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Unraveling the Institutional Infrastructure of Hizbullah: How LEBANESE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY UNRAVELING HIZBULLAH’S INSTITUTIONAL PARADOX: STATE INTERVENTIONIST THOUGHT VERSUS NEO-LIBERAL PRACTICES By MEGHRY KHOSHIAN A thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts in International Affairs School of Arts and Sciences June 2012 ii iii iv THESIS COPYRIGHT RELEASE FORM LEBANESE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY NON-EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION LICENSE By signing and submitting this license, I, Meghry Khoshian, grant to the Lebanese American University (LAU) the non-exclusive right to reproduce, translate (as defined below), and/or distribute my submission (including the abstract) worldwide in print and electronic format and in any medium, including but not limited to audio or video. I agree that LAU may, without changing the content, translate the submission to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation. I also agree that LAU may keep more than one copy of this submission for purposes of security, backup and preservation. I represent that the submission is my original work, and that I have the right to grant the rights contained in this license. I also represent that my submission does not, to the best of your knowledge, infringe upon anyone's copyright. If the submission contains material for which you do not hold copyright, I represent that I have obtained the unrestricted permission of the copyright owner to grant LAU the rights required by this license, and that such third-party owned material is clearly identified and acknowledged within the text or content of the submission. IF THE SUBMISSION IS BASED UPON WORK THAT HAS BEEN SPONSORED OR SUPPORTED BY AN AGENCY OR ORGANIZATION OTHER THAN LAU, I REPRESENT THAT I HAVE FULFILLED ANY RIGHT OF REVIEW OR OTHER OBLIGATIONS REQUIRED BY SUCH CONTRACT OR AGREEMENT. LAU will clearly identify my name as the author or owner of the submission, and will not make any alteration, other than as allowed by this license, to my submission. Name: Meghry Khoshian Signature: Date: May 28, 2012 v PLAGIARISM POLICY COMPLIANCE STATEMENT I certify that I have read and understood LAU’s Plagiarism Policy. I understand that failure to comply with this policy can lead to academic and disciplinary actions against me. This work is substantially my own, and to the extent that any part of this work is not my own I have indicated that by acknowledging its sources. Name: Meghry Khoshian Signature: Date: May 28, 2012 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would not have been possible without the support of Professor Bassel Salloukh, who continuously encouraged me, providing me with his valuable guidance and advices. There are simply no words to thank him. Many thanks also go to the committee members of this thesis, namely Dr. Fawwaz Traboulsi and Dr. Sami Baroudi, who, despite their hectic schedules, generously agreed to be part of the Committee. Additionally, I would like to express all feelings of gratitude to the Consultative Center for Research and Documentation, and to their Director General Dr. Abdel Hamid Fadlallah in specific, who were always patient, and helpful, and granted me all the help in acquiring information and resources that otherwise I would not have been able to obtain. Hizbullah politicians and professional experts whom I was able interview also deserve recognition and thankfulness because of their positive attitude and the precious time that they offered. Last but not least, a very big thank you to my family and friends who were indeed the best support team anyone can ever have. vii To my Father… viii Unraveling Hizbullah’s Institutional Paradox: State Interventionist Thought Versus Neoliberal Practices Meghry Khoshian ABSTRACT Scholarship addressing Hizbullah’s military and political aspects is vast. Yet, the literature is relatively limited when examining Hizbullah as a social service provider. This thesis looks at the party as a social and educational service provider and studies the party’s extensive networks and organizations that have improved the socio-economic status of the Shi‘as, but have also enhanced the party’s reputation and enabled it to have control over a substantial part of the Shi‘a community. Hizbullah’s practices have matched the neoliberal policies that the party always condemned, thus hindering the emergence of the “strong, capable and just” Lebanese state that the party calls for. Hizbullah provides vast social and educational services to enhance its resistance society and expand it. Social and educational institutions are therefore political tools to mobilize supporters and widen the party’s scope of influence. They establish political loyalty and strengthen the party’s ties with the Shi‘a community, especially when the party succeeds in presenting these services as part of the enhancement of the ‘resistance society’. Keywords: Hizbullah, Neoliberal Practices, Social services, Welfare Organizations, Educational Institutions ix Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1-Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2-Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.3-Research Questions................................................................................................................... 9 1.4-Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.5-Map of thesis .......................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 15 BETWEEN STATE INTERVENTIONIST THOUGHT AND NEO-LIBERAL PRACTICE .................................................................................................................................. 15 2.1-Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.2-From Radicalism to Pragmatism: how denunciation changed to acceptance ......................... 16 2.3-The 2009 Manifesto: How it differed from the Open Letter .................................................. 19 2.4-The Socio-Economic Thought of Hizbullah vis-à-vis the Lebanese State ............................. 25 2.5-The Socio-Economic Policies of Hizbullah in Practice .......................................................... 29 2.6-Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 35 SOCIAL SERVICES: THE TOOL TO CONSOLIDATE POWER ..................................... 35 3.1-Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 35 3.2-Social Services: The Key to Domination ............................................................................... 37 3.3-Finances of Hizbullah: Where does Hizbullah’s Money Come From? .................................. 42 3.4-Reconstruction, Health, and Charity: The Humanitarian side of Hizbullah ........................... 46 3.4.1- Reconstruction ................................................................................................. 47 3.4.2-Health ............................................................................................................... 50 3.4.3-Charity .............................................................................................................. 52 3.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 57 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 59 HIZBULLAH’S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: TOOLS TO CHANNEL MOBILIZATION ....................................................................................................................... 59 4.1-Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 59 4.2-Educational Institutions: Enhancing the status of Shi‘as or Hizbullah? ................................. 61 4.3-Al-Mahdi, Al-Mustapha, Al-Imdad: How do they contribute to Hizbullah’s Mission? ........ 65 4.3.1-Al-Mahdi Schools ............................................................................................ 67 4.3.2-Al-Mustapha Schools ....................................................................................... 70 4.3.3-Al-Imdad Schools ............................................................................................. 74 4.4-Al-Mahdi Scouts ..................................................................................................................... 77 4.5-Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................
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