DOCSLIB.ORG

Gnu Coreutils Core GNU Utilities for Version 6.9, 22 March 2007

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gnu Coreutils Core GNU Utilities for Version 6.9, 22 March 2007 gnu Coreutils Core GNU utilities for version 6.9, 22 March 2007 David MacKenzie et al. This manual documents version 6.9 of the gnu core utilities, including the standard pro- grams for text and file manipulation. Copyright c 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License". Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1 Introduction This manual is a work in progress: many sections make no attempt to explain basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire gnu community will benefit. The gnu utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the POSIX standard. Please report bugs to [email protected]. Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. See section \Bugs" in Using and Porting GNU CC. This manual was originally derived from the Unix man pages in the distributions, which were written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. What you are reading now is the authoritative documentation for these utilities; the man pages are no longer being maintained. The original fmt man page was written by Ross Paterson. Fran¸cois Pinard did the initial conversion to Texinfo format. Karl Berry did the indexing, some reorganization, and editing of the results. Brian Youmans of the Free Software Foundation office staff combined the manuals for textutils, fileutils, and sh-utils to produce the present omnibus manual. Richard Stallman contributed his usual invaluable insights to the overall process. Chapter 2: Common options 2 2 Common options Certain options are available in all of these programs. Rather than writing identical de- scriptions for each of the programs, they are described here. (In fact, every gnu program accepts (or should accept) these options.) Normally options and operands can appear in any order, and programs act as if all the options appear before any operands. For example, `sort -r passwd -t :' acts like `sort -r -t : passwd', since `:' is an option-argument of `-t'. However, if the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable is set, options must appear before operands, unless otherwise specified for a particular command. A few programs can usefully have trailing operands with leading `-'. With such a program, options must precede operands even if POSIXLY_CORRECT is not set, and this fact is noted in the program description. For example, the env command's options must appear before its operands, since in some cases the operands specify a command that itself contains options. Some of these programs recognize the `--help' and `--version' options only when one of them is the sole command line argument. `--help' Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit successfully. `--version' Print the version number, then exit successfully. `--' Delimit the option list. Later arguments, if any, are treated as operands even if they begin with `-'. For example, `sort -- -r' reads from the file named `-r'. A single `-' operand is not really an option, though it looks like one. It stands for standard input, or for standard output if that is clear from the context. For example, `sort -' reads from standard input, and is equivalent to plain `sort', and `tee -' writes an extra copy of its input to standard output. Unless otherwise specified, `-' can appear as any operand that requires a file name. 2.1 Exit status Nearly every command invocation yields an integral exit status that can be used to change how other commands work. For the vast majority of commands, an exit status of zero indicates success. Failure is indicated by a nonzero value|typically `1', though it may differ on unusual platforms as POSIX requires only that it be nonzero. However, some of the programs documented here do produce other exit status values and a few associate different meanings with the values `0' and `1'. Here are some of the exceptions: chroot, env, expr, nice, nohup, printenv, sort, su, test, tty. 2.2 Backup options Some gnu programs (at least cp, install, ln, and mv) optionally make backups of files before writing new versions. These options control the details of these backups. The options are also briefly mentioned in the descriptions of the particular programs. Chapter 2: Common options 3 `-b' `--backup[=method]' Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. Without this option, the original versions are destroyed. Use method to deter- mine the type of backups to make. When this option is used but method is not specified, then the value of the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable is used. And if VERSION_CONTROL is not set, the default backup type is `existing'. Note that the short form of this option, `-b' does not accept any argument. Using `-b' is equivalent to using `--backup=existing'. This option corresponds to the Emacs variable `version-control'; the values for method are the same as those used in Emacs. This option also accepts more descriptive names. The valid methods are (unique abbreviations are accepted): `none' `off' Never make backups. `numbered' `t' Always make numbered backups. `existing' `nil' Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple backups of the others. `simple' `never' Always make simple backups. Please note `never' is not to be confused with `none'. `-S suffix' `--suffix=suffix' Append suffix to each backup file made with `-b'. If this option is not specified, the value of the SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX environment variable is used. And if SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX is not set, the default is `~', just as in Emacs. 2.3 Block size Some gnu programs (at least df, du, and ls) display sizes in \blocks". You can adjust the block size and method of display to make sizes easier to read. The block size used for display is independent of any file system block size. Fractional block counts are rounded up to the nearest integer. The default block size is chosen by examining the following environment variables in turn; the first one that is set determines the block size. DF_BLOCK_SIZE This specifies the default block size for the df command. Similarly, DU_BLOCK_ SIZE specifies the default for du and LS_BLOCK_SIZE for ls. BLOCK_SIZE This specifies the default block size for all three commands, if the above command-specific environment variables are not set. Chapter 2: Common options 4 BLOCKSIZE This specifies the default block size for all values that are normally printed as blocks, if neither BLOCK_SIZE nor the above command-specific environment variables are set. Unlike the other environment variables, BLOCKSIZE does not affect values that are normally printed as byte counts, e.g., the file sizes con- tained in ls -l output. POSIXLY_CORRECT If neither command_BLOCK_SIZE, nor BLOCK_SIZE, nor BLOCKSIZE is set, but this variable is set, the block size defaults to 512. If none of the above environment variables are set, the block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes in most contexts, but this number may change in the future. For ls file sizes, the block size defaults to 1 byte. A block size specification can be a positive integer specifying the number of bytes per block, or it can be human-readable or si to select a human-readable format. Integers may be followed by suffixes that are upward compatible with the SI prefixes for decimal multiples and with the IEC 60027-2 prefixes for binary multiples. With human-readable formats, output sizes are followed by a size letter such as `M' for megabytes. BLOCK_SIZE=human-readable uses powers of 1024; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. BLOCK_SIZE=si is similar, but uses powers of 1000 and appends `B'; `MB' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. A block size specification preceded by `'' causes output sizes to be displayed with thou- sands separators. The LC_NUMERIC locale specifies the thousands separator and grouping. For example, in an American English locale, `--block-size="'1kB"' would cause a size of 1234000 bytes to be displayed as `1,234'. In the default C locale, there is no thousands separator so a leading `'' has no effect. An integer block size can be followed by a suffix to specify a multiple of that size. A bare size letter, or one followed by `iB', specifies a multiple using powers of 1024. A size letter followed by `B' specifies powers of 1000 instead. For example, `1M' and `1MiB' are equivalent to `1048576', whereas `1MB' is equivalent to `1000000'. A plain suffix without a preceding integer acts as if `1' were prepended, except that it causes a size indication to be appended to the output. For example, `--block-size="kB"' displays 3000 as `3kB'. The following suffixes are defined. Large sizes like 1Y may be rejected by your computer due to limitations of its arithmetic. `kB' kilobyte: 103 = 1000. `k' `K' `KiB' kibibyte: 210 = 1024. `K' is special: the SI prefix is `k' and the IEC 60027-2 prefix is `Ki', but tradition and POSIX use `k' to mean `KiB'. `MB' megabyte: 106 = 1; 000; 000. `M' `MiB' mebibyte: 220 = 1; 048; 576. `GB' gigabyte: 109 = 1; 000; 000; 000. Chapter 2: Common options 5 `G' `GiB' gibibyte: 230 = 1; 073; 741; 824.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction to Linux – Part 1
    Introduction to Linux – Part 1 Brett Milash and Wim Cardoen Center for High Performance Computing May 22, 2018 ssh Login or Interactive Node kingspeak.chpc.utah.edu Batch queue system … kp001 kp002 …. kpxxx FastX ● https://www.chpc.utah.edu/documentation/software/fastx2.php ● Remote graphical sessions in much more efficient and effective way than simple X forwarding ● Persistence - can be disconnected from without closing the session, allowing users to resume their sessions from other devices. ● Licensed by CHPC ● Desktop clients exist for windows, mac, and linux ● Web based client option ● Server installed on all CHPC interactive nodes and the frisco nodes. Windows – alternatives to FastX ● Need ssh client - PuTTY ● http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html - XShell ● http://www.netsarang.com/download/down_xsh.html ● For X applications also need X-forwarding tool - Xming (use Mesa version as needed for some apps) ● http://www.straightrunning.com/XmingNotes/ - Make sure X forwarding enabled in your ssh client Linux or Mac Desktop ● Just need to open up a terminal or console ● When running applications with graphical interfaces, use ssh –Y or ssh –X Getting Started - Login ● Download and install FastX if you like (required on windows unless you already have PuTTY or Xshell installed) ● If you have a CHPC account: - ssh [email protected] ● If not get a username and password: - ssh [email protected] Shell Basics q A Shell is a program that is the interface between you and the operating system
    [Show full text]
  • CS101 Lecture 9
    How do you copy/move/rename/remove files? How do you create a directory ? What is redirection and piping? Readings: See CCSO’s Unix pages and 9-2 cp option file1 file2 First Version cp file1 file2 file3 … dirname Second Version This is one version of the cp command. file2 is created and the contents of file1 are copied into file2. If file2 already exits, it This version copies the files file1, file2, file3,… into the directory will be replaced with a new one. dirname. where option is -i Protects you from overwriting an existing file by asking you for a yes or no before it copies a file with an existing name. -r Can be used to copy directories and all their contents into a new directory 9-3 9-4 cs101 jsmith cs101 jsmith pwd data data mp1 pwd mp1 {FILES: mp1_data.m, mp1.m } {FILES: mp1_data.m, mp1.m } Copy the file named mp1_data.m from the cs101/data Copy the file named mp1_data.m from the cs101/data directory into the pwd. directory into the mp1 directory. > cp ~cs101/data/mp1_data.m . > cp ~cs101/data/mp1_data.m mp1 The (.) dot means “here”, that is, your pwd. 9-5 The (.) dot means “here”, that is, your pwd. 9-6 Example: To create a new directory named “temp” and to copy mv option file1 file2 First Version the contents of an existing directory named mp1 into temp, This is one version of the mv command. file1 is renamed file2. where option is -i Protects you from overwriting an existing file by asking you > cp -r mp1 temp for a yes or no before it copies a file with an existing name.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 7 Network Management and Debugging
    SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION MTAT.08.021 LECTURE 7 NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND DEBUGGING Prepared By: Amnir Hadachi and Artjom Lind University of Tartu, Institute of Computer Science [email protected] / [email protected] 1 LECTURE 7: NETWORK MGT AND DEBUGGING OUTLINE 1.Intro 2.Network Troubleshooting 3.Ping 4.SmokePing 5.Trace route 6.Network statistics 7.Inspection of live interface activity 8.Packet sniffers 9.Network management protocols 10.Network mapper 2 1. INTRO 3 LECTURE 7: NETWORK MGT AND DEBUGGING INTRO QUOTE: Networks has tendency to increase the number of interdependencies among machine; therefore, they tend to magnify problems. • Network management tasks: ✴ Fault detection for networks, gateways, and critical servers ✴ Schemes for notifying an administrator of problems ✴ General network monitoring, to balance load and plan expansion ✴ Documentation and visualization of the network ✴ Administration of network devices from a central site 4 LECTURE 7: NETWORK MGT AND DEBUGGING INTRO Network Size 160 120 80 40 Management Procedures 0 AUTOMATION ILLUSTRATION OF NETWORK GROWTH VS MGT PROCEDURES AUTOMATION 5 LECTURE 7: NETWORK MGT AND DEBUGGING INTRO • Network: • Subnets + Routers / switches Time to consider • Automating mgt tasks: • shell scripting source: http://www.eventhelix.com/RealtimeMantra/Networking/ip_routing.htm#.VvjkA2MQhIY • network mgt station 6 2. NETWORK TROUBLES HOOTING 7 LECTURE 7: NETWORK MGT AND DEBUGGING NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING • Many tools are available for debugging • Debugging: • Low-level (e.g. TCP/IP layer) • high-level (e.g. DNS, NFS, and HTTP) • This section progress: ping trace route GENERAL ESSENTIAL TROUBLESHOOTING netstat TOOLS STRATEGY nmap tcpdump … 8 LECTURE 7: NETWORK MGT AND DEBUGGING NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING • Before action, principle to consider: ✴ Make one change at a time ✴ Document the situation as it was before you got involved.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Commands Cheat Sheet by Mmorykan Via Cheatography.Com/89673/Cs/20411
    Common Commands Cheat Sheet by mmorykan via cheatography.com/89673/cs/20411/ Scripting Scripting (cont) GitHub bash filename - Runs script sleep value - Forces the script to wait value git clone <url​ > - Clones gitkeeper url Shebang - "#​ !bi​ n/b​ ash​ " - First line of bash seconds git add <fil​ ena​ me>​ - Adds the file to git script. Tells script what binary to use while [[ condition ]]; do stuff; done git commit - Commits all files to git ./file​ name - Also runs script if [[ condition ]]; do stuff; fi git push - Pushes all git files to host # - Creates a comment until [[ condition ]]; do stuff; done echo ${varia​ ble} - Prints variable words="​ h​ ouse dogs telephone dog" - Package / Networking hello_int = 1 - Treats "1​ " as a string Declares words array dnf upgrade - Updates system packages Use UPPERC​ ASE for constant variables for word in ${words} - traverses each dnf install - Installs package element in array Use lowerc​ ase​ _wi​ th_​ und​ ers​ cores for dnf search - Searches for package for counter in {1..10} - Loops 10 times regular variables dnf remove - Removes package for ((;;)) - Is infinite for loop echo $(( ${hello​ _int} + 1 )) - Treats hello_int systemctl start - Starts systemd service as an integer and prints 2 break - exits loop body systemctl stop - Stops systemd service mktemp - Creates temporary random file for ((count​ er=1; counter -le 10; counter​ ++)) systemctl restart - Restarts systemd service test - Denoted by "[[ condition ]]" tests the - Loops 10 times systemctl reload - Reloads systemd service condition
    [Show full text]
  • Making Linux Protection Mechanisms Egalitarian with Userfs
    Making Linux Protection Mechanisms Egalitarian with UserFS Taesoo Kim and Nickolai Zeldovich MIT CSAIL ABSTRACT firewall rules, forcing applications to invent their own UserFS provides egalitarian OS protection mechanisms protection techniques like system call interposition [15], in Linux. UserFS allows any user—not just the system binary rewriting [30] or analysis [13, 45], or interposing administrator—to allocate Unix user IDs, to use chroot, on system accesses in a language runtime like Javascript. and to set up firewall rules in order to confine untrusted This paper presents the design of UserFS, a kernel code. One key idea in UserFS is representing user IDs as framework that allows any application to use traditional files in a /proc-like file system, thus allowing applica- OS protection mechanisms on a Unix system, and a proto- tions to manage user IDs like any other files, by setting type implementation of UserFS for Linux. UserFS makes permissions and passing file descriptors over Unix do- protection mechanisms egalitarian, so that any user—not main sockets. UserFS addresses several challenges in just the system administrator—can allocate new user IDs, making user IDs egalitarian, including accountability, re- set up firewall rules, and isolate processes using chroot. source allocation, persistence, and UID reuse. We have By using the operating system’s own protection mecha- ported several applications to take advantage of UserFS; nisms, applications can avoid race conditions and ambi- by changing just tens to hundreds of lines of code, we guities associated with system call interposition [14, 43], prevented attackers from exploiting application-level vul- can confine existing code without having to recompile or nerabilities, such as code injection or missing ACL checks rewrite it in a new language, and can enforce a coherent in a PHP-based wiki application.
    [Show full text]
  • Sandboxing 2 Change Root: Chroot()
    Sandboxing 2 Change Root: chroot() Oldest Unix isolation mechanism Make a process believe that some subtree is the entire file system File outside of this subtree simply don’t exist Sounds good, but. Sandboxing 2 2 / 47 Chroot Sandboxing 2 3 / 47 Limitations of Chroot Only root can invoke it. (Why?) Setting up minimum necessary environment can be painful The program to execute generally needs to live within the subtree, where it’s exposed Still vulnerable to root compromise Doesn’t protect network identity Sandboxing 2 4 / 47 Root versus Chroot Suppose an ordinary user could use chroot() Create a link to the sudo command Create /etc and /etc/passwd with a known root password Create links to any files you want to read or write Besides, root can escape from chroot() Sandboxing 2 5 / 47 Escaping Chroot What is the current directory? If it’s not under the chroot() tree, try chdir("../../..") Better escape: create device files On Unix, all (non-network) devices have filenames Even physical memory has a filename Create a physical memory device, open it, and change the kernel data structures to remove the restriction Create a disk device, and mount a file system on it. Then chroot() to the real root (On Unix systems, disks other than the root file system are “mounted” as a subtree somewhere) Sandboxing 2 6 / 47 Trying Chroot # mkdir /usr/sandbox /usr/sandbox/bin # cp /bin/sh /usr/sandbox/bin/sh # chroot /usr/sandbox /bin/sh chroot: /bin/sh: Exec format error # mkdir /usr/sandbox/libexec # cp /libexec/ld.elf_so /usr/sandbox/libexec # chroot /usr/sandbox
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Introduction to Unix-2019-AMS
    Brief Intro to Linux/Unix Brief Intro to Unix (contd) A Brief Introduction to o Brief History of Unix o Compilers, Email, Text processing o Basics of a Unix session o Image Processing Linux/Unix – AMS 2019 o The Unix File System Pete Pokrandt o Working with Files and Directories o The vi editor UW-Madison AOS Systems Administrator o Your Environment [email protected] o Common Commands Twitter @PTH1 History of Unix History of Unix History of Unix o Created in 1969 by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis o Today – two main variants, but blended o It’s been around for a long time Ritchie at AT&T o Revised in-house until first public release 1977 o System V (Sun Solaris, SGI, Dec OSF1, AIX, o It was written by computer programmers for o 1977 – UC-Berkeley – Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) linux) computer programmers o 1983 – Sun Workstations produced a Unix Workstation o BSD (Old SunOS, linux, Mac OSX/MacOS) o Case sensitive, mostly lowercase o AT&T unix -> System V abbreviations 1 Basics of a Unix Login Session Basics of a Unix Login Session Basics of a Unix Login Session o The Shell – the command line interface, o Features provided by the shell o Logging in to a unix session where you enter commands, etc n Create an environment that meets your needs n login: username n Some common shells n Write shell scripts (batch files) n password: tImpAw$ n Define command aliases (this Is my password At work $) Bourne Shell (sh) OR n Manipulate command history IHateHaving2changeMypasswordevery3weeks!!! C Shell (csh) n Automatically complete the command
    [Show full text]
  • Unix/Linux Command Reference
    Unix/Linux Command Reference .com File Commands System Info ls – directory listing date – show the current date and time ls -al – formatted listing with hidden files cal – show this month's calendar cd dir - change directory to dir uptime – show current uptime cd – change to home w – display who is online pwd – show current directory whoami – who you are logged in as mkdir dir – create a directory dir finger user – display information about user rm file – delete file uname -a – show kernel information rm -r dir – delete directory dir cat /proc/cpuinfo – cpu information rm -f file – force remove file cat /proc/meminfo – memory information rm -rf dir – force remove directory dir * man command – show the manual for command cp file1 file2 – copy file1 to file2 df – show disk usage cp -r dir1 dir2 – copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it du – show directory space usage doesn't exist free – show memory and swap usage mv file1 file2 – rename or move file1 to file2 whereis app – show possible locations of app if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into which app – show which app will be run by default directory file2 ln -s file link – create symbolic link link to file Compression touch file – create or update file tar cf file.tar files – create a tar named cat > file – places standard input into file file.tar containing files more file – output the contents of file tar xf file.tar – extract the files from file.tar head file – output the first 10 lines of file tar czf file.tar.gz files – create a tar with tail file – output the last 10 lines
    [Show full text]
  • ECOGEO Workshop 2: Introduction to Env 'Omics
    ECOGEO Workshop 2: Introduction to Env ‘Omics Unix and Bioinformatics Ben Tully (USC); Ken Youens-Clark (UA) Unix Commands pwd rm grep tail install ls ‘>’ sed cut cd cat nano top mkdir ‘<’ history screen touch ‘|’ $PATH ssh cp sort less df mv uniq head rsync/scp Unix Command Line 1. Open Terminal window Unix Command Line 2. Open Chrome and navigate to Unix tutorial at Protocols.io 3. Group: ECOGEO 4. Protocol: ECOGEO Workshop 2: Unix Module ! This will allow you to copy, paste Unix scripts into terminal window ! ECOGEO Protocols.io for making copy, paste easier Unix Command Line $ ls ls - lists items in the current directory Many commands have additional options that can be set by a ‘-’ $ ls -a Unix Command Line $ ls -a lists all files/directories, including hidden files ‘.’ $ ls -l lists the long format File Permissions | # Link | User | Group | Size | Last modified $ ls -lt lists the long format, but ordered by date last modified Unix Command Line Unix Command Line $ cd ecogeo/ cd - change directory List the contents of the current directory Move into the directory called unix List contents $ pwd pwd - present working directory Unix Command Line /home/c-debi/ecogeo/unix When were we in the directory home? Or c-debi? Or ecogeo? $ cd / Navigates to root directory List contents of root directory This where everything is stored in the computer All the commands we are running live in /bin Unix Command Line / root bin sys home mnt usr c-debi BioinfPrograms cdebi Desktop Downloads ecogeo unix assembly annotation etc Typical Unix Layout Unix Command Line Change directory to home Change directory to c-debi Change directory to ecogeo Change directory to unix List contents Change directory to data Change directory to root Unix Command Line Change directory to unix/data in one step $ cd /home/c-debi/ecogeo/unix/data Tab can be used to auto complete names $ cd .
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Department of Revenue
    Form MV-9W (Rev. 6-2015) Web and MV Manual Georgia Department of Revenue - Motor Vehicle Division Request for Manufacture of a Special Veteran License Plate ______________________________________________________________________________________ Purpose of this Form: This form is to be used to apply for a military license plate/tag. This form should not be used to record a change of ownership, change of address, or change of license plate classification. Required documentation: You must provide a legible copy of your service discharge (DD-214, DD-215, or for World War II veterans, a WD form) indicating your branch and term of service. If you are an active duty member, a copy of the approved documentation supporting your current membership in the respective reserve or National Guard unit is required. In the case of a retired reserve member from that unit, you must furnish approved documentation supporting the current retired membership status from that reserve unit. OWNER INFORMATION First Name Middle Initial Last Name Suffix Owners’ Full Legal Name: Mailing Address: City: State: Zip: Telephone Number: Owner(s)’ Full Legal Name: First Name Middle Initial Last Name Suffix If secondary Owner(s) are listed Mailing Address: City: State: Zip: Telephone Number: VEHICLE INFORMATION Passenger Vehicle Motorcycle Private Truck Vehicle Identification Number (VIN): Year: Make: Model: CAMPAIGN/TOUR of DUTY Branch of Service: SERVICE AWARD Branch of Service: LICENSE PLATES ______________________ LICENSE PLATES ______________________ World War I World
    [Show full text]
  • “Linux at the Command Line” Don Johnson of BU IS&T  We’Ll Start with a Sign in Sheet
    “Linux at the Command Line” Don Johnson of BU IS&T We’ll start with a sign in sheet. We’ll end with a class evaluation. We’ll cover as much as we can in the time allowed; if we don’t cover everything, you’ll pick it up as you continue working with Linux. This is a hands-on, lab class; ask questions at any time. Commands for you to type are in BOLD The Most Common O/S Used By BU Researchers When Working on a Server or Computer Cluster Linux is a Unix clone begun in 1991 and written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. 64% of the world’s servers run some variant of Unix or Linux. The Android phone and the Kindle run Linux. a set of small Linux is an O/S core programs written by written by Linus Richard Stallman and Torvalds and others others. They are the AND GNU utilities. http://www.gnu.org/ Network: ssh, scp Shells: BASH, TCSH, clear, history, chsh, echo, set, setenv, xargs System Information: w, whoami, man, info, which, free, echo, date, cal, df, free Command Information: man, info Symbols: |, >, >>, <, ;, ~, ., .. Filters: grep, egrep, more, less, head, tail Hotkeys: <ctrl><c>, <ctrl><d> File System: ls, mkdir, cd, pwd, mv, touch, file, find, diff, cmp, du, chmod, find File Editors: gedit, nedit You need a “xterm” emulation – software that emulates an “X” terminal and that connects using the “SSH” Secure Shell protocol. ◦ Windows Use StarNet “X-Win32:” http://www.bu.edu/tech/support/desktop/ distribution/xwindows/xwin32/ ◦ Mac OS X “Terminal” is already installed Why? Darwin, the system on which Apple's Mac OS X is built, is a derivative of 4.4BSD-Lite2 and FreeBSD.
    [Show full text]
  • Spirent Testcenter Automation Validating the Environment and Configuring the System Variables – an Overview
    Spirent TestCenter Automation Validating the environment and configuring the system variables – an overview August 10 2016 SRE Chicago Vijay Muthucumarasamy Principle Field Service Engineer Spirent Communications PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 1 Agenda Spirent Automation and Supported Platforms Operating System and Validation Environment Set up and Verification • TCL • Python • Perl Lab Server HLTAPI Command Sequencer Q & A Spirent Communications PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 2 Supported OS and API 1. Multi-threaded 2. If you are using Avalanche on Spirent TestCenter, Windows 2008 server is not officially supported at this time. 3. Running as a 32-bit application 4. Requires LabServer 5. Requires openssh-client package **** PLEASE Check the release notes for updated information Spirent Communications PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 3 Spirent API Packages for Linux Environment Spirent Communications PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 4 Verify and Validate the OS & API Before install the STC installation packages • Verify the Operating System - Kernel - CPU - Memory - Validate the requirement : Check the Spirent TestCenter releases and verify Spirent requirements • Verify the API (TCL/Python/Perl) - Release version - Whether 32/64 bit platform - Whether need a Spirent Lab Server - Validate the requirement : Check the Spirent TestCenter releases and verify Spirent requirements Spirent Communications PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 5 Operating System and Validation Verify Kernel version • CentOS/RedHat/Ubuntu - cat /etc/issue - cat /etc/redhat-release
    [Show full text]