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Archaeological Research in the Malay Peninsula

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Archaeological Research in the Malay Peninsula ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE MALAY PENINSULA Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h· Abstract The paper summarises recent archaeological research in southern Thailand and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula where the author has been investigat­ ing ports and entrepots significant for the early trade between Western Asia, India, Southeast Asia and China. Particular attention is given to the important site of Yarang in Patani Province which has been neglected until recently. Introduction ince 1990 we have been interested in the Peninsula from the beginning of the Chris­ SearlycenturiesofthehistoryoftheMalay tian era. The preliminary results and the Peninsula and have been attempting to rec­ problems posed by this research are sum­ oncile old Greek, Indian, Arab and Chinese marized in the paper. texts with the most recent results of ar­ chaeological research in the region. Ports of trade and Indianization Literary research on the history of the peninsula began more than a century ago Archaeological remains along the coasts of and was synthesized by Paul Wheatley the Malay Peninsula date from between the (1961) in a book which remains important. first centuries of the Christian era and the Archaeological research began at the begin­ fourteenth century AD. An extensive inter­ ning of the present century, notably under national trade, concerning many very dif­ the initiative of the Commission archeologique ferent Asian spheres - the Chinese, the In­ de l'Indochine, and research continues both dian and the Middle Eastern - was at the in Thailand and Malaysia. In recent years, origin of these remains. For the needs of in collaboration with the Fine Arts Depart­ merchants, numerous ports of call were ment of Thailand, we have been making an created along the coasts, the importance, inventory of, and conducting excavations rank and destiny of which were very differ­ at, some of the sites in the region of Yarang ent from each other. Other settlements, in Patani province, South Thailand, which somewhat to the interior of the peninsula, until now have been neglected. This recent were also created in relation to the commer­ research covered the eastern part of the cial activities on the coasts, in order to fur­ coast of the Kra isthmus near Nakhon Si nish a supply of local products in demand Thammarat, and has just been completed and also, perhaps, to make easier the trans­ by an investigation of the northernmost portation of some goods brought by trad­ part of the isthmus, near Takuapa, Chaiya ers, from one coast to the other, by trans­ and Chumphon. peninsular routes. Overseas trade was at the origin of the Depending on the period, these trading 'Indianization' of the peninsula. Our inten­ places-through which an important part of tion is to take into account these differing Indian cultural influence first reached South­ civilizations in order better to understand east Asia - were more or less independent, developments along the shores of the Malay or controlled by one of the local states, such as Funan and Srivijaya, which had received an Indianized social and political organiza­ *Directeur de Recherche, Centre National de la tion thanks to their intermediary role. Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France. Journal of The Siam Society Vol 85, Parts 1 & 2 121 M. Jacq-Hergoualc'h CHINA .si Thep Three Pa odasPass • Dvaravati ~Thong • Si Maho Sot pa Cambodia ; Koh CHINA ["/'~liTH 0 i SEA Satingpra ••••••••• / Songl<Jlla·""'" : Yarang ····•... ···eatu Buruk ........\. \ P. T1oman •...... o· INDIAN OCEAN •.....• Directions of some maritime ways •• •••· between China and India. 0 800km 100" Figure 1. Situation of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and locality of some archaeological sites. 122 Journal of Th e Siam Society Vol 85, Parts 1 & 2 Archaeological Research in the Malay Peninsula Archaeological research, which had al­ from the west, that is to say from India or ready started early in the century, devel­ the Middle East, it was at this latitude, oped further, both in Thailand and in Ma­ between 6° and 11° north, that the Penin­ laysia, after the Second World War. One of sula was reached after the crossing of the its most interesting results in recent years in Gulf of Bengal by the shortest route, which Peninsular Thailand is the inventory of the goes north of Sumatra. From the east, if sites - and the excavation of some - in the navigators wanted to sail quickly to the vicinityofYaranginPataniProvince,south­ peninsula after having passed Cape Camau ern Thailand, sites which until now have and hugged the shores of Champa and Cam­ been neglected (Yukongdi Pakpadee and bodia, they had to cross the Gulf of Thai­ Puntokowit Pornthip 1993). land to reach the latitudes of the isthmus. Our work on this subject started in 1990 By coincidence this middle portion of in Malaysia on the archaeological sites of the peninsula is also its narrowest part-an South Kedah (Jacq-Hergoualc'h 1992a and isthmus. This fact helps to explain the main b) and this short paper covers only very location of the entrepot ports and suggests general considerations concerning, firstly, the existence of transpeninsular routes the importance, as we see it, of geography which appeared an alternative to the trans­ and, secondly, the different kinds of ports portation of goods around the peninsula by of call and places of exchange which can be sea. defined in this international trade. But, in fact, despite this attractive nar­ rowness, the peninsula is not easy to cross The geography of the Malay Peninsula from one coast to the other. The relief is entirely dominated by ranges of mountains The location of the different trading which lie staggered in step formation and places (Figure 1) entirely depends on the cut across the Peninsula on NNE-SSW lines physical and climatic geography of South­ (Figure 2). Between them possible routes east Asia and, more particularly, the geo­ are long and risky since it is necessary to go graphical characteristics of the peninsula. from one point to another obliquely, fol­ The Malay Peninsula appears as a north­ lowing the direction of the ranges. Never­ south barrier between the maritime com­ theless, the river valleys running from the plex of the Indian Ocean and that of the line of the summits to the two coasts, and Pacific Ocean; that is to say between India the low altitude at many points of these and the Middle East on one side, and China ranges, seem to have made possible the on the other. It was possible to sail around existence of short transpeninsular routes. the peninsula during the same expedition It was an attractive suggestion which from the east or from the west and, in either was well accepted but, in our view, even the case, to stop for a while at Palembang­ shortest of them was difficult to use due to Srivijaya, but probably early navigators geographical conditions (sharp relief, riv­ considered the peninsula a place where it ers difficult to navigate, heavy tropical for­ was more convenient to call and wait for est, dangerous fauna, etc.) and we do not commercial partners from the other side of believe that they were much used by navi­ Asia - or their go-betweens - and to con­ gators who would prefer, in spite of the duct business with them. distance, to go round the Straits when they This fitted with the rhythm of the mon­ wanted to reach the other coast (Jacq­ soon winds blowing alternatively south­ Hergoualc'h 1998). Moreover, how can one west to north-east from April to October explain the expansion of Srivijaya, at and north-east to south-west from Novem­ Palembang, if a large part of the interna­ ber to March. tional commerce avoided the circum-pen­ All these ports of call were created on the insular route? Nevertheless, these routes isthmus for geographical reasons. Coming were parts of a dendritic network allowing Journal of The Siam Society Vol 85, Parts 1 & 2 123 M. Jacq-Hergoualc'h local tropical products to reach the coast in One of the most interesting and the least accordance with a system well described by known of these archaeological sites is that of Bronson (1977). the ancient city-state of Langkasuka, which The emergence of important city- states was neglected until recently due to political on the isthmus was due to another geo­ problems. Many things remain to be discov­ graphic characteristic; the existence at this ered about this site but during the last few latitude - but only on the east coast of the years much has been learnt thanks to the Gulf of Thailand - of coastal plains broad activities of the Thai archaeologists from the enough to make possible the cultivation of Fine Arts Department of Thailand. An in­ rice on a significant scale and so to permit a ventory of thirty-three archaeological struc­ substantial population to live there, with tures has been published. All are found in possibilities of more sophisticated social and the vicinity of Yarang, linked to some re­ political organization than in a chiefdom, as mains of earth fortifications and with a com­ occurred on the west coast (Figure 2). plex canal network (Figure 3). Three have now been excavated. They Different types of ports of call and places are brick temples of some importance (Fig­ of exchange created by the international ure 4), the date of which, estimated from the trade on the Malay Peninsula religious artefacts found in association with them (votive stupa, votive tablets, statuettes, In this short paper I can only propose a brief ceramic shards), is as early as the sixth cen­ description of the different categories of tury AD. Nevertheless this is not so old as places created by international peninsular the supposed date of the second century AD trade.
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