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Rethinking Justice? Decolonization, Cold War, and Asian War Crimes Trials After 1945
International Conference Rethinking Justice? Decolonization, Cold War, and Asian War Crimes Trials after 1945 Dr Kerstin von Lingen, JRG “Transcultural Justice” 26-29 October 2014 Venue: Internationales Wissenschaftsforum (IWH) Hauptsr. 242, 69117 Heidelberg Name of your event Page 3 of 30 Date Rethinking Justice? Decolonization, Cold War, and Asian War Crimes Trials after 1945 The War Crimes Trials which took place in Asia in the aftermath of the Second World War can be understood as sites where new ideologies of international law were constructed in the mid-twentieth century. The crisis faced by old European empires in the aftermath of the Japanese challenge and the rise of anti-colonial movements which erupted across much of the region in the mid-1940s and 1950s provided the political context for these trials. The onset of the Cold War was yet another key factor in shaping power relations and expectations about international justice that affected all the key political actors. The war crimes trials in Asia were a watershed moment which marked the demise of an old political-legal order (defined by European hegemony) and the advent of a new, anti-imperial one (based on contestations between the American and Soviet blocs and the rise of postcolonial nation-states). The trials themselves served as critically significant sites for producing new visions of legality and political legitimation which would mark this period of transition. In this conference particular focus lays on the planning of the war crimes trials, their impact on global politics, and on the movements of legal personnel and concepts associated with the trials. -
N I~ ~L 'Ш Я .N OI ~V Wl Lo ~N I
.NI~~l'ШЯ .NOI~VWllO~NI .Edltorlal This issue of СА/В focuses on the fascist connection, in par in Latin America or the U.S. The Kameradenwerk-the Nazi ticular the U.S. role in helping hundreds, perhaps thousands, old Ьоу network-remained active over the years, vigorous of prominent Nazis avoid retribution ·at the end of World War enough to have planned and carried out · the 1980 coup in 11. The CIA (originally the OSS) and the U.S. military, along Bolivia, for example, and to have held high places in with the Vatican, were instrumental in exfiltrating war crimi Pinochet's govemment in Chile. And they are major figures in nals not just to Latin America, but to the United States as well. the intemational arms and drug trades as well-traffic which As the Reagan administration attempts to rewrite history, it the U.S. tries to Ыаmе on the socialist countries. is worthwhile to examine carefully the wartime and postwar Hundreds of Nazis have been set up in scientific institutions machinations of the extreme Right. The President goes to Bit in this country. Ironically, it now appears that Star W ars is burg claiming it is time to forgive and forget, when in reality merely an extension of the Nazis' wartime rocket research. he is merely cutting а crude political deal with the reactionary Much of the U.S. space program was designed Ьу them. When West German govemment for its approval of Star Wars Ьу giv the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations leam ing his absolution to the SS. -
THE LAND WARFARE PAPERS Perestroika and Soviet Military
THE LAND WARFARE PAPERS No.5 OCTOBER 1990 Perestroika and Soviet Military Personnel By Robert B. Davis A National Security Affairs Paper Published on Occasion by THE INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY Arlington, Virginia PERESTROIKA AND SOVIET MILITARY PERSONNEL by Robert B. Davis THE INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY AN AUSA INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE PAPER In 1988 the Association of the United States Army (AUSA) established within its existing organization a new entity known as the Institute of Land Warfare. Its purpose is to extend the educational work of AUSA by sponsoring scholarly publications, to include books, monographs and essays on key defense issues, as well as workshops and symposia. A work selected for publication as a Land Warfare Paper represents research by the author which, in the opinion of the editorial board, will contribute to a better understanding of a particular defense or national security issue. Publication as an AUSA Institute of Land Warfare Paper does not indicate that the Association of the United States Army agrees with everything in the paper, but does suggest that AUSA believes the paper will stimulate the thinking of AUSA members and others concerned about important defense issues. LAND WARFARE PAPER NO. S, OCTOBER 1990 Perestroika and Soviet Military Personnel by Robert B. Davis Mr. Robert B. Davis is a research psychologist with the U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center in Charlottesville, Virginia. Mr. Davis received his undergraduate degree from Arkansas College and his advanced degree from Troy State University, Alabama. -
The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: an International Legal Study, 45 Case W
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 | Issue 3 2012 The rC ime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Karol Karski, The Crime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 703 (2013) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 Spring 2013 Issue 3 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During WWII: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law·Vol. 45·2013 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski* The USSR’s genocidal activity against the Polish nation started before World War II. For instance, during the NKVD’s “Polish operation” of 1937 and 1938, the Communist regime exterminated about 85,000 Poles living at that time on the pre- war territory of the USSR. -
"Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!": the Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945-February 1946
"Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!": The Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945-February 1946 Alexander Victor Prusin Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 17, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 1-30 (Article) Published by Oxford University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/43136 [ This content has been declared free to read by the pubisher during the COVID-19 pandemic. ] “Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!”: The Holocaust and Soviet War Crimes Trials, December 1945–February 1946 Alexander Victor Prusin New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology While the Nuremberg trials are synonymous with the punishment of war criminals, until recently little was known about the Soviet Union’s own con- current war crimes tribunals. These proceedings have been under-studied for two reasons: lack of access to Soviet archives, and the fact that the tri- bunals tended to function as political propaganda vehicles. Yet examina- tion of the court documents yields valuable information about not only So- viet legal practice, but also the genocide of Jews in the German-occupied Soviet territories. On January 16, 1946, the Belorussian Communist Party daily published an article en- titled “The time of reckoning has come!” It highlighted the commencement of the mil- itary tribunal in the Belorussian capital, Minsk, where eighteen Germans, from gener- als to low-ranking enlisted men, faced war crimes charges.1 The Minsk trial was but one in a series of similar proceedings that took place in several cities of the Soviet Union between December 1945 and February 1946. The trials were regularly reported in the press and on the radio, and attended by large numbers of spectators. -
Perestroika in History : the First Stage
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EASTEUROPEANRESEARC H TITLE : PERESTROIKA IN HISTORY : THE FIRST STAGE AUTHOR : Aleksandr M. Nekrich CONTRACTOR : Harvard University PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Adam Ulam/ Aleksandr Nekrich COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 803-0 6 DATE : February 199 0 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided b y the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the author . PERESTROIKA IN HISTORY : THE FIRST STAG E Perestroika in History Those historians who did not shame the Marxist view were removed fro m : The First teaching, or accused of anti-state activity . Asa result they were forced to Stage emigrate, or were exiled, or arrested, or shot, and their works went out o f circulation. The advent of Stalinism destroyed "Pokrovsky ' s school" a s well, and this took place through the efforts of its own pupils, not for th e Aleksandr M . Nekrich* first time in history . Later many Soviet social scientists of the new generatio n were liquidated as well . As long as anger and argument rage , The need under Stalinism for a new, politically useful, interpretation o f and wonder lives, then history lives . history led in 1934—6 to a series of Party decisions about the teaching o f S . S. Averintsev history, and inspired the "comments" by Stalin, Kirov and Zhdanov on a . The result was the Short Course in th e Wizen talking of history, we do no t new textbook history of the USSR History of the Communist Party, 1918, which formed the new basis of Sovie t wish to exalt or debase individuals , . -
Volunteer Translator Pack
TRANSLATION EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES 1. Principles for text, images and audio (a) General principles • Retain the intention, style and distinctive features of the source. • Retain source language names of people, places and organisations; add translations of the latter. • Maintain the characteristics of the source even if these seem difficult or unusual. • Where in doubt make footnotes indicating changes, decisions and queries. • Avoid modern or slang phrases that might be seem anachronistic, with preference for less time-bound figures of speech. • Try to identify and inform The Wiener Library about anything contentious that might be libellous or defamatory. • The Wiener Library is the final arbiter in any disputes of style, translation, usage or presentation. • If the item is a handwritten document, please provide a transcription of the source language as well as a translation into the target language. (a) Text • Use English according to the agreed house style: which is appropriate to its subject matter and as free as possible of redundant or superfluous words, misleading analogies or metaphor and repetitious vocabulary. • Wherever possible use preferred terminology from the Library’s Keyword thesaurus. The Subject and Geographical Keyword thesaurus can be found in this pack. The Institutional thesaurus and Personal Name thesaurus can be provided on request. • Restrict small changes or substitutions to those that help to render the source faithfully in the target language. • Attempt to translate idiomatic expressions so as to retain the colour and intention of the source culture. If this is impossible retain the expression and add translations in a footnote. • Wherever possible do not alter the text structure or sequence. -
Rehabilitation of the 'Small' Aral Sea
Rehabilitation of the 'Small' Aral Sea Jennifer Crandall Introduction The Aral Sea, formerly the fourth largest inland sea in the world and home to a thriving fishing industry, has been shrinking for the last 40 years (Figure 1). The two great rivers that once fed the sea, the Amu Darya in the south and the Syr Darya in the north were moved from their beds in the late 1950’s. To meet the Soviet goal of self-sufficiency, the waters were diverted into canals to irrigate agricultural crops. The water from both rivers that reaches the sea has been reduced by 78%, causing the surface area of the sea to decline by half, the volume to decline by nearly 2/3, and the salinity to more than double (Saiko, 1998). Many local people and scientists of the region suggest that it is possible, and desirable to bring the sea level back to its pre-1960 levels. There are many difficulties in attaining that goal, the largest of which is that it may cost a major part of the regions’ agricultural economy. Therefore, despite great will and intention, little has been done, or reported to have been done, to reduce the amount of water diverted from the rivers for irrigation of agriculture. Figure 1. A view of the Aral Sea, from north to south. 1 History of the Region The Aral watershed basin region is comprised of five republics of the former Soviet Union: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan (Figure 2). It is an arid region and the traditional peoples (Figure 3) were nomads that cultivated the fertile deltas of the great rivers which historically were called the Oxus (Amu) and Jaxartes (Syr). -
Detective Work Researching Soviet World War II Policy on Poland in Russian Archives (Moscow, 1994)
Cahiers du monde russe Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants 40/1-2 | 1999 Archives et nouvelles sources de l’histoire soviétique, une réévaluation Detective work Researching Soviet World War II policy on Poland in Russian archives (Moscow, 1994) Anna M. Cienciala Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/13 DOI: 10.4000/monderusse.13 ISSN: 1777-5388 Publisher Éditions de l’EHESS Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 1999 Number of pages: 251-270 ISBN: 2-7132-1314-2 ISSN: 1252-6576 Electronic reference Anna M. Cienciala, « Detective work », Cahiers du monde russe [Online], 40/1-2 | 1999, Online since 15 January 2007, Connection on 21 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/13 ; DOI : 10.4000/monderusse.13 2011 ANNA M. CIENCIALA DETECTIVE WORK: RESEARCHING SOVIET WORLD WAR II POLICY ON POLAND IN RUSSIAN ARCHIVES (Moscow, 1994)* SOVIET POLICY ON POLAND during the Second World War has been, with a few exceptions, generally marginalized in English language studies of wartime diplomacy. This seems strange, for the borders and political system of postwar Poland were among Stalin’s major concerns. Indeed, Soviet control of Poland would ensure Soviet control of Central and Eastern Europe as well as a land bridge to Germany. As it happened, Stalin’s demands regarding Poland were a thorny issue in Anglo-Soviet relations, and sometimes a delicate one in U.S.- Soviet relations. Polish language studies on the policies of the Polish government-in-exile, its relations with Moscow, and on Polish communists, as well as specialized English language works on these subjects — including mine — were based on available Polish, British, and American sources but suffered from the lack of Russian archival material. -
Brezhnev's War on Crime: the Criminal in Soviet Society, 1963-1984
Brezhnev's War on Crime: The Criminal in Soviet Society, 1963-1984 By Rhiannon Lee Dowling A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Victoria Frede, co-chair Professor Yuri Slezkine, co-chair Professor Eric Naiman Spring 2017 Abstract Brezhnev's War on Crime: The Criminal in Soviet Society, 1963-1984 by Rhiannon Lee Dowling Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Victoria Frede, Co-chair Professor Yuri Slezkine, Co-chair One of the most important questions concerning Soviet history is: how did the period widely known as the era of “stagnation” lead to the very opposite of stagnation, indeed to the most sudden and cataclysmic changes in the region since the Russian Revolution? Was the Brezhnev era (1964-1982) simply the calm before the storm, or was it in fact the culmination of a tempest that had been brewing for decades? I argue that it was during “stagnation,” when many citizens learned to articulate their frustrations with Soviet society and formulate demands and solutions. Those solutions drew heavily from images, ideas and promises made by agents of the Soviet state. By taking a closer look at the Brezhnev era, we can see that it was in fact the legitimacy of the state's claims, and the seriousness with which people took them in this period, that actually helped to precipitate its downfall. Nothing brings this to light better than a focus on crime. -
New Evidence on the Soviet Rejection of the Marshall Plan, 1947: Two Reports”
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS NEW EVIDENCE ON THE SOVIET Lee H. Hamilton, Christian Ostermann, Director Director REJECTION OF THE MARSHALL BOARD OF PLAN, 1947: TWO REPORTS TRUSTEES: ADVISORY COMMITTEE: Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Chairman SCOTT D. PARRISH William Taubman Steven Alan Bennett, University of Texas in Austin (Amherst College) Vice Chairman Chairman PUBLIC MEMBERS MIKHAIL M. NARINSKY Michael Beschloss The Secretary of State (Historian, Author) Colin Powell; Institute of Universal History, Moscow The Librarian of Congress James H. Billington James H. Billington; Working Paper No. 9 (Librarian of Congress) The Archivist of the United States John W. Carlin; Warren I. Cohen The Chairman of the (University of Maryland- National Endowment Baltimore) for the Humanities Bruce Cole; John Lewis Gaddis The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (Yale University) Lawrence M. Small; The Secretary of Education James Hershberg Roderick R. Paige; (The George Washington The Secretary of Health University) & Human Services Tommy G. Thompson; Washington, D.C. Samuel F. Wells, Jr. PRIVATE MEMBERS (Woodrow Wilson Center) Carol Cartwright, March 1994 John H. Foster, Jean L. Hennessey, Sharon Wolchik Daniel L. Lamaute, (The George Washington Doris O. Mausui, University) Thomas R. Reedy, Nancy M. Zirkin COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES CHRISTIAN F. OSTERMANN, Series Editor This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side” of the post-World War II superpower rivalry. -
Holocaust?Series=48246 WEEK 1 Articles and Questions
Students, here are the next set of assignments for the next 3 weeks. You will not need your text book for this. Instead, use the following articles and questions. These articles are a study on the Holocaust. The questions you will need to answer are found at the very bottom of the pages. Week 1 a) Read the article entitled "Introduction to the Holocaust". When finished answer the critical thinking questions at the bottom of the page. b) Read the article entitled "Liberation of Nazi Camps" and answer the critical thinking questions. Week 2 a) Read the article entitled "Aftermath of the Holocaust" and answer the critical thinking questions at the bottom of the page. b) Read the article entitled "War Crimes Trials" and answer the critical thinking questions. Week 3 a) Read "Displaced Persons" and answer the critical thinking questions. b) Read "What is Genocide" and answer the critical thinking questions. Let me know if you have any questions. Be safe and please practice social distancing! Miss Fischer https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the- holocaust?series=48246 WEEK 1 Articles and Questions Introduction To The Holocaust The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies and collaborators. Holocaust is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups because of their perceived racial and biological inferiority: Roma (Gypsies), people with disabilities, some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others), Soviet prisoners of war, and blacks.