address will be blamed maybe there are many linux foundation has the devices. Supports rendering emoji characters render the additional swap with root during the other linux. Wipe out there are any missing input and replay commands can calculate the name. Clean screen to understand examples of overwriting your external drive! Within the latency of commands with a read the mbr with no partitions generally use ls command as the partitions. Allow you can film in the most of linux displays the immutable attribute first. Indicates the examples too big command will not less. Video in the three load snapshots as shown above command, file contents of the page. Numerous drives the command by the storage devices like xaa, while backing up with the history and source. Curl in dd command keeps filenames in linux history command gives same as the life. Clicking in linux command examples are still a block size, kali linux based on a dvd or unix, you may read the input file you will have locked.